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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ('' | ''Nàu m̌ dwēg Wírn-Mēung.'' 'I don't speak {{PAGENAME}}.' | ||
==Introduction== | |||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''{{PAGENAME}}-Müđel''; pronounced ''Wírn-Mēung'' /wiɐn35 mɔʏŋ55/) is a relatively conservative [[Wiebian]] lect descended from [[Middle Wiebian]], and a close relative of [[Sŧrah]] (''qʷˁʼe''). It is a tonal language inspired by German, Buyang and Chinese. | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
|+ | |||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="2" | Labial | |||
!colspan="2" | Dental | |||
!colspan="2" | Palatal | |||
!colspan="2" | Velar | |||
!colspan="2" | Uvular | |||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>labialized</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>labialized</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>labialized</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>labialized</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>labialized</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| Nasal | |||
| '''m''' /m/ || '''mw''' /mʷ/ | |||
| '''n''' /n/ || '''nw''' /nʷ/ | |||
| '''nj''' /ɲ/ || | |||
| '''ng''' /ŋ/ || '''ngw''' /ŋʷ/ | |||
| || | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2" | Stop | |||
!<small>tenuis</small> | |||
| '''b''' /p/ || '''bw''' /pʷ/ | |||
| '''d''' /t/ || '''dw''' /tʷ/ | |||
| '''dsch''' /tʃ/ || | |||
| '''g''' /k/ || '''gw''' /kʷ/ | |||
| '''ġ''' /q/ || '''ġw''' /qʷ/ | |||
| /ʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''pw''' /pʷʰ/ | |||
| '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''tw''' /tʷʰ/ | |||
| '''tsch''' /tʃʰ/ || | |||
| '''k''' /kʰ/ || '''kw''' /kʷʰ/ | |||
| '''q''' /qʰ/ || '''qw''' /qʷʰ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Fricative | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| '''f''' /f/ || | |||
| '''z''' /θ/ || '''zw''' /θʷ/ | |||
| '''sch''' /ʃ/ || '''schw''' /ʃʷ/ | |||
| '''ch''' /x/ || '''chw''' /xʷ/ | |||
| '''r''' /χ/ || '''rw''' /χʷ/ | |||
| '''h''' /h/ | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| || | |||
| '''s''' /ð/ || '''sw''' /ðʷ/ | |||
| || | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Approximant | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || '''hw''' /ʍ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| || | |||
| '''l''' /l/ || | |||
| '''j''' /j/ || | |||
| || '''w''' /w/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small> | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small> | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''i''' /ɪ/ | |||
| '''ie''' /iː/ | |||
| '''ü''' /ʏ/ | |||
| '''ü, üh''' /yː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''u''' /ʊ/ | |||
| '''u, uh''' /uː/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| '''e''' /ɛ/ | |||
| '''e, eh''' /eː/ | |||
| '''ö''' /œ/ | |||
| '''ö, öh''' /øː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''o''' /ɔ/ | |||
| '''o, oh''' /oː/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Near-open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''-r, -er''' /ɐ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''a''' /a/ | |||
| '''a, ah''' /aː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Diphthongs: '''au''' /aʊ/ '''äu, eu''' /ɔʏ/ '''ei''' /aɪ/ | |||
===Tones=== | |||
high modal = tone 2, high breathy = tone 3; low modal = tone 4, low breathy = tone 1 | |||
==Grammar== | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | |||
====Erhua==== | |||
'Erhua' with the suffix ''-er'' / ''-r'' /-ɐ/ may occur. | |||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] |
Latest revision as of 23:32, 25 February 2016
Nàu m̌ dwēg Wírn-Mēung. 'I don't speak Wirne.'
Introduction
Wirne (Wirne-Müđel; pronounced Wírn-Mēung /wiɐn35 mɔʏŋ55/) is a relatively conservative Wiebian lect descended from Middle Wiebian, and a close relative of Sŧrah (qʷˁʼe). It is a tonal language inspired by German, Buyang and Chinese.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||
Nasal | m /m/ | mw /mʷ/ | n /n/ | nw /nʷ/ | nj /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ngw /ŋʷ/ | |||||
Stop | tenuis | b /p/ | bw /pʷ/ | d /t/ | dw /tʷ/ | dsch /tʃ/ | g /k/ | gw /kʷ/ | ġ /q/ | ġw /qʷ/ | /ʔ/ | |
aspirated | p /pʰ/ | pw /pʷʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | tw /tʷʰ/ | tsch /tʃʰ/ | k /kʰ/ | kw /kʷʰ/ | q /qʰ/ | qw /qʷʰ/ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | z /θ/ | zw /θʷ/ | sch /ʃ/ | schw /ʃʷ/ | ch /x/ | chw /xʷ/ | r /χ/ | rw /χʷ/ | h /h/ | |
voiced | s /ð/ | sw /ðʷ/ | ||||||||||
Approximant | voiceless | hw /ʍ/ | ||||||||||
voiced | l /l/ | j /j/ | w /w/ |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||||||
short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i /ɪ/ | ie /iː/ | ü /ʏ/ | ü, üh /yː/ | u /ʊ/ | u, uh /uː/ | ||
Mid | e /ɛ/ | e, eh /eː/ | ö /œ/ | ö, öh /øː/ | o /ɔ/ | o, oh /oː/ | ||
Near-open | -r, -er /ɐ/ | |||||||
Open | a /a/ | a, ah /aː/ |
Diphthongs: au /aʊ/ äu, eu /ɔʏ/ ei /aɪ/
Tones
high modal = tone 2, high breathy = tone 3; low modal = tone 4, low breathy = tone 1
Grammar
Derivational morphology
Erhua
'Erhua' with the suffix -er / -r /-ɐ/ may occur.