Linguifex

Schlaub: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Schlaub (view source)

Revision as of 00:32, 1 July 2025

16,926 bytes added ,  1 July
m
→‎Prepositions
No edit summary
 
(938 intermediate revisions by 5 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Dahn schaul weg zu Mpfein aus zu Schnod = We speak about love and hate
{{list subpages}}
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = Wug Schlaub
|pronunciation=  /wṳ˧ ɬəʊ˥/
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region =
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|fam2=Hlouic
|script=Hlou featural script (''Schräd Schlaub'')
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}


(1PL speak about VN love and VN hate)
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' or '''Hlou''' (English: /(h)loʊ/ ''loh'' or homophonous with "hello"; natively: ''Wug Schlaub'' /wṳ˧ ɬəu˥/ 'Hlou speech' or 'Hlou thing') is a tonal language inspired by Hmong and German. It is the largest of the [[Hlou-Shum languages]] and the official language of the people of Mpfa Schlaub, a country in Mpfa Wieb.


Are you saving it for me?
Schlaub liberally uses Easter eggs.
=
Zied tsohl ja nun xan ab? (2SG save 3SG.inan for 1SG INTERR)


we love him so we are welcoming him
==Background==
= Dahn ntxaß so weil dahn nkeiß zu Leib an so sein (1PL love 3SG.anim CONJ 1PL celebrate VN come GEN 3SG.anim PRES.PROG)


Numbers: die, beid, lähn, schred, kaß, traun, heid, ntzob, glaub, weiß
==Todo==
need polysyllabic words that are written as one word (Hmong has some)
 
Fill Mpfa Schlaub with Jabberwocky/Alice in Wonderland refs: Schleid Zeib, Wäb
 
On Beyond Zebra reference in forbidden syllables (syllables that do not correspond to any Schlaub word): Jus, Wub, Schwub, Mpfuh, Flud, Glig, Nuh, Schnie, Wön, Ntzad, Flub, Tzäs, Jog, Flön, Ieß, Jäg, Schnruß, Hie
 
==Diachronics==
Hlou merged Proto-Hlou-Shum ''ai au'' with ''ei ou'' into ''ei au'' /əɨ əʊ/. Even ''i u'' in some open syllables turned into ''ei au''.
 
Glottal stop finals (''-h'' in Schngellstein's spelling) come from Proto-Hlou-Shum final stops.
 
''*ã'' > ''äu''; ''*ãʔ'' > ''oh''
 
''*ẽ'' > ''ä''; ''*ẽj'' > ''ei''; ''*ẽʔ'' > ''äh''
 
Hlou had a vowel shift from the Proto-Hlouic ten vowel system: /a ɛ i ɔ u ã ɛ̃ ĩ ɔ̃ ũ/ by merging /ã ĩ ũ/ with their non-nasalized counterparts, and after that /ɛ̃/ shifted to /ã/
 
==Phonology==
===Standard (''Schlaub Bahn'')===
====Vowels====
Hlou has 6 basic vowel qualities, but also has a number of diphthongs and nasal vowels.
 
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ i ɨ ɔ u ã~ɛ̃ õ/
 
ei au äu = /əi əu əũ/
 
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n tones]
 
====Consonants====
Standard Hlou has 70 initials.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ '''Hlou initials'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar
! colspan="2" | Retroflex
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br/>velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''schm''' m̥
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ
|
| '''schn''' n̥
|
|
| '''schnr''' ɳ̊
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''m''' m
| '''ml''' mˡ
|
| '''n''' n
| '''nl''' nˡ
|
| '''nr''' ɳ
 
| '''nrl''' ɳˡ
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plosive
! <small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' p
| '''bl''' pˡ
|
| '''d''' t
| '''dl''' tˡ
|
| '''dr''' ʈ
| '''drl''' ʈˡ
| '''g''' k
| '''gl''' kˡ
|
| |ʔ
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' pʰ
| '''pl''' pˡʰ
|
| '''t''' tʰ
| '''tl''' tˡʰ
|
| '''tr''' ʈʰ
| '''trl''' ʈˡʰ
| '''k''' kʰ
| '''kl''' kˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''mb''' ᵐb
| '''mbl''' ᵐbˡ
|
| '''nd''' ⁿd
|
|
| '''ndr''' ᶯɖ
|
| '''ng''' ᵑɡ
| '''ngl''' ᵑɡˡ
|
|
|-
| '''mp''' ᵐpʰ
| '''mpl''' ᵐpˡʰ
|
| '''nt''' ⁿtʰ
| '''ntl''' ⁿtˡʰ
|
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
| '''ntrl''' ᶯʈˡʰ
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4"|Affricate
! <small>tenuis</small>
|
|
| '''dz''' ts̪
| '''ds''' ts̺
|
| '''dx''' tʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''pf''' pɸ
|
| '''tz''' ts̪ʰ
| '''ts''' ts̺ʰ
|
| '''tx''' tʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>prenasalized</small>
|
|
| '''ndz''' ⁿdz̪
| '''nds''' ⁿdz̺
|
| '''ndx''' ⁿdʒ
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''mpf''' ᵐpɸ
|
| '''ntz''' ⁿts̪ʰ
| '''nts''' ⁿts̺ʰ
|
| '''ntx''' ⁿtʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' f
| '''fl''' fˡ
| '''z''' s̪
| '''s''' s̺
| '''schl''' ɬ
| '''x''' ʃ
| '''schr''' ʂ
|
| '''sch''' ɧ~x
|
| '''schw''' ʍ
| '''h''' h
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' v
|
|
|
| '''l''' l
| '''j''' ʒ
| '''r''' ʐ~ɻ
|
|
|
| '''w''' w
|
|}
 
====Tone====
{{PAGENAME}} has 7 tones, indicated by final letters in Schngellstein's orthography.
 
{|class="wikitable"
! Orthography
! Tone
! Example
! Suggested approximation
|-
| ∅
| mid level (33) / high checked (5)
| ''lau'' /ləu˧/ 'to plant'
| Vietnamese ''ngang'' / checked ''sắc''
|-
| '''-n'''
| low falling (21) / low checked (1)
| ''laun'' /ləu˨˩/ 'to smile'
| Vietnamese ''huyền'' / checked ''nặng''
|-
| '''-b'''
| high level / high falling (55~53)
| ''Laub'' /ləu˥˥/ 'leaf'
| Cantonese tone 1
|-
| '''-d'''
| dipping / mid falling (313~311)
| ''Laud'' /ləu˧˩˧/ 'shoe'
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''hỏi''
|-
| '''-g'''
| breathy mid level (33 + breathy)
| ''laug'' /lə&#804;u˧/ 'to knit'
|
|-
| '''-s'''
| rising (24)
| ''laus'' /ləu˨˦/ 'to receive'
| Hanoi Vietnamese non-checked ''sắc''
|-
| '''-ß'''
| broken rising (3ˀ5)
| ''Lauß'' /ləu˧ˀ˥/ 'wrinkle'
| Hanoi Vietnamese ''ngã''
|}
 
Approximate tone frequencies (among non-entering tone syllables): b > s ~ 0 > n > ß ~ g > d
 
Tone split from breathy voice < voiced stops
 
===''Schlaub Glaß''===
The Schlaub Glaß dialect is a non-standard dialect of Hlou.
====Vowels====
a e i ie o u ä ö = /a ɛ ɪ i ɔ ʊ ɛ œ/
 
ei au äu = /ai aʊ ɔʏ/
 
ah eh ih ieh oh uh äh öh eih = /aʔ ɛʔ .../ [only occurs with -Ø, -n, -b tones (the latter written as -hl)]
 
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ '''Schlaub Glaß initials'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Retroflex
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br/>velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''schm''' m̥
| '''schml''' m̥ˡ
|
| '''schn''' n̥
|
|
|
| '''schnr''' ɳ̊
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''m''' m
| '''ml''' mˡ
|
| '''n''' n
|
|
|
| '''nr''' ɳ
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plosive
! <small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' p
| '''bl''' pˡ
|
| '''d''' t
| '''dl''' cˡ
|
|
| '''dr''' ʈ
| '''g''' k
| '''gl''' kˡ
|
|ʔ
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' pʰ
| '''pl''' pˡʰ
|
| '''t''' tʰ
| '''tl''' cˡʰ
|
|
| '''tr''' ʈʰ
| '''k''' kʰ
| '''kl''' kˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''mb''' ᵐb
| '''mbl''' ᵐbˡ
|
| '''nd''' ⁿd
| '''ndl''' ᶮɟˡ
|
|
| '''ndr''' ᶯɖ
| '''ng''' ᵑɡ
| '''ngl''' ᵑɡˡ
|
|
|-
| '''mp''' ᵐpʰ
| '''mpl''' ᵐpˡʰ
|
| '''nt''' ⁿtʰ
| '''ntl''' ᶮcˡʰ
|
|
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
| '''nk''' ᵑkʰ
| '''nkl''' ᵑkˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4"|Affricate
! <small>tenuis</small>
| '''bv''' pv
|
| '''dz''' ts̪
| '''ds''' ts̺
|
| '''dx''' tʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''pf''' pf
|
| '''tz''' ts̪ʰ
| '''ts''' ts̺ʰ
|
| '''tx''' tʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''mbv''' ᵐbv
|
| '''ndz''' ⁿdz̪
| '''nds''' ⁿdz̺
|
| '''ndx''' ⁿdʒ
| 
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''mpf''' ᵐpf
|
| '''ntz''' ⁿts̪ʰ
| '''nts''' ⁿts̺ʰ
|
| '''ntx''' ⁿtʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' f
|
| '''z''' s̪
| '''s''' s̺
| '''schl''' ɬ
| '''x''' ʃ
| '''schj''' ç
| '''schr''' ʂ
| '''sch''' ɧ<br/>'''ch''' x
|
| '''schw''' ʍ
| '''h''' h
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' v
|
|
|
| '''l''' l, '''ł''' ɫ
|
| '''j''' j
| '''r''' ʐ~ɻ
|
|
| '''w''' w
|
|}
 
====Tone====
Tones are the same as in Schlaub Bahn, except that the ''d'' and ''g'' tones are merged into ''g''.
 
==Orthography==
===Traditional logography===
===Abugida===
===''Hrảm Hlóu'' (''Schräd La-Tin Schlaub'')===
This transliteration was created by Praimhín as an alternative to the German-inspired orthography.
====Initials====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Post-<br/>alveolar
! colspan="2" | Retroflex
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Labio-<br/>velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>lateral</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''hm''' m̥
| '''hml''' m̥ˡ
|
| '''hn''' n̥
|
|
| '''hnr''' ɳ̊
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''m''' m
| '''ml''' mˡ
|
| '''n''' n
| '''nl''' nˡ
|
| '''nr''' ɳ
 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plosive
! <small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' p
| '''bl''' pˡ
|
| '''d''' t
| '''dl''' tˡ
|
| '''dr''' ʈ
| '''drl''' ʈˡ
| '''g''' k
| '''gl''' kˡ
|
| |ʔ
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' pʰ
| '''pl''' pˡʰ
|
| '''t''' tʰ
| '''tl''' tˡʰ
|
| '''tr''' ʈʰ
| '''trl''' ʈˡʰ
| '''c''' kʰ
| '''cl''' kˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''nb''' ᵐb
| '''nbl''' ᵐbˡ
|
| '''nd''' ⁿd
|
|
| '''ndr''' ᶯɖ
|
| '''ng''' ᵑɡ
| '''ngl''' ᵑɡˡ
|
|
|-
| '''np''' ᵐpʰ
| '''npl''' ᵐpˡʰ
|
| '''nt''' ⁿtʰ
| '''ntl''' ⁿtˡʰ
|
| '''ntr''' ᶯʈʰ
|
| '''nc''' ᵑkʰ
| '''ncl''' ᵑkˡʰ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4"|Affricate
! <small>tenuis</small>
|
|
| '''ds''' ts̪
| '''dσ''' ts̺
|
| '''dx''' tʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
| '''φ''' pɸ
|
| '''ts''' ts̪ʰ
| '''tσ''' ts̺ʰ
|
| '''tx''' tʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>prenasalized</small>
|
|
| '''nds''' ⁿdz̪
| '''ndσ''' ⁿdz̺
|
| '''ndx''' ⁿdʒ
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''nφ''' ᵐpɸ
|
| '''nts''' ⁿts̪ʰ
| '''ntσ''' ⁿts̺ʰ
|
| '''ntx''' ⁿtʃʰ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' f
| '''fl''' fˡ
| '''s''' s̪
| '''σ''' s̺
| '''hl''' ɬ
| '''x''' ʃ
| '''hr''' ʂ
|
| '''sg''' ɧ
|
| '''hw''' ʍ
| '''h''' h
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' v
|
|
|
| '''l''' l
| '''j''' ʒ
| '''r''' ʐ~ɻ
|
|
|
| '''w''' w
|
|}
 
====Vowels====
 
a e i o u ei ou /a e i o u əi əu/
 
am om oum /ã~ɛ̃ õ ə̃u/
 
ac ec ic oc uc anc onc /aʔ eʔ iʔ oʔ uʔ/
 
===Featural script===
 
[[File:SchrogHahn_v1.0.png|200px|thumb|right|[[User:H. H. P. M. P. Cole|Cole]]'s featural script for Schlaub.]]
 
==Grammar==
Hlou is analytic and SVO, and is head-initial:
:'''''Die Wug mpes Nän sein.'''''
:/tɨ˧ wu&#804;˧ ᵐpʰe˨˦ nɛ̃˨˩ s̺əi˨˩/
:INDEF bird_species drink water PROG
:''A wug is drinking water.''
 
:'''''Xan schwei Ntxuhn bis Tu Mäb.'''''
:/ʃa˨˩ ʍəi˧ ts̺ɨ˧˩ pi˨˦ tʰu˧mɛ̃˥/
:1SG have home in Tumhan
:''I live in Tumhan.''
 
:'''''Dahn dsaub weg zu Mpfein an zu Schrös.'''''
:/taʔ˩ ts̺əu˥ we&#804;˧ s̪u˧ ᵐpɸəi˨˩ a˩ s̪u˧ n̥o˨˥/
:1PL speak about VN love and VN hate
:''We speak about love and hate.''
 
:'''''Dahn mpfein so, mplei dahn nkeiß Mbob so sein.'''''
:1PL love 3SG.A thus 1PL receive face 3SG.A PRES.PROG
:''We love him so we are welcoming him.''
 
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Person !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
! 1
|| xan || bluß || dahn
|-
! 2
|| zied|| jen || schlag
|-
! 3
|| so (animate)<br/>ja (inanimate)|| nleib|| zug
|-
!2, 3 (respectful)
|colspan=3| Sie
|-
!Impersonal
|colspan=3| es
|-
!Reflexive
|colspan=3| schwe
|}
 
Hlou has no passive voice; the impersonal ''es'' is used instead. For example, ''Es nlaß Ngu hin.'' (IMPERS fire_ceramic brick PST) means 'A brick was baked.' or 'Bricks were baked.'
 
====Demonstrative====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Correlatives
|-
! !! What !! This !! That !! Yon !! Any
|-
! Pronominal
|| nab || naus || nein || nin || nan
|-
! Place
|| drab || draus || drein || drin || dran
|-
! Manner/Extent
|| rab || raus || rein || rin || ran
|}
Other correlatives are formed by using these words with nouns.
 
Hlou is wh-in-situ:
 
*''Naus dzah nab?'' (this COP what) = What is this?
*''Ndob naus dzah nab?'' (person this COP what) = Who is this?
*''Zied be drab sein?'' (lit. you to where PROG) = Where are you going?
* ''dla rab?'' 'Why?', ''dla rein'' 'that's why' (Calquing vì sao, vì vậy)
* ''dlä rab nahn schluß...'' 'how to...' (lit. Do how in order to)
* ''dlä rab?'' 'What to do?'
 
===Prepositions===
*be = to; to go
*bis = in, at
*nre = on
*gan = without
* sä = with; to have
*in = of
*je = from
*dla = for; because of
*ob = vocative
*weg = about
*wi = away from
*schon = ago
*jaud = between
*tzig = across
*ös = over
*tud = under
*was = perhaps
*des = now
*wag = again
*treib = before
 
===Auxiliaries===
*hab = causative
*bleib = deliberately
*vein = accidentally
 
:'''''Xan bleib schäd Nduß hin.'''''
:''I deliberately dropped the glass.''
 
:'''''Xan vein schäd Nduß hin.'''''
:''I accidentally dropped the glass.''
 
===Particles===
*sein = present progressive
**Present progressive can also be formed by reduplicating the verb
*hin = past
*bei = future
*aus = cohortative
*es = question
*eh = tag question
*da = exclamatory
*nreh = negative
*doh = prohibitive
*los = inchoative
*man = emphatic
*wein = (literary) alas!, woe is...
*tag = comparative
*nad = superlative
*zu = verb to noun
 
===Conjunctions===
*an = and
*tei = or
*vei = exclusive or
*leid = but
*von = relative clause
*tun = complement clause
*daß = if
*schluß = then, so, therefore
*nahn schluß = so that, in order to
*dsäus = because (lit. reason)
 
===Nouns===
ein = definite article (proper nouns such as ''Wug Schlaub'' do not take it)
 
wie = specific article
 
die = indefinite article
 
Words may be pluralized by reduplication: ''Ndob Ndob'' = people. Uncountable nouns have no plural form.
 
Polysyllabic words also have a null plural:
 
:'''''Nkaub, ob Blieb-Blas!'''''
:fly VOC butterfly
:''Fly, butterflies!''
 
===Verbs and adjectives===
Adverbs can be formed from verbs via reduplication.
 
''ntsien'' = slow; ''ntsien ntsien'' 'slowly'
 
===Classifiers===
 
===Numerals===
1-10: ''die, beid, lähn, schred, kaß, traun, heid, ntzob, glaub, weiß''
 
100: ''trleh''
 
10000: ''schöd''
 
Numerals come before nouns:
:'''''So ploß beid weiß Sen.'''''
:3SG.AN son two ten year_of_age
:He is 20 years old.
 
==="The more... the more..."===
:X X SUBJ1, Y Y SUBJ2
:"The more SUBJ X's, the more SUBJ2 Y's."
 
:'''''Xan eh schlaun Wiß j'ein zu Treig Treig. Lös lös xan, wäud wäud xan läß.'''''
:1SG NEG receive understanding from DEF INF happen happen. run run 1SG, become become 1SG fat.
:''I don't understand what's going on. The more I run, the fatter I get.''
 
==="Schm-reduplication"===
Schlaub uses a form of schm-reduplication, which works just like schm-reduplication in English, except that the schm-reduplicant is repeated.
 
"Leid xan dzah heb die Nöb da!" = but I COP just a noob EXCL
 
"Nöb schmöb schmöb, zied mbuh ngäs man!" = noob schmoob schmoob you can make_it EMPH
 
===Fossilized morphology===
*PHS ''s-''
**''Schlähn'' 'tribe' < ''lähn'' 'three'
**''Schlaub'' 'year' < ''Laub'' 'leaf'
**''Schwiß'' 'plain' < ''biß'' 'flat'
*PHS ''-ʔ'' (reflected by tone change)
**''-g'' > ''-d'': ''Lied'' 'art song' < ''lieg'' 'to tell a lie; (''obsolete'') to express'
 
==Vocabulary==
Hlou vocabulary is mostly native.
 
===Chengyu===
Hlou, like Chinese, has chengyu or "4-character phrases". They sometimes extend to 6-character phrases by using the Burns stanza.
*''Ntzuh Vöhn Schrau Ndob (schnäub hös)'' 'the best laid schemes of mice and men (aft gang agley)' (lit. schemes of mouse and plans of man often fail)
*''Nleiß Beig Gluhn Schnoh'' 'opulent luxury' (lit. pure gold, gem, carmine, spice)
*''Schwas kö Schwas sihn'' 'reap what you sow' (lit. [If] rice sprouts, rice results)
**riff on Quacumquasit Pond
 
==Poetry==
[Under construction. The poems are gibberish and are meant to illustrate the rhyme scheme.]
===Rhyme===
In addition to having the same rime, two words must rhyme in tone class in order to be considered to rhyme. -Ø, -b, -n are "flat" (''mla'') tones; -g, -d, -s, -ß and checked tones are "sharp" (''dzäß'') tones.
 
===Virelai===
The virelai (Hlou: ''Traun Ntzob'') is a traditional Hlou poetic form. Although it is called the ''virelai'' in English, it borrows elements (like the rhyme scheme) from the Vietnamese ''lục bát''.
 
Example [the poem is gibberish]:


<poem>
<poem>
-b -d -g -s -n -l -ß = tones
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,''
a e i o u = /a e i o u/
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.''
ä ö ë = /ã õ ẽ/
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,''
ah eh ih oh uh äh öh ëh = /aʔ eʔ .../
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.''
ei ie au äu ëi = /əi iə əu əũ əĩ/
 
initials: p b pf pl bl m mpf ml /pʰ p pɸ pʰl pl m mɸ ml/
''Daß zu Mläus ein Zeig Pfaß,''
t d tz tl dl n ntz nl /tʰ t ts tʰl tl n ns nl/
''blein Eib zu Mböd bis Dlag,''
k g ch kl gl = /kʰ k x~kx kʰl kl/
''klaub wie raug Mlob weis schrah zied Glu.''
z s x sch schr = /s [basque s] ʃ [sje] ʂ/
 
ts nts tx ntx mp mb nt nd nc ng as expected
''Daß zu Ves ein Drläub flein,''
l = /l/
''Weg ndso ein Ndxäuß schred nreib,''
r = /ʐ ~ ɹ/
''Pfed zag tzau die Vaub dlei raus Schmub.''
j = /j/
 
w = /w/
''Daß zu Vein Nkaub ein Nlas,''
schm schn schl schw = voiceless m n l w
''An zu Nlöb pfeib je Schmag ven Wauß,''
tr dr trl drl nr ntr ndr = retroflex versions of t d tl dl n nt nd
''schniß, ob Dlau! dran flän Schaug,''
''klöh xan haud wie Trob, haus nun Tsun.''


b = low rising
''Mpfein schwie ein Ntzäh an Tsun,''
Ø = mid level / mid entering
''Leid wen Bläuß dran, maß Schlub von trlien.''
d = peaking
''Väd mleib weg die Gleiß Schmieb,''
g = breathy mid level
''Raus ein Pfeg nun schraß Xien taub tlub.''
s = glottalized (vietnamese ngã)
ß = dipping
n = low falling / low entering
l = high rising / high entering
</poem>
</poem>
==Tower of Babel==


"Now the whole world had one language and a common speech." =
===Burns stanza===
Bis Dreib ein Schal tzeg flug die Ndlöß aus die zu Wel meid hin.
A variant of the Burns stanza is another traditional Hlou meter. This excerpt is from a poem by Schweid Täu-Rein.


LOC present DEF world whole have INDEF language CONJ INDEF VN speak common PAST
<poem>
''Tlad Hei drlah Mbauß,''
''Xan schnuh zied nraug,''
''Xob Ndzäu beis schraus –''
''Ihn Vug –''
''Ngiß Tsahn we jaud''
''schrieb mbug.''
</poem>
 
<poem>
Though [your] body must [become] soil,
I touch you up close,
The warm embrace nurturing
[The] leaf [of] learning;
A garden growing between [us],
[which will] last forever.
</poem>


As people moved eastward,[a] they found a plain in Shinar[b] and settled there.
===Holorime===
Two lines with the same syllables but with different tones


[Bis Glied] zu Ntrub an ein Zühl wie Schlähn so raug die Schwiß bis Xi-Na aus [ntlub dran] hin.
== Phrasebook ==
# 'I love you': ''Xan lub zied.'' /ʃa˨˩ lu˥˥ s̪ɨ˧˩˧/


[as] VN move GEN DEF people PREP east 3PL find INDEF plain PREP Shinar CONJ [settle] PAST
==Sample texts==
=== A poem ===
<poem>
Au xäub xäub
Ihn taub taub
Zied an xan
Bluß Ndob Schlaub
</poem>
===1 John 3:15===
<poem>
Daß Ndob nan schrös ein Nleis schwe, schluß so dzah die Ndob schwad Ndob, an schlag sab tun die Ndob schwad Ndob eh schwei ein Jun mbug bis schwe.
</poem>
[[Category:Hlou-Shum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/80799...460868"