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{{Featured | {{Featured | ||
|featured banner= | |featured banner= Þatta artighio è iena rasda ascritta. Gia votauda ascritta grazie alla sina livella qualitadi, piausevoletadi e capacitadi di utilizza.}} | ||
{{privatelang}} | {{privatelang}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
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| brcl = luth | | brcl = luth | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Disclaimer== | |||
This article is extremely outdated, without a forecast to be updated. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/12cxldxeUnAzpVeVElpPF4qe81NrwHjPGbeSIYspeAIA/edit?usp=sharing| The most updated resource can be checked here.] | |||
<br> | |||
Sincerely, [[User:Lëtzelúcia|Lëtzelúcia]]. | |||
==Luthic== | |||
[[Luthic]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[w:Help:IPA|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide. | [[Luthic]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[w:Help:IPA|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide. | ||
| Line 86: | Line 92: | ||
| [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈax.tɔː/]] || [[wikt:athe#Crimean_Gothic|athe]] /ˈa.te/ || attau [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] || eight | | [[wikt:𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿#Gothic|𐌰𐌷𐍄𐌰𐌿]] (''ahtau'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈax.tɔː/]] || [[wikt:athe#Crimean_Gothic|athe]] /ˈa.te/ || attau [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈat.tɔ]]] || eight | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂]] (''baur'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/bɔr/]] <br >[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽]] (''barn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/barn/]] || [[wikt:baar#Crimean_Gothic|baar]] /bar/ <br >*ba(a)rn /barn/? || | | [[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂]] (''baur'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/bɔr/]] <br >[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽#Gothic|𐌱𐌰𐍂𐌽]] (''barn'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/barn/]] || [[wikt:baar#Crimean_Gothic|baar]] /bar/ <br >*ba(a)rn /barn/? || bauro [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɔ.ro]]] <br >barno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.no]]] || child | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂]] (''brōþar'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈbroː.θar/]] || [[wikt:bruder#Crimean_Gothic|bruder]] /'bru.der/ || broþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbro.θɐr]]] || brother | | [[wikt:𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂#Gothic|𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂]] (''brōþar'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈbroː.θar/]] || [[wikt:bruder#Crimean_Gothic|bruder]] /'bru.der/ || broþar [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbro.θɐr]]] || brother | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂#Gothic|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂]] (''wair'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/wɛr/]] || [[wikt:fers#Crimean_Gothic|fers]] /fers/ || | | [[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂#Gothic|𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂]] (''wair'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/wɛr/]] || [[wikt:fers#Crimean_Gothic|fers]] /fers/ || vaeru [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɛ.ru]]] || were- (as in werewolf) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃]] (''handus'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhan.dus/]] || [[wikt:handa#Crimean_Gothic|handa]] /ˈan.da/ || | | [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃]] (''handus'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhan.dus/]] || [[wikt:handa#Crimean_Gothic|handa]] /ˈan.da/ || andu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈan.du]]] || hand | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸]] (''haubiþ'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhɔː.βiθ/]] || [[wikt:hoef#Crimean_Gothic|hoef]] (for *hoeft) /oft/ || | | [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌸]] (''haubiþ'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈhɔː.βiθ/]] || [[wikt:hoef#Crimean_Gothic|hoef]] (for *hoeft) /oft/ || auveþo [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔ.βe.θo]]] || head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈkʷi.man/]] || [[wikt:kommen#Crimean_Gothic|kommen]] /'ko.men/ || | | [[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽]] (''qiman'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/ˈkʷi.man/]] || [[wikt:kommen#Crimean_Gothic|kommen]] /'ko.men/ || quemare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kᶣeˈma.re]]] || to come | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽]] (''hlahjan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/'hlax.jan/]] || [[wikt:lachen#Crimean_Gothic|lachen]] /'la.xen/ (/'la.ɣen/?) || chiaire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkjaj.re]]] || to laugh | | [[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽]] (''hlahjan'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|/'hlax.jan/]] || [[wikt:lachen#Crimean_Gothic|lachen]] /'la.xen/ (/'la.ɣen/?) || chiaire [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkjaj.re]]] || to laugh | ||
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|source= Giuseppe il Lûthicu, proverbs | |source= Giuseppe il Lûthicu, proverbs | ||
}} | }} | ||
Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareicu Biagci’s 1657 Latin grammar '''''De studio linguæ luthicæ'''''. Late Mediaevel Luthic saw significant changes to its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and orthography. An eventual form of written Standard Luthic emerged c. 1730, and a large number of terms for abstract concepts were adopted directly from [[w:Medieval Latin|Mediaeval Latin]] (as adapted borrowings, rather than via the native form or Italian). What is known as Standard Ravennese Luthic began in the 1750s after the printing and wide distribution of [[w:Prayer book|prayer books]] and other kinds of [[w:Liturgical book|liturgical books]] in Luthic, after the works of Þiudareicu and his essays about the Luthic language and its written form. | Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareicu Biagci’s (now spelt Þiuðareicu) 1657 Latin grammar '''''De studio linguæ luthicæ'''''. Late Mediaevel Luthic saw significant changes to its vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and orthography. An eventual form of written Standard Luthic emerged c. 1730, and a large number of terms for abstract concepts were adopted directly from [[w:Medieval Latin|Mediaeval Latin]] (as adapted borrowings, rather than via the native form or Italian). What is known as Standard Ravennese Luthic began in the 1750s after the printing and wide distribution of [[w:Prayer book|prayer books]] and other kinds of [[w:Liturgical book|liturgical books]] in Luthic, after the works of Þiudareicu and his essays about the Luthic language and its written form. | ||
====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''==== | ====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''==== | ||
| Line 197: | Line 203: | ||
As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. | As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. | ||
Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: '' | Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurde faulla Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˈɸɔr.de fɔl.lɐ ˈraz.dɐ ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravenne'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.ɸe ˈlu.ti.xɐ rɐˈβẽ.ne]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional ''Dachsprache'', Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]]. | ||
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]] | [[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]] | ||
| Line 306: | Line 312: | ||
* The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound /k/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /t͡ʃ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. | * The letter ⟨c⟩ represents the sound /k/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /t͡ʃ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. | ||
* The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound /ɡ/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /d͡ʒ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound /ŋ/ before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩. | * The letter ⟨g⟩ represents the sound /ɡ/ at the end of words and before the letters ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ but represents the sound /d͡ʒ/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩. It also represents the sound /ŋ/ before ⟨c⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨g⟩. | ||
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/. | ** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/. | ||
| Line 319: | Line 324: | ||
** Like ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, /i/ ~ /j/ are only pronounced if stressed and ⟨glï⟩ and ⟨gnï⟩ may be used instead. | ** Like ⟨ci⟩ and ⟨gi⟩, /i/ ~ /j/ are only pronounced if stressed and ⟨glï⟩ and ⟨gnï⟩ may be used instead. | ||
If the clusters /ɡl/ and /ɡn/ are needed, they are spelt as ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ retrospectively, which may cause confusion. | If the clusters /ɡl/ and /ɡn/ are needed, they are spelt as ⟨gl⟩ and ⟨gn⟩ retrospectively, which may cause confusion. | ||
* /kʷ/ is spelt ⟨q⟩ and ⟨qu⟩, the difference is ultimately etymological, as ⟨qu⟩ is only found in Latin and Italian loanwords. | * /kʷ/ is spelt ⟨q⟩ and ⟨qu⟩, the difference is ultimately etymological, as ⟨qu⟩ is only found in Latin and Italian loanwords. | ||
| Line 387: | Line 390: | ||
| [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vigna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || — | | [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || vigna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|/β/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || | | [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || — | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | [[File:Luthic_keyboard_2.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | ||
| Line 490: | Line 493: | ||
||<poem> | ||<poem> | ||
𐌹 • Eissu è aeno specchio. | 𐌹 • Eissu è aeno specchio. | ||
Rifiette la | Rifiette la luce, | ||
l’augna meina solecchio.</poem> | l’augna meina solecchio.</poem> | ||
||<poem> | ||<poem> | ||
| Line 1,130: | Line 1,133: | ||
* Nearby a rhotic, a lateral or nasal. | * Nearby a rhotic, a lateral or nasal. | ||
* Stressed and anlaut. | * Stressed and anlaut. | ||
* Consider that all plosives are spirantised word-terminally. | |||
Unstressed consonants between intervocalic boundaries are voiced. | Unstressed consonants between intervocalic boundaries are voiced. | ||
| Line 1,200: | Line 1,204: | ||
* Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'', stem ''augVn-'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːɣoː]]] > Luthic ''augno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]]. | * Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'', stem ''augVn-'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːɣoː]]] > Luthic ''augno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]]. | ||
====Phonotactics==== | ====Phonotactics==== | ||
| Line 1,327: | Line 1,316: | ||
==Research== | ==Research== | ||
[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]] | [[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]] | ||
Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavetascapetico Ravenne''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council '' | Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavetascapetico Ravenne''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurde faulla Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica gli Lûthice Rasde'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandru Fiscar & Luca Vagnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words. | ||
===History=== | ===History=== | ||
| Line 1,709: | Line 1,698: | ||
|} | |} | ||
The declension paradigm of u-stems nouns is simplier than other nouns, since the nominative is identical to the accusative | There is a small class of quasei-irregular nouns within the o-stems ending in -io: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! Number | |||
! Case | |||
! o-stem <sup>m</sup> | |||
! o-stem <sup>f</sup> | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=4| Singular | |||
! {{small|nom.}} | |||
| figliu | |||
| corredoiu | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|acc.}} | |||
| figlio | |||
| corredoio | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|dat.}} | |||
| figlia | |||
| corredoia | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|gen.}} | |||
| figli | |||
| corredoi | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=4| Plural | |||
! {{small|nom.}} | |||
| figli | |||
| corredoi | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|acc.}} | |||
| figlii | |||
| corredoii | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|dat.}} | |||
| figlievo | |||
| corredoievo | |||
|- | |||
! {{small|gen.}} | |||
| figlioro | |||
| corredoioro | |||
|} | |||
The declension paradigm of u-stems nouns is simplier than other nouns, since the nominative is identical to the accusative. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 1,726: | Line 1,759: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|acc.}} | ! {{small|acc.}} | ||
| | | portu | ||
| | | manu | ||
| faeu | | faeu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,905: | Line 1,938: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Pronouns often become a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] nearby verbs, mainly with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs (often apocopating the terminal -e of infinitives), being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. A good example is ''faur þuc'' “for you” but ''(ic) | Pronouns often become a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] nearby verbs, mainly with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs (often apocopating the terminal -e of infinitives), being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]]. A good example is ''faur þuc'' “for you” but ''(ic) dauþo·ti'' “I kill you”. Paradigmata is given below: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 1,923: | Line 1,956: | ||
!rowspan=3| Singular | !rowspan=3| Singular | ||
! {{small|acc.}} | ! {{small|acc.}} | ||
| mi | | mi | ||
| ti | | ti | ||
| lo | | lo | ||
| la | | la | ||
| lo | | lo | ||
| si | | si | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| mi | | mi | ||
| ti | | ti | ||
| gli | | gli | ||
| gli | | gli | ||
| gli | | gli | ||
| si | | si | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
| — | | — | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=3| Plural | !rowspan=3| Plural | ||
| Line 1,950: | Line 1,983: | ||
| ci | | ci | ||
| vi | | vi | ||
| | | li | ||
| | | le | ||
| la | | la | ||
| si | | si | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| ci | | ci | ||
| vi | | vi | ||
| li | | li | ||
| li | | li | ||
| li | | li | ||
| si | | si | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
| — | | — | ||
| — | | — | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
| ne | | ne | ||
|} | |} | ||
Apocopated forms happen before or after (vide below) a vowel, e.g.: | Apocopated forms happen before or after (vide below) a vowel, e.g.: | ||
* ''(Ic) | * ''(Ic) gevo·ti lo chiaefo'' “I give you the bread” | ||
* ''(Vi) gevamos·ti lo chiaefo'' “we give you the bread | * ''(Vi) gevamos·ti lo chiaefo'' “we give you the bread | ||
* ''(Þû) gevas·mi lo chiaefo'' “you give me the bread” | * ''(Þû) gevas·mi lo chiaefo'' “you give me the bread” | ||
* ''(Essi) | * ''(Essi) gevando·mi lo chiaefo'' “they give me the bread” | ||
Verbs that start with a vowel or ⟨h⟩ call for a [[w:Clitic#Proclitic|proclitic]], except for first and second person plural: | Verbs that start with a vowel or ⟨h⟩ call for a [[w:Clitic#Proclitic|proclitic]], except for first and second person plural: | ||
| Line 2,106: | Line 2,131: | ||
! {{small|acc.}} | ! {{small|acc.}} | ||
| mein | | mein | ||
| | | meina | ||
| | | meino | ||
| þein | | þein | ||
| þeina | |||
| þeino | |||
| sein | | sein | ||
| | | seina | ||
| | | seino | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| Line 2,222: | Line 2,247: | ||
| isvaro | | isvaro | ||
| sein | | sein | ||
| | | seina | ||
| | | seino | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| Line 2,540: | Line 2,565: | ||
| esto | | esto | ||
| giaen | | giaen | ||
| | | giaena | ||
| | | giaeno | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
| Line 2,639: | Line 2,664: | ||
! {{small|acc.}} | ! {{small|acc.}} | ||
| aen | | aen | ||
| | | aena | ||
| | | aeno | ||
| lo | | lo | ||
| la | | la | ||
| Line 2,725: | Line 2,750: | ||
| rossa | | rossa | ||
| rosso | | rosso | ||
| | | felice | ||
| polchare | | polchare | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 4,793: | Line 4,818: | ||
| gia | | gia | ||
| gi’ | | gi’ | ||
| | | gievo | ||
| | | gievo | ||
| | | gievo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''a''' | | '''a''' | ||
| Line 4,801: | Line 4,826: | ||
| allo | | allo | ||
| alla | | alla | ||
| | | allo | ||
| all’ | | all’ | ||
| | | alli | ||
| | | alle | ||
| alla | | alla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 4,821: | Line 4,846: | ||
| nallo | | nallo | ||
| nalla | | nalla | ||
| | | nallo | ||
| nall’ | | nall’ | ||
| | | nalli | ||
| | | nalle | ||
| nalla | | nalla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 4,831: | Line 4,856: | ||
| agno | | agno | ||
| agna | | agna | ||
| | | agno | ||
| an’ | | an’ | ||
| | | agni | ||
| | | agne | ||
| agna | | agna | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 4,841: | Line 4,866: | ||
| sullo | | sullo | ||
| sulla | | sulla | ||
| | | sullo | ||
| sull’ | | sull’ | ||
| | | sulli | ||
| | | sulle | ||
| sulla | | sulla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 4,898: | Line 4,923: | ||
| faullo | | faullo | ||
| faulla | | faulla | ||
| | | faullo | ||
| faull’ | | faull’ | ||
| | | faulli | ||
| | | faulle | ||
| faulla | | faulla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 5,016: | Line 5,041: | ||
| aþþo | | aþþo | ||
| aþþa | | aþþa | ||
| | | aþþo | ||
| | | aþþi | ||
| | | aþþe | ||
| aþþa | | aþþa | ||
| — | | — | ||
| Line 5,046: | Line 5,071: | ||
| naþþo | | naþþo | ||
| naþþa | | naþþa | ||
| | | naþþo | ||
| | | naþþi | ||
| | | naþþe | ||
| naþþa | | naþþa | ||
| neste | | neste | ||
| nesta | | nesta | ||
| | | nesto | ||
| | | nesti | ||
| | | neste | ||
| nesta | | nesta | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 5,061: | Line 5,086: | ||
| suþþo | | suþþo | ||
| suþþa | | suþþa | ||
| | | suþþo | ||
| suþþos | | suþþos | ||
| suþþas | | suþþas | ||
| Line 5,106: | Line 5,131: | ||
| fauþþo | | fauþþo | ||
| fauþþa | | fauþþa | ||
| | | fauþþo | ||
| | | fauþþi | ||
| | | fauþþe | ||
| fauþþa | | fauþþa | ||
| — | | — | ||
| Line 5,155: | Line 5,180: | ||
* ''a'' and ''ab'' | * ''a'' and ''ab'' | ||
* ''a'' and ''ad'' | * ''a'' and ''ad'' | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
* Ic e þû (I and you) | * Ic e þû (I and you) | ||
* Ic ed | * Ic ed esse (I and he) | ||
* Ic au þû? (I or you?) | * Ic au þû? (I or you?) | ||
* Ic aud | * Ic aud esse? (I or he?) | ||
===Romance copula=== | ===Romance copula=== | ||
| Line 5,202: | Line 5,218: | ||
:: ''(Ic) dregco la | :: ''(Ic) dregco la vadna.'' | ||
:: ''ic dregc-o l-a vadn- | :: ''ic dregc-o l-a vadn-a'' | ||
:: I<small>.NOM</small> drink<small>-PRS.1SG</small> the<small>-ACC.SG.F</small> water<small>-ACC.SG</small> | :: I<small>.NOM</small> drink<small>-PRS.1SG</small> the<small>-ACC.SG.F</small> water<small>-ACC.SG</small> | ||
:: “I drink water (lit. I drink the water).” | :: “I drink water (lit. I drink the water).” | ||
:: ''La | :: ''La vadna dregco (ic).'' | ||
:: ''l-a vadn-a dregc-o ic'' | :: ''l-a vadn-a dregc-o ic'' | ||
:: the<small>-ACC.SG.F</small> water<small>-ACC.SG</small> drink<small>-PRS.1SG</small> I<small>.NOM</small> | :: the<small>-ACC.SG.F</small> water<small>-ACC.SG</small> drink<small>-PRS.1SG</small> I<small>.NOM</small> | ||
| Line 5,217: | Line 5,233: | ||
:: ''La meina fregionda | :: ''La meina fregionda è al festa '''anaqemandu'''.'' | ||
:: ''l-a mein-a fregiond-a | :: ''l-a mein-a fregiond-a è al fest-a '''ana=qem-andu''''' | ||
:: the<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> my<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> friend<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> is at<small>=</small>the<small>-DAT.SG.F</small> party<small>-DAT.SG</small> on<small>=</small>come<small>-GER</small> | :: the<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> my<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> friend<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> is at<small>=</small>the<small>-DAT.SG.F</small> party<small>-DAT.SG</small> on<small>=</small>come<small>-GER</small> | ||
:: “My friend is arriving (lit. is on-coming) at the party.” | :: “My friend is arriving (lit. is on-coming) at the party.” | ||
:: ''La meina fregionda ''' | :: ''La meina fregionda '''qemau''' al festa '''ana'''.'' | ||
:: ''l-a mein-a fregion-a qem-aut al fest-a ana'' | :: ''l-a mein-a fregion-a qem-aut al fest-a ana'' | ||
:: the<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> my<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> friend<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> come<small>-PRF.3SG</small> at<small>=</small>the<small>-DAT.SG.F</small> party<small>-DAT.SG</small> on | :: the<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> my<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> friend<small>-NOM.SG.F</small> come<small>-PRF.3SG</small> at<small>=</small>the<small>-DAT.SG.F</small> party<small>-DAT.SG</small> on | ||
| Line 5,233: | Line 5,249: | ||
Example 1: | Example 1: | ||
:: '' | :: ''Fliuga snele''. “(It) flies fast.” – not emphasised; | ||
:: ''Snele | :: ''Snele fliuga''. “Fast (it) flies.” – emphasised, i.e. “Fast is how it flies.” | ||
Example 2: | Example 2: | ||
:: '' | :: ''Sèi liuvaleicu''. “(You) are adorable.” – not emphasised; | ||
:: ''Liuvaleicu | :: ''Liuvaleicu sèi''. “Adorable (you) are.” – emphasised, i.e. “Adorable is what you are.” | ||
| Line 5,245: | Line 5,261: | ||
:: '' | :: ''Fliugi þû snele?'' | ||
:: ''fliug- | :: ''fliug-i þû snel-e'' | ||
:: fly<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> | :: fly<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> | ||
:: “Do you fly fast?” | :: “Do you fly fast?” | ||
:: ''Ce | :: ''Ce taugi þû?'' | ||
:: ''ce | :: ''ce taugi þû'' | ||
:: what do<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>-SG</small> | :: what do<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>-SG</small> | ||
:: “What are you doing?” | :: “What are you doing?” | ||
| Line 5,267: | Line 5,283: | ||
:: ''Galauvo ei, | :: ''Galauvo ei, saria betese si þatta tavessimo gestradage.'' | ||
:: ''galauv-o ei sari- | :: ''galauv-o ei sari-a betes-e si þatta ta-ve-ssimo gestradag-e'' | ||
:: think<small>-PRS.1SG</small> that be<small>-CND.PRS.3SG</small> better<small>-ADVR</small> if it<small>.ACC.SG</small> do<small>-IMPF-CND.1PL</small> tomorrow<small>-ADVR</small> | :: think<small>-PRS.1SG</small> that be<small>-CND.PRS.3SG</small> better<small>-ADVR</small> if it<small>.ACC.SG</small> do<small>-IMPF-CND.1PL</small> tomorrow<small>-ADVR</small> | ||
:: “I think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow.” | :: “I think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow.” | ||
:: '' | :: ''Galauvi þû ei, saria betese si þatta tavessimo gestradage?'' | ||
:: ''galauv- | :: ''galauv-i þû ei sari-a betes-e si þatta ta-ve-ssimo gestradag-e'' | ||
:: think<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> that be<small>-CND.PRS.3SG</small> better<small>-ADVR</small> if it<small>.ACC.SG</small> do<small>-IMPF-CND.1PL</small> tomorrow<small>-ADVR</small> | :: think<small>-PRS.2SG</small> you<small>.SG</small> that be<small>-CND.PRS.3SG</small> better<small>-ADVR</small> if it<small>.ACC.SG</small> do<small>-IMPF-CND.1PL</small> tomorrow<small>-ADVR</small> | ||
:: “Do you think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow?” | :: “Do you think that it would be better if we did it tomorrow?” | ||
| Line 5,283: | Line 5,299: | ||
:* Nominative: ''(Ic) im lûthicu''. “I am Luthic” | :* Nominative: ''(Ic) im lûthicu''. “I am Luthic” | ||
:* Accusative: ''(Ic) rogio lo lûthico''. “I speak Luthic” | :* Accusative: ''(Ic) rogio lo lûthico''. “I speak Luthic” | ||
:* Dative: ''(Ic) laso lo lûthico | :* Dative: ''(Ic) laso lo lûthico þuoi''. “I teach Luthic to you” | ||
:* Genitive: ''La rasda lûthicoro | :* Genitive: ''La rasda lûthicoro þiuðesca non è''. “The language of the Luths is not Germanic” | ||
* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:''' | * '''Ablato-locatival accusative:''' | ||
:* Extent of space: ''(Is) | :* Extent of space: ''(Is) qaervau þrèi chilometri''. “He walked three kilometres” | ||
:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non | :* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidau aen dago''. “He didn’t wait for one day” | ||
:* Place when: ''Þo staþo''. “In/on this place” | :* Place when: ''Þo staþo''. “In/on this place” | ||
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþþo staþo''. “''id.''” | ::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþþo staþo''. “''id.''” | ||
:* Time when: '' | :* Time when: ''Giaen vintru''. “In/at/during that winter” | ||
:* Within which: '' | :* Within which: ''Leizele hore (esse) scola sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die” | ||
::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelevo horevo ( | ::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelevo horevo (esse) scola sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die” | ||
* '''Dative:''' | * '''Dative:''' | ||
:* Purpose: ''Mannesci non ovela, ac gôðana | :* Purpose: ''Mannesci non ovela, ac gôðana taugianða''. “Humans are not made for evil, but for good” | ||
:* Action for: '' | :* Action for: ''Þuoi scolo helfare gli fregiondi þeini''. “I must help your friends for you” | ||
::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenevo naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women” | ::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenevo naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women” | ||
:* Action against: ''La þeina frescapi scolo dauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you” | :* Action against: ''La þeina frescapi scolo dauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you” | ||
::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþevo im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively) | ::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþevo im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively) | ||
:* Concerning: ''Ce þû | :* Concerning: ''Ce þû mièi scola taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)” | ||
| Line 5,314: | Line 5,330: | ||
:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolo qemare fregiondevo''. “I shall come with friends” | :* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolo qemare fregiondevo''. “I shall come with friends” | ||
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolo qemare miþ fregiondevo''. “''id.''” | ::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolo qemare miþ fregiondevo''. “''id.''” | ||
:* Degree of difference: ''( | :* Degree of difference: ''(Esse) alþeso aenevo giarevo''. “He is older by a few years” | ||
:* Quality: ''Aenu vaere summa honesta''. “A man of highest honesty” | :* Quality: ''Aenu vaere summa honesta''. “A man of highest honesty” | ||
* '''Ablato-dative:''' | * '''Ablato-dative:''' | ||
:* Separation: ''(Ic) sculo cofare l’ovelo | :* Separation: ''(Ic) sculo cofare l’ovelo þuoi''. “I shall keep the evil away from you” | ||
:* Motion away (prepositional): '' | :* Motion away (prepositional): ''Giufa Ravenna du America furondo''. “They went from Ravenna to America” | ||
:* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a levo Gôthicevo qesciada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths” | :* Personal agent (prepositional): ''Roma a levo Gôthicevo qesciada''. “Rome is destroyed by the Goths” | ||
:* Comparison (adjectival): ''Qenevo | :* Comparison (adjectival): ''Qenevo scaunesa''. “More beautiful than women” | ||
:* Cause: ''(Ic) greto ira ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason) | :* Cause: ''(Ic) greto ira ed agi''. “I cry with anger and fear” (marks the reason) | ||
* '''Instrumento-genitive:''' | * '''Instrumento-genitive:''' | ||
:* Material: ''La celecna staene''. “The tower made of stone” | :* Material: ''La celecna staene''. “The tower made of stone” | ||
:* Author/creator: ''Þa celecna taveða | :* Author/creator: ''Þa celecna taveða manevo meinara''. “This tower was built by my hands” | ||
:* Behaviour: ''Molle | :* Behaviour: ''Molle vadne''. “Soft like water” | ||
::* Often displaced by the relative adverb: ''Molle svasve | ::* Often displaced by the relative adverb: ''Molle svasve vadna''. “Soft like water” | ||
====Example text==== | ====Example text==== | ||
| Line 5,335: | Line 5,351: | ||
: '''La pecora e gl’aechi''' | : '''La pecora e gl’aechi''' | ||
:: Aena pecora ei, | :: Aena pecora ei, stava inu volla, saecau somi aechi: aen eisôro tirava aen pesante carro, aen anþer baerava aen mechio carico ed aen anþer transportava aen manno snele. La pecora roði all’aechi: “Mic piange ta haertene saecandu ce il mannu tratta l’aechi”. Gl’aechi roðirondo: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse è penosu saecare ei, il mannu, l’unsar signore, sic taugi aena veste la volla pecore, mentre le pecore ristondo inu volla”. Dopo ascoltauða þatta, la pecora agr fliuga. | ||
:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st- | :: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-ava inu voll-a saec-au som-i aech-i aen-∅ eis-ôro tir-av-a aen-∅ pesant-e carr-o aen-∅ anþer-∅ baer-av-a aen-∅ mechi-o caric-o ed aen-∅ anþer-∅ transport-av-a aen-∅ mann-∅ snel-e l-a pecor-a roð-i al-l=aech-i mic piang-e ta haerten-e saec-andu ce il mann-u tratt-a l=aech-i gl=aech-i roð-irondo ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e è penos-u saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar signor-e sic taug-i aen-a vest-e l-a voll-a pecor-e mentre l-e pecor-e rist-ondo inu voll-a dopo ascolt-au-ða þatta l-a pecor-a agr-∅ fliug-a'' | ||
:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small> | :: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small> | ||
| Line 5,381: | Line 5,397: | ||
* '''Loss of stress:''' Stress is fully lost, together with Gorgia Toscana: | * '''Loss of stress:''' Stress is fully lost, together with Gorgia Toscana: | ||
:* '' | :* ''quotidianu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kʷo.θiˈdja.nu]]] > ''cotidian'' [[IPA for Luthic#Upper_Luthic|[ko.ti.djɐn]]]. | ||
* '''Degemination:''' Lack of gemination as a distinctive feature: | * '''Degemination:''' Lack of gemination as a distinctive feature: | ||
| Line 5,396: | Line 5,412: | ||
<poem style="font-style: italic"> | <poem style="font-style: italic"> | ||
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Ravennese Luthic''' | * '''Orthographic version in Standard Ravennese Luthic''' | ||
Faðar unsar, þû | Faðar unsar, þû hemen, | ||
Veiða | Veiða ta namno þeino; | ||
La þiuðanagarda þeina | La þiuðanagarda þeina qemi; | ||
Lo | Lo veglian þein taugia; | ||
Svasve | Svasve hemen ed ana aerþa. | ||
Il chiaefu | Il chiaefu quotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi, | ||
Ed afietâ | Ed afietâ l’unsare colpe, | ||
Svasve | Svasve afietiamo þoi ei, colpando unsi; | ||
E non letare unse in tentazione | E non letare unse in tentazione | ||
Ac frieau unse da mala. | Ac frieau unse da mala. | ||
Faur þuc | Faur þuc è þiuðanagarda, | ||
E la forza, la volþa, | E la forza, la volþa, | ||
Faur saechia saechioro. Amen. | Faur saechia saechioro. Amen. | ||
| Line 5,414: | Line 5,430: | ||
* '''Orthographic version in Upper Luthic''' | * '''Orthographic version in Upper Luthic''' | ||
Fadar unsar, tû in emen | Fadar unsar, tû in emen | ||
Veit | Veit ta namn tein | ||
La teudanagart tein qemit | La teudanagart tein qemit | ||
Lo velhan tein taugiat; | Lo velhan tein taugiat; | ||
| Line 5,423: | Line 5,439: | ||
E non letar unse in tentazion | E non letar unse in tentazion | ||
Ac friau unse di il mal. | Ac friau unse di il mal. | ||
Faur tuc | Faur tuc è la teudanagart, | ||
E la forza, la glori | E la forza, la glori | ||
Faur la | Faur la saiquia di la saiquia. Amen. | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||
| Line 5,433: | Line 5,449: | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
* '''Standard Ravennese Luthic narrow transcription''' | * '''Standard Ravennese Luthic narrow transcription''' | ||
[ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu | [ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈmen | ||
ˈvi.ðɐ | ˈvi.ðɐ tɐ‿nˈnam.no ˈθi.no | ||
lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkᶣe. | lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkᶣe.mi | ||
lo | lo veʎˈʎan ˈθin ˈtɔ.d͡ʒɐ | ||
zvɐ.zve eˈme. | zvɐ.zve eˈme.n e.ð‿ɐ.nɐ ˈɛr.θɐ | ||
il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.θiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi | il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.θiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi | ||
e.ð‿ɐ. | e.ð‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta‿lˈũ.sɐ.re ˈk̠ol.pe | ||
zvɐ.zve ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo | zvɐ.zve ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo θoj ˈi | k̠olˈpɐn.do ũ.si | ||
e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjo.ne | e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjo.ne | ||
ɐx frjeˈɔ ũ.se dɐ‿mˈma.lɐ | |||
fɔr θux | fɔr θux ˈɛ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ | ||
e lɐ ˈfɔr.t͡sɐ | lɐ ˈvol.θɐ | e lɐ ˈfɔr.t͡sɐ | lɐ ˈvol.θɐ | ||
fɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men] | fɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men] | ||
| Line 5,451: | Line 5,467: | ||
* '''Upper Luthic narrow transcription''' | * '''Upper Luthic narrow transcription''' | ||
[fɐ.dɐɾ ũ.sɐɾ | tu in e.men | [fɐ.dɐɾ ũ.sɐɾ | tu in e.men | ||
vɐjt | vɐjt tɐ nɐmn tɐjn | ||
lɐ ty.dɐ.nɐ.ɡɐɾt tɐjn k̟e.mit | lɐ ty.dɐ.nɐ.ɡɐɾt tɐjn k̟e.mit | ||
lo ve.ʎɐn tɐjn tɐw.ʒɐt | lo ve.ʎɐn tɐjn tɐw.ʒɐt | ||
| Line 5,647: | Line 5,663: | ||
In general, Upper Luthic has similar, and simpler, nominal declension paradigmata. For u-stems nouns, they are fully merged with o-stems. | In general, Upper Luthic has similar, and simpler, nominal declension paradigmata. For u-stems nouns, they are fully merged with o-stems. | ||
===Standard Bolognese Luthic=== | ===Standard Bolognese Luthic=== | ||
| Line 5,903: | Line 5,677: | ||
! Unaffected !! Mutated | ! Unaffected !! Mutated | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmet.to/]] “I put” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmit. | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmet.to/]] “I put” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmit.ti/]] “you put” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈes.to/]] “this (neut.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈis.tu/]] “this (masc.)” | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈes.to/]] “this (neut.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈis.tu/]] “this (masc.)” | ||
| Line 5,911: | Line 5,685: | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspo.zɐ/]] “wife” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspu.zu/]] “husband” | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspo.zɐ/]] “wife” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈspu.zu/]] “husband” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ. | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ.re/]] “he dies” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmo.ri/]] “you die” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ.ʃɐ/]] “depressed (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmo.ʃu/]] “depressed (masc.)” | | [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmɔ.ʃɐ/]] “depressed (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Bolognese_Luthic|/ˈmo.ʃu/]] “depressed (masc.)” | ||
| Line 6,117: | Line 5,891: | ||
* '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈɾaz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈbaɹ.kɐ]]]. Due to Paulistano influence, word-initial rhotics are often realised as [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] ~ [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]], resulting in ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʁaz.dɐ]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈhaz.dɐ]]], a great example is Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rapportu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[rɐpˈpɔr.tu]]] and Paulistan Luthic ''rapporto'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ʁɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[hɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] | * '''rhotic:''' The trill consonant [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills#Voiced_alveolar_trill|/r/]] is fully displaced by a tap consonant [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]], of which may be also described as an approximant [[w:Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|/ɹ/]] pre-consonantal: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈraz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbar.kɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈɾaz.dɐ]]], ''barca'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈbaɹ.kɐ]]]. Due to Paulistano influence, word-initial rhotics are often realised as [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] ~ [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]], resulting in ''rasda'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʁaz.dɐ]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈhaz.dɐ]]], a great example is Standard Ravennese Luthic ''rapportu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[rɐpˈpɔr.tu]]] and Paulistan Luthic ''rapporto'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ʁɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] ~ [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[hɐˈpɔɹ.tu]]] | ||
* '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈka.pu]]] | * '''lack of Gorgia Tuscana:''' Paulistan Luthic doesn't spirantise atonic plosives: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''capu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈka.fu]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''capo'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈka.pu]]] | ||
* '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx | * '''i-[[w:Epenthesis|epenthesis]]:''' Word-terminally plosives are affected by i-epenthesis: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐx]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''ac'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ɐ.kĭ]]], this may also be considered a kind of [[w:Paragoge|paragoge]]. This may also happen in consonant clusters if if the second consonant is not /ɾ/ or /l/, resulting in ''opziune'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|/opˈsju.ne/]] > [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[opiˈsju.ni]]] | ||
* '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/k/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡ/]], are realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/ʒ/]] retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʒe.vɐ]]] and Standard Ravennese Luthic Luthic ''ziu'' (from Latin [[wikt:thius#Latin|thīus]]) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si.u]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''zio'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈsi.u ~ ˈzi.u]]]. In some cases, where [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t͡s/]] is voiced to [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/d͡z/]], it is realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/z/]] | * '''deaffrication:''' the palatalised forms of [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/k/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/ɡ/]], are realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]], [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/s/]] and [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/ʒ/]] retrospectively: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''dicidere'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[di.t͡ʃiˈde.re]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.βɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''dicidere'' [[w:Help:IPA|[d͡ʒi.siˈde.ɾe]]], ''geva'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈʒe.vɐ]]] and Standard Ravennese Luthic Luthic ''ziu'' (from Latin [[wikt:thius#Latin|thīus]]) [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈt͡si.u]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''zio'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[ˈsi.u ~ ˈzi.u]]]. In some cases, where [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/t͡s/]] is voiced to [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/d͡z/]], it is realised as [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan Luthic|/z/]] | ||
* '''nasalisation:''' like Paulitano, Paulistan Luthic nasalises every vowel before a nasal in NV.N-: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bɐˈna.nɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[bɐˈnɐ̃.nɐ]]] | * '''nasalisation:''' like Paulitano, Paulistan Luthic nasalises every vowel before a nasal in NV.N-: Standard Ravennese Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[bɐˈna.nɐ]]] > Paulistan Luthic ''banana'' [[IPA for Luthic#Paulistan_Luthic|[bɐˈnɐ̃.nɐ]]] | ||
| Line 6,345: | Line 6,119: | ||
====Paulistan Luthic morphology==== | ====Paulistan Luthic morphology==== | ||
Paulistan Luthic has been greatly affected by Paulistano, however, it still has grammatical cases for noun, a feature it has not been lost, however, unlike Standard Ravennese Luthic, Paulistan Luthic does not drop its prepositions before a declined noun, another common feature in Luthic is to decline only the article preceding the noun. | Paulistan Luthic has been greatly affected by Paulistano, however, it still has grammatical cases for noun, a feature it has not been lost, however, unlike Standard Ravennese Luthic, Paulistan Luthic does not drop its prepositions before a declined noun, another common feature in Luthic is to decline only the article preceding the noun. Paulistan Luthic retains the archaic accusative plural in -s. | ||
* Standard Ravennese Luthic ''i fregiondi'' “the friends” > Paulistan Luthic ''los fregiondo'' “the friends” | * Standard Ravennese Luthic ''i fregiondi'' “the friends” > Paulistan Luthic ''los fregiondo'' “the friends” | ||
| Line 6,413: | Line 6,187: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
! ''''' | ! '''''danc<span style="color:green">are</span>''''' | ||
! '''''cred<span style="color:darkorange">ere</span>''''' | ! '''''cred<span style="color:darkorange">ere</span>''''' | ||
! '''''hol<span style="color:red">ore</span>''''' | ! '''''hol<span style="color:red">ore</span>''''' | ||
| Line 6,424: | Line 6,198: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''ic'' | ! ''ic'' | ||
| | | danc<span style="color:green">o</span> | ||
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">o</span> | | cred<span style="color:darkorange">o</span> | ||
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | | hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | ||
| Line 6,434: | Line 6,208: | ||
| ''taugio'' | | ''taugio'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''du'' | ||
| | | danc<span style="color:green">a</span> | ||
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | | cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | ||
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | | hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | ||
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | | dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | ||
| '' | | ''è'' | ||
| ''hâ'' | | ''hâ'' | ||
| ''gâ'' | | ''gâ'' | ||
| Line 6,445: | Line 6,219: | ||
| ''taugi'' | | ''taugi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''esse'' | ||
| | | danc<span style="color:green">a</span> | ||
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | | cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | ||
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | | hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | ||
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | | dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | ||
| '' | | ''è'' | ||
| ''hâ'' | | ''hâ'' | ||
| ''gâ'' | | ''gâ'' | ||
| Line 6,457: | Line 6,231: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''vi'' | ! ''vi'' | ||
| | | danc<span style="color:green">a</span> | ||
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | | cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | ||
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | | hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | ||
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | | dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | ||
| '' | | ''è'' | ||
| ''hâ'' | | ''hâ'' | ||
| ''gâ'' | | ''gâ'' | ||
| Line 6,468: | Line 6,242: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''gi'' | ! ''gi'' | ||
| | | danc<span style="color:green">a</span> | ||
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | | cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | ||
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | | hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | ||
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | | dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | ||
| '' | | ''è'' | ||
| ''hâ'' | | ''hâ'' | ||
| ''gâ'' | | ''gâ'' | ||
| Line 6,478: | Line 6,252: | ||
| ''taugi'' | | ''taugi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''esses'' | ||
| | | danc<span style="color:green">a</span> | ||
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | | cred<span style="color:darkorange">e</span> | ||
| hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | | hol<span style="color:red">o</span> | ||
| dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | | dorm<span style="color:purple">i</span> | ||
| '' | | ''è'' | ||
| ''hâ'' | | ''hâ'' | ||
| ''gâ'' | | ''gâ'' | ||
| Line 6,530: | Line 6,304: | ||
'''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.” | '''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.” | ||
* '''Standard Luthic:''' Il nattu | * '''Standard Luthic:''' Il nattu stâ scaunu. Le staerne sceinando e la luna stâ foglia. | ||
* '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena. | * '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena. | ||
* '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il nattu ''' | * '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il nattu è '''bellu'''. Le '''stelle''' sceinan(d)o e la luna è '''piena'''. | ||
The borrowed words can be integrated into the host language either partially or entirely, taking into account their phonological and morphological structure. | The borrowed words can be integrated into the host language either partially or entirely, taking into account their phonological and morphological structure. | ||
| Line 6,554: | Line 6,327: | ||
| '''2.''' þû [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] “you” || '''54.''' acrano [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈkra.no]]] “fruit” || '''106.''' ogare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈɡa.re]]] “to fear” || '''158.''' molda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɔl.dɐ]]] “dust” | | '''2.''' þû [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθu]]] “you” || '''54.''' acrano [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐˈkra.no]]] “fruit” || '''106.''' ogare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[oˈɡa.re]]] “to fear” || '''158.''' molda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɔl.dɐ]]] “dust” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''3.''' | | '''3.''' esse [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.se]]] “he” <br> essa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.sɐ]]] “she” <br> esso [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.so]]] “it” || '''55.''' semne [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsem.ne]]] “seed” || '''107.''' slefare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zleˈɸa.re]]] “sleep” || '''159.''' aerþa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛr.θɐ]]] “earth” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''4.''' vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vi]]] “we” || '''56.''' laufu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlɔ.ɸu]]] “leaf” || '''108.''' vivere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[viˈβe.re]]] “to live” || '''160.''' molmanu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɔlˈma.nu]]] “cloud” | | '''4.''' vi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vi]]] “we” || '''56.''' laufu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlɔ.ɸu]]] “leaf” || '''108.''' vivere [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[viˈβe.re]]] “to live” || '''160.''' molmanu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɔlˈma.nu]]] “cloud” | ||
| Line 6,560: | Line 6,333: | ||
| '''5.''' gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.te]]] “root” || '''109.''' sveltare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvɛlˈta.re]]] “to die” || '''161.''' nêbola [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.βo.lɐ]]] “fog” | | '''5.''' gi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒi]]] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvɔr.te]]] “root” || '''109.''' sveltare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zvɛlˈta.re]]] “to die” || '''161.''' nêbola [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈne.βo.lɐ]]] “fog” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''6.''' | | '''6.''' essi [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.si]]] “they” <br> esse [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈe.sse]]] “they” <br> essa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈes.sɐ]]] “they” || '''58.''' renda [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈrɛn.dɐ]]] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dɔˈθa.re]]] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eˈme.nu]]] “sky” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''7.''' su [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su]]] “this” <br> sa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sɐ]]] “this” <br> þatha [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐ.tɐ]]] “this” || '''59.''' biomna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbjom.nɐ]]] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lotˈta.re]]] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈven.du]]] “wind” | | '''7.''' su [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su]]] “this” <br> sa [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[sɐ]]] “this” <br> þatha [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[θɐ.tɐ]]] “this” || '''59.''' biomna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbjom.nɐ]]] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[lotˈta.re]]] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈven.du]]] “wind” | ||
| Line 6,640: | Line 6,413: | ||
| '''45.''' fescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfes.k̠u]]] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vo.miˈta.re]]] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛr.nɐ]]] “star” || '''201.''' a [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ]]] “at” <br> ad [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.ð‿]]] “at” | | '''45.''' fescu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfes.k̠u]]] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vo.miˈta.re]]] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstɛr.nɐ]]] “star” || '''201.''' a [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ]]] “at” <br> ad [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ.ð‿]]] “at” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''46.''' fogliu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfoʎ.ʎu]]] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] “to blow” || '''150.''' | | '''46.''' fogliu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfoʎ.ʎu]]] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[soɸˈɸja.re]]] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadna [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvad.nɐ]]] “water” || '''202''' in [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[in]]] “in” | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''47.''' hondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈon.du]]] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ris.piˈra.re]]] “to breathe” || '''151.''' pioggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpjod.d͡ʒa]]] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[miθ]]] “with” | | '''47.''' hondu [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈon.du]]] “dog” || '''99.''' rispirare [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ris.piˈra.re]]] “to breathe” || '''151.''' pioggia [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈpjod.d͡ʒa]]] “rain” || '''203.''' miþ [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[miθ]]] “with” | ||
| Line 6,717: | Line 6,490: | ||
| [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || ''Hún æ fyrir metur glugganum lókar.'' (obsolete or altered) <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum áður en hún borðar.'' (standard [[w:Icelandic language|Modern Icelandic]]) <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum fyrir mat.'' (also correct) | | [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || ''Hún æ fyrir metur glugganum lókar.'' (obsolete or altered) <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum áður en hún borðar.'' (standard [[w:Icelandic language|Modern Icelandic]]) <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum fyrir mat.'' (also correct) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Luthic]] || ''( | | [[Luthic]] || ''(Essa) galuce aeve la finestra faur di cenare / mazzire.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Upper Luthic''' || ''(Lei) | | '''Upper Luthic''' || ''(Lei) galuce aif la finestar faur id cenar / mazzir.'' | ||
|- | |||
| '''Paulistan Luthic''' || ''(Essa) galuz aeve la finestre faur di cenare / jantare.'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Emilian dialects|Reggiano Emilian]] || ''(Lē) la sèra sèmpar sù la fnèstra prima ad snàr.'' | | [[w:Emilian dialects|Reggiano Emilian]] || ''(Lē) la sèra sèmpar sù la fnèstra prima ad snàr.'' | ||
| Line 6,823: | Line 6,598: | ||
| [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || Kaldi veturinn nálgast, snjóstormur mun koma. Komdu inn í hlýja húsið mitt, vinur minn. Velkominn! Komdu hingað, syngdu og dansaðu, borðaðu og drekktu. Það er planið mitt. Við höfum vatn, bjór, og mjólk ferska úr kúnni. Ó, og volga súpu! | | [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || Kaldi veturinn nálgast, snjóstormur mun koma. Komdu inn í hlýja húsið mitt, vinur minn. Velkominn! Komdu hingað, syngdu og dansaðu, borðaðu og drekktu. Það er planið mitt. Við höfum vatn, bjór, og mjólk ferska úr kúnni. Ó, og volga súpu! | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Luthic]] || Il caldu vintru | | [[Luthic]] || Il caldu vintru è vicinu, aenu snaevosturmu qerrâ. Qemâ gia meina rasna varma, fregiondu meinu. Beneqemutu! Qemâ har, segguâ e danzâ, mangiâ e dregcâ. S’è i’ meinu pianu. Vi abbiamo vadna, biure, e meluco fresco da vacca. Ah, e zuppa varma! | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || O inverno gelado está a chegar, uma tempestade de neve virá. Vem para a minha casa quente, meu amigo. Bem-vindo! Vem cá, canta e dança, come e bebe. É esse o meu plano. Temos água, cerveja e leite fresco da vaca. Ah, e sopa quente! | | [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || O inverno gelado está a chegar, uma tempestade de neve virá. Vem para a minha casa quente, meu amigo. Bem-vindo! Vem cá, canta e dança, come e bebe. É esse o meu plano. Temos água, cerveja e leite fresco da vaca. Ah, e sopa quente! | ||
| Line 6,849: | Line 6,624: | ||
| [[w:Romanian language|Romanian]] || Acesta este un palat regal magnific. Îndepărtaţi-vă, țăranule ignorant! Doar elitele respectabile din politică, știință, cultură și artă sunt autorizate să intre. Întoarceți-vă imediat la ferma voastră mizerabilă. Și plătiţi taxele, altfel gărzile vă vor extermina familia. | | [[w:Romanian language|Romanian]] || Acesta este un palat regal magnific. Îndepărtaţi-vă, țăranule ignorant! Doar elitele respectabile din politică, știință, cultură și artă sunt autorizate să intre. Întoarceți-vă imediat la ferma voastră mizerabilă. Și plătiţi taxele, altfel gărzile vă vor extermina familia. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Luthic]] || Este | | [[Luthic]] || Este è aenu magnificu palazzu reale. Partite, pedone ignorante! Sole le elite rispettavoli in politica, scienzia, coltura e crafte autorizzanða ad entrare. Tornate immediatamente all’isvara misera garda e pagate lo geldo, aud i vardi sterminerando l’isvara famiglia. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:English language|English]] || This is a magnificent royal palace. Depart, ignorant peasant! Only respectable elites in politics, science, culture and art are authorised to enter. Return immediately to your miserable farm. And pay the tax, or the guards will exterminate your family. | | [[w:English language|English]] || This is a magnificent royal palace. Depart, ignorant peasant! Only respectable elites in politics, science, culture and art are authorised to enter. Return immediately to your miserable farm. And pay the tax, or the guards will exterminate your family. | ||
| Line 6,882: | Line 6,657: | ||
| Buona maurgna || Good morning || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈmɔr.ɲɐ]]] | | Buona maurgna || Good morning || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈmɔr.ɲɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Buondago || Good afternoon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔnˈda.ɣo]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Buona sera || Good evening || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈse.rɐ]]] | | Buona sera || Good evening || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈse.rɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | C’è ta þeino namno? || What is your name? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃ‿ˈɛ tɐ‿θˈθi.no ˈnam.no]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Ta meino namno è [...] || My name is [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[tɐ‿mˈmi.no ˈnam.no ˈɛ ⸨...⸩]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Car | | Car sèi? || Where are you from? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈsɛj]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Im di [...] || I am from [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im di ⸨...⸩]]] | | Im di [...] || I am from [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im di ⸨...⸩]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Beneqemutu <sup>m</sup><br >Beneqemuta <sup>f</sup> || Welcome || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ | | Beneqemutu <sup>m</sup><br >Beneqemuta <sup>f</sup> || Welcome || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbɛ.ne.kᶣeˈmu.tu]]] <sup>m</sup><br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbɛ.ne.kᶣeˈmu.tɐ]]] <sup>f</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Piacere! || Pleased to meet you! || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[pjɐˈt͡ʃe.re]]] | | Piacere! || Pleased to meet you! || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[pjɐˈt͡ʃe.re]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ce | | Ce taugi? || How are you? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ˈtɔ.d͡ʒi]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Bene <br >Male || Fine <br >Bad || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ | | Bene <br >Male || Fine <br >Bad || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbɛ.ne]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈma.le]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ic ezia || Me too || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ix ˈe.t͡sjɐ]]] | | Ic ezia || Me too || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ix ˈe.t͡sjɐ]]] | ||
| Line 6,914: | Line 6,689: | ||
| Anþerottante || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ̃ˌθe.rotˈtan.te]]] | | Anþerottante || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐ̃ˌθe.rotˈtan.te]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Giumane her | | Giumane her rogia Lûthico? || Does anyone here speak Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[d͡ʒuˈma.ne er ˈro.d͡ʒɐ ˈlu.ti.xo]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Rogia Lûthico? || Do you speak Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈro.d͡ʒɐ ˈlu.ti.xo]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Sei <br >Non <br >Forse|| Yes <br >No <br >Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsi]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfor.se]]] | | Sei <br >Non <br >Forse|| Yes <br >No <br >Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsi]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfor.se]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ce | | Ce pronuncia þatta vaurdo? || How do you pronounce this word? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe proˈnun.t͡ʃɐ θɐt.tɐ‿vˈvɔr.do]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ce rogiare [...] in Lûthico? || How to say [...] in Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe roˈd͡ʒa.re ⸨...⸩ in ˈlu.ti.xo]]] | | Ce rogiare [...] in Lûthico? || How to say [...] in Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe roˈd͡ʒa.re ⸨...⸩ in ˈlu.ti.xo]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Cante rasde rogia? || How many languages do you speak? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkan.te ˈraz.de ˈro.d͡ʒɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Begio, rogiâ | | Begio, rogiâ maese lentamente || Please, speak more slowly || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜roˈd͡ʒa‿mˈmɛ.ze len.tɐˈmen.te]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Begio, ripetê | | Begio, ripetê þatta || Please, repeat that || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ri.ɸeˈte‿θθɐt.tɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Begio, screvê | | Begio, screvê þatta || Please, write that down || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜skreˈβɛ‿θθɐt.tɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Scei? || Do you understand? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈʃi]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Scio <br >Non scio || I understand <br >I don’t understand || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈʃi.o]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non ˈʃi.o]]] | | Scio <br >Non scio || I understand <br >I don’t understand || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈʃi.o]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[non ˈʃi.o]]] | ||
| Line 6,949: | Line 6,724: | ||
| Helpâ || Help || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈel.pɐ]]] | | Helpâ || Help || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈel.pɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | È aena emergenza || It is an emergency || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɛ ˈɛ.nɐ e.merˈd͡ʒɛn.t͡sɐ]]]ˈ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Chiamâ | | Chiamâ gli pompieri || Call the fire department || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̟jɐˈma‿ʎʎi pomˈpjɛ.ri]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Chiamâ la polizia || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̟jɐˈma‿llɐ po.litˈt͡si.ɐ]]] | | Chiamâ la polizia || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̟jɐˈma‿llɐ po.litˈt͡si.ɐ]]] | ||
| Line 6,966: | Line 6,741: | ||
! width="33%"|IPA | ! width="33%"|IPA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Buonnatto || Good night || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔnˈnat.to]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dormei bene || Sleep well || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dorˈmi‿bˈbe.ne]]] | | Dormei bene || Sleep well || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dorˈmi‿bˈbe.ne]]] | ||
| Line 6,974: | Line 6,749: | ||
| Arrivederci || See you soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐr.ri.βeˈder.t͡ʃi]]] | | Arrivederci || See you soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɐr.ri.βeˈder.t͡ʃi]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Buonviaggo || Bon voyage || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔnˈvjad.d͡ʒo]]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 6,991: | Line 6,766: | ||
| Begio, puosserebbi saecare lo menu? || Please, could I see the menu? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜pwɔs.seˈrɛb.bi sɛˈka.re lo ˈme.nu]]] | | Begio, puosserebbi saecare lo menu? || Please, could I see the menu? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜pwɔs.seˈrɛb.bi sɛˈka.re lo ˈme.nu]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Begio, | | Begio, hai aen menu in Lûthica? || Please, do you have a menu in Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ˈaj ˈɛn ˈme.nu in ˈlu.ti.xɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Mangiasti? || Have you eaten? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐnˈd͡ʒas.ti]]] | | Mangiasti? || Have you eaten? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mɐnˈd͡ʒas.ti]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Buonappetito || Bon appetit || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔn.ɐp.peˈti.θo]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Begio, passâ lo sale || Please, pass the salt || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜pɐsˈsa‿llo ˈsa.le]]] | | Begio, passâ lo sale || Please, pass the salt || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜pɐsˈsa‿llo ˈsa.le]]] | ||
| Line 7,012: | Line 6,787: | ||
! width="33%"|IPA | ! width="33%"|IPA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Stai betesu nu? <sup>m sg</sup> <br> Stai betesa nu? <sup>f sg</sup> <br> State betesi nu? <sup>m pl</sup> <br> State betese nu? <sup>f pl</sup> || Are you feeling better? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstaj beˈte.zu nu]]] <sup>m sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstaj beˈte.zɐ nu]]] <sup>f sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.te beˈte.zi nu]]] <sup>m pl</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.te beˈte.ze nu]]] <sup>f pl</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Betesâ preste || Get well soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[be.θeˈza‿pˈprɛs.te]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Curâ <sup>sg</sup> <br> Curate <sup>pl</sup> || Take care of yourself <sup>sg</sup> <br> Take care of yourselves || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra]]] <sup>sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra.θe]]] <sup>pl</sup> | | Curâ <sup>sg</sup> <br> Curate <sup>pl</sup> || Take care of yourself <sup>sg</sup> <br> Take care of yourselves || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra]]] <sup>sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra.θe]]] <sup>pl</sup> | ||
| Line 7,020: | Line 6,795: | ||
| Veglio ganare al toeletta || I want to go to the toilet || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vɛʎ.ʎo ɡɐˈna.re ɐl to.ɛˈlɛt.tɐ]]] | | Veglio ganare al toeletta || I want to go to the toilet || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vɛʎ.ʎo ɡɐˈna.re ɐl to.ɛˈlɛt.tɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Þaurvo | | Þaurvo aen dottore || I need a doctor || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθɔr.βo ˈɛn dotˈto.re]]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 7,031: | Line 6,806: | ||
! width="33%"|IPA | ! width="33%"|IPA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Buonnatale || Merry Christmas || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˌbwɔn.nɐˈta.le]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Felice giar nuovo || Happy New Year || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[feˈli.t͡ʃe d͡ʒɐr ˈnwɔ.βo]]] | | Felice giar nuovo || Happy New Year || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[feˈli.t͡ʃe d͡ʒɐr ˈnwɔ.βo]]] | ||
| Line 7,073: | Line 6,848: | ||
! width="33%"|IPA | ! width="33%"|IPA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Sèi ciaelibe? || Are you single? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ˈt͡ʃɛ.li.βe]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Sèi coniugatu? <sup>m</sup> <br> Sèi coniugata? <sup>f</sup> || Are you married? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ko.njuˈɡa.θu]]] <sup>m</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ko.njuˈɡa.θɐ]]] <sup>f</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Mièi piaci || I like you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmjɛj ˈpja.t͡ʃi]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Fregio þuc | | Fregio þuc || I love you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfrɛ.d͡ʒo θux]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Piaceresti salire | | Piaceresti salire mièi? || Would you like to go out with me? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[pjɐ.t͡ʃeˈres.ti sɐˈli.re ˈmjɛj]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Im heterosessuale || I am straight || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im ˌɛ.θe.ro.sesˈswa.le]]] | | Im heterosessuale || I am straight || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im ˌɛ.θe.ro.sesˈswa.le]]] | ||
| Line 7,087: | Line 6,862: | ||
| Im homosessuale || I am gay || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im ˌɔ.mo.sesˈswa.le]]] | | Im homosessuale || I am gay || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im ˌɔ.mo.sesˈswa.le]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Sèi scaunu <br> Sèi scauna || You are handsome <br> You are beautiful || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ˈsk̠ɔ.nu]]] <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsɛj ˈsk̠ɔ.nɐ]]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
| | | | ||
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| Ce arrivo al ferroviaria || How do I get to the train station? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl fer.ro.viˈa.rjɐ]]] | | Ce arrivo al ferroviaria || How do I get to the train station? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl fer.ro.viˈa.rjɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Canto | | Canto þatta costa? || How much does it cost? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkan.to θɐt.tɐ ˈk̠os.tɐ]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Stô fralosnatu <sup>m</sup> <br> Stô fralosnata <sup>f</sup> || I am lost || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θu]]] <sup>m</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θɐ]]] <sup>f</sup> | | Stô fralosnatu <sup>m</sup> <br> Stô fralosnata <sup>f</sup> || I am lost || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θu]]] <sup>m</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θɐ]]] <sup>f</sup> | ||
| Line 7,112: | Line 6,887: | ||
| Stoppô lo vagno || Stop the car || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[stopˈpo‿llo ˈvaɲ.ɲo]]] | | Stoppô lo vagno || Stop the car || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[stopˈpo‿llo ˈvaɲ.ɲo]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Car puosso begetare | | Car puosso begetare aen hotele? || Where can I find a hotel? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛn oˈtɛ.le]]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Car puosso begetare aena drogheria? || Where can I find a grocery store? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.nɐ droˈɡe.rjɐ]]] | | Car puosso begetare aena drogheria? || Where can I find a grocery store? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.nɐ droˈɡe.rjɐ]]] | ||
| Line 7,122: | Line 6,897: | ||
# Monþo al volfo: calqued from Italian [[wikt:in bocca al lupo|in bocca al lupo]], equivalent to [[wikt:break a leg|break a leg]], [[wikt:good luck|good luck]]; literally, “in the wolf’s mouth”. | # Monþo al volfo: calqued from Italian [[wikt:in bocca al lupo|in bocca al lupo]], equivalent to [[wikt:break a leg|break a leg]], [[wikt:good luck|good luck]]; literally, “in the wolf’s mouth”. | ||
# | # Dauþi lo volfo: calqued from Italian [[wikt:crepi il lupo|crepi in lupo]], an answer similar to “thank you”; literally, “may the wolf die”. | ||
# Tvi italiani miþ sole aena mana: equivalent to [[wikt:two birds with one stone|two birds with one stone]]; literally, “two Italians with only one hand”, a mock to Italians’ [[w:Che vuoi?|''che vuoi?'']]. | # Tvi italiani miþ sole aena mana: equivalent to [[wikt:two birds with one stone|two birds with one stone]]; literally, “two Italians with only one hand”, a mock to Italians’ [[w:Che vuoi?|''che vuoi?'']]. | ||
# Vegliare | # Vegliare anþer pomodor: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”. | ||
# La herba vicini | # La herba vicini è aeve verdeza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”. | ||
# La fame | # La fame laþo pasta, agce si inu salsa: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”. | ||
# L’amore | # L’amore domina inu regolevo: somewhat equivalent to [[wikt:all's fair in love and war|all’s fair in love and war]]; literally, “Love rules without rules”. | ||
# Biegguare lo chiudo capo: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation. | # Biegguare lo chiudo capo: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation. | ||
# Martellare lo dito: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”. | # Martellare lo dito: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”. | ||
# Gnosco | # Gnosco le meine patate: equivalent to ''I can handle this''; literally, “I know my potatoes”. | ||
# | # Stoppô di rogiare fragcese: an expression asking for someone ''to be straightforward and speak one’s mind''; literally, “Stop speaking French”. | ||
# Imparasti fragcese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”. | # Imparasti fragcese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”. | ||
# Pasta miþ salsa e caffê aeve neru: equivalent to [[wikt:call a spade a spade|call a spade a spade]]; literally, “Pasta with sauce and coffee always black”. | # Pasta miþ salsa e caffê aeve neru: equivalent to [[wikt:call a spade a spade|call a spade a spade]]; literally, “Pasta with sauce and coffee always black”. | ||
# | # I’ þeinu sale stâ dolce: equivalent to [[wikt:out of one's mind|out of one’s mind]]; literally, “Your salt is sweet”. | ||
# Havere | # Havere managhi casi faulli dativo: equivalent to [[wikt:wear too many hats|wear too many hats]]; literally, “Have too many usages for the dative”, a joke about the many usages of the dative case in Luthic. | ||
# Sputâ la patata da seina monþa faur di rogiare: equivalent to [[wikt:speak up|speak up]]; literally, “Spit the potato out of your mouth before speaking”. | # Sputâ la patata da seina monþa faur di rogiare: equivalent to [[wikt:speak up|speak up]]; literally, “Spit the potato out of your mouth before speaking”. | ||
# Rogiando da diavola: equivalent to [[wikt:speak of the devil|speak of the devil]], with the same literal translation. | # Rogiando da diavola: equivalent to [[wikt:speak of the devil|speak of the devil]], with the same literal translation. | ||
# Il pomudoru non | # Il pomudoru non taugi lo capocuocu: equivalent to [[wikt:clothes don't make the man|clothes don’t make the man]]; literally, “The tomato doesn’t make the chef”. | ||
# Aenu pomodoru grossu: equivalent to [[wikt:big shot|big shot]]; literally, “A big tomato”. | # Aenu pomodoru grossu: equivalent to [[wikt:big shot|big shot]]; literally, “A big tomato”. | ||
# Havere | # Havere aen cervello di fragcesi: an expression for someone who ''acts stupidly, has low intelligence or has poor judgement''; literally, “To have a French brain”. | ||
# Cosa | # Cosa è marcia in Roma: equivalent to [[wikt:something is rotten in the state of Denmark|something is rotten in the state of Denmark]]; literally, “Something is rotten in Rome”. | ||
# Scimmia non | # Scimmia non dauþa scimmia: equivalent to ''honour among thieves''; literally, “Monkey doesn’t kill monkey”. | ||
# Costare | # Costare aen augn: equivalent to [[wikt:an arm and a leg|an arm and a leg]]; literally, “To cost an eye”. | ||
# | # Þatta è Italiana mis: equivalent to [[wikt:it's all Greek to me|it’s all Greek to me]]; literally, “This is Italian to me”. | ||
# | # Dregcare svasve aenu russu: equivalent to [[wikt:drink like a fish|drink like a fish]]; literally, “To drink like a Russian”. | ||
# Vivere grande ed al fragcesa: an expression for ''living in extravagance'', ''to live in luxury''; literally, “To live big and French”, mocking the French lifestyle. | # Vivere grande ed al fragcesa: an expression for ''living in extravagance'', ''to live in luxury''; literally, “To live big and French”, mocking the French lifestyle. | ||
# Puossere | # Puossere dregcare velen ana þatta: equivalent to [[wikt:bet one's bottom dollar|bet one’s bottom dollar]]; literally, “To can drink poison on that”. | ||
# Il volfu | # Il volfu danza har: an expression for a great party; literally, “The wolf dances here”. | ||
# Non vendere los seinos pomosdoros faur di maturanda: equivalent to [[wikt:don't count your chickens before they're hatched|don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched]]; literally, “Don’t sell your tomatoes before they’re ripe”. | # Non vendere los seinos pomosdoros faur di maturanda: equivalent to [[wikt:don't count your chickens before they're hatched|don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched]]; literally, “Don’t sell your tomatoes before they’re ripe”. | ||
# Pizza buona non | # Pizza buona non cambia la ricetta: equivalent to [[wikt:if it ain't broke, don't fix it|if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it]]; literally, “A good pizza doesn’t change its recipe”. | ||
# Taugiare lo | # Taugiare lo haurn: equivalent to [[wikt:cuckoldize|to cuckoldise]]; literally, “To make the horn”. | ||
===Further reading=== | ===Further reading=== | ||
| Line 7,164: | Line 6,939: | ||
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic''' | * '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic''' | ||
: ''Il vendu trabaergna | : ''Il vendu trabaergna e ta sauilo giucavando carge era il fortesu, can aenu pellegrinu qemava avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, il fromu a rimuovere lo hacolo pellegrina saria il fortesu anþera. Il vendu trabaergna dustoggi a soffiare violenza, ac ta maese is soffiava, ta maese il pellegrinu striggeva hacol; tantu ei, allo angio il vendu desistae da seina sforza. Ta sauilo allora sceinau varmamente nallo hemen, e þan il pellegrinu rimuovae lo hacol immediatamente. Þan il vendu trabaergna obbligauða ad andaetare ei, ta sauilo era ta forteso tvoro.'' | ||
* '''Broad transcription''' | * '''Broad transcription''' | ||
: /il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ e | : /il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ e tɐ ˈsɔj.lo d͡ʒu.kɐˈβɐn.do kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐ il ˈɸɔr.te.zu | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu kʷeˈma.βɐ ɐβˈβol.tu ɐˈkɔ.lɐ ˈβar.mɐ ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tβi di.t͡ʃi.deˈron.do ˈi | il ˈɸro.mu ɐ ri.mwoˈβe.re lo ɐˈkɔl pel.leˈɡri.nɐ ˈsa.rjɐ il ˈɸɔr.te.zu ɐ̃ˈθe.rɐ ‖ il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ duˈstɔd.d͡ʒi ɐ soɸˈɸja.re βjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ | ɐk tɐ ˈmɛ.ze is soɸˈɸja.βɐ | tɐ ˈmɛ.ze il pel.leˈɡri.nu striŋˈɡe.βɐ ɐˈkɔl | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈβen.du deˈzi.stɛ dɐ ˈsi.nɐ ˈsɸɔr.t͡sɐ ‖ tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔ βɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈmen | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛ lo ɐˈkɔl ĩ.me.djɐ.tɐˈmen.te ‖ θɐn il ˈβen.du trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ ob.bliˈɡɔ.ðɐ ɐ.d‿ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | tɐ ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.rɐ tɐ ˈɸɔr.te.zo ˈtβo.ro/ | ||
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)''' | * '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)''' | ||
: [il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e | : [il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo d͡ʒu.xɐˈβɐn.do''' kɐr.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.rɐ il '''ˈfɔr.te.zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu '''kᶣeˈma.βɐ''' ɐβˈβol.tu '''ɐˈk̠ɔ.lɐ ˈvar.mɐ''' ɐ.nɐ ‖ i '''tvi di.t͡ʃi.ðeˈron.do''' ˈi | il '''ˈfro.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈβe.re''' lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔl''' pel.leˈɡri.nɐ ˈsa.rjɐ il '''ˈfɔr.ted.zu''' ɐ̃ˈθe.rɐ ‖ il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ dusˈtɔd.d͡ʒi '''ɐ‿ssoɸˈɸja.re vjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ''' | '''ɐx tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' is soɸˈɸja.βɐ | '''tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' il pel.leˈɡri.nu '''striŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.βɐ ɐˈk̠ɔl''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il '''ˈven.du''' deˈzi.stɛ '''dɐ‿sˈsi.nɐ ˈsfɔr.t͡sɐ''' ‖ '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔ '''vɐr.mɐˈmen.te''' nɐl.lo eˈmen | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.βɛ lo '''ɐˈk̠ɔl ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈven.du''' trɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''ob.bliˈɡ˗ɔ.ðɐ ɐ.ð‿ɐn.dɛˈta.re''' ˈi | '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ˈɛ.rɐ '''tɐ‿fˈfɔr.te.zo ˈtvo.ro'''] | ||
| Line 7,178: | Line 6,953: | ||
This extranarrow transcription illustrates a Lugo Ravennese, educated, middle-generation speech, in his twenties, and a careful yet colloquial style. | This extranarrow transcription illustrates a Lugo Ravennese, educated, middle-generation speech, in his twenties, and a careful yet colloquial style. | ||
: ⟦il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ e | : ⟦il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ e t̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o d͡ʒʷu̽ə̯̆.xɐˈβɐn̻.d̻o kɐr.d͡ʒʷe ˈɛ̝.rɐ il̻ ˈfɔ̟r.t̻e.z̪uu̥ˣ | kɐn̻ ˈɛæ̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ kᶣeˈmä.βɐ ɐβˈβol̻.t̻uu̥ˣ ɐˈk̠ɔ̟.l̻ɐ ˈvär.mɐ ɐ.n̻ɐ ‖ ii̥ᶜ̧ t̻vii̥ᶜ̧ d̻i̽ə̯̆.t͡ʃʷi̽ə̯̆.ðeˈron̻.d̻o ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | il̻ ˈfro.muu̥ˣ ɐ‿rri̽ə̯̆.mwoˈβe.re l̻o ɐˈk̠ɔ̟l̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻ɐ ˈs̻ä.rjɐ il̻ ˈfɔ̟r.t̻e.z̪uu̥ˣ ɐ̃ˈθe.rɐ ‖ il̻ ˈven̻.d̻u t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ d̻us̻ˈt̻ɔ̟d.d͡ʒʷi ɐ‿s̻s̻oɸˈɸjä.re vjoˈl̻ɛ̝n̻.t̻͡s̪ɐ | ɐx t̻ɐ‿mˈmɛæ̯̆.z̪e is̻ s̻oɸˈɸjä.βɐ | t̻ɐ‿mˈmɛæ̯̆.z̪e il̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ s̻t̻ri̽ə̯̆ŋ˖ˈɡ̟e.βɐ ɐˈk̠ɔ̟l̻ | ˈt̻än̻.t̻uu̥ˣ ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | ɐl̻.l̻o ˈän̻.d͡ʒʷo il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ d̻eˈz̻i̽ə̯̆.s̻tɛ̝ d̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻i̽ə̯̆.n̻ɐ ˈs̻fɔ̟r.t̻͡s̪ɐ ‖ t̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o ɐl̻ˈl̻ɔ.rɐ ʃʷi̽ə̯̆ˈn̻ɔ̟ vɐr.mɐˈmen̻.t̻e n̻ɐl̻.l̻o eˈmen̻ | e θɐn̻ il̻ pel̻.l̻eˈɡri̽ə̯̆.n̻uu̥ˣ ri̽ə̯̆ˈmwo.βɛ̝ l̻o ɐˈk̠ɔ̟l̻ ĩ.me.d̻jɐ.θɐˈmen̻.t̻e ‖ θɐn̻ il̻ ˈven̻.d̻uu̥ˣ t̻rɐˈbɛ̝r.ɲɐ ob.bl̻i̽ə̯̆ˈɡ˗ɔ̟.ðɐ ɐ.ð‿ɐn̻.d̻ɛæ̯̆ˈt̻ä.re ˈii̥ᶜ̧ | t̻ɐ‿s̻ˈs̻ɔ̝ɒ̯̆j.l̻o ˈɛ̝.rɐ t̻ɐ‿fˈfɔ̟r.t̻e.z̪o ˈt̻vo.ro⟧ | ||
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)''' | * '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)''' | ||
: [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e | : [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''e tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo '''d͡zu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu kɐr.d͡ze''' ˈɛ.rɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.ti.zu''' | kɐn '''e.nu pel.liˈɡri.nu''' '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ ɐvˈvul.tu''' ɐˈkɔ.lɐ ˈvar.mɐ ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡si.ð̞iˈrun.du''' ˈi | il '''ˈfru.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''pel.liˈɡri.nɐ''' ˈsa.rjɐθ il '''ˈfɔr.ti.zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.rɐ''' ‖ il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''dusˈtɔd.d͡ziθ ɐ‿ssofˈfja.re''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sɐ | '''ɐx tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze is sofˈfja.vɐθ''' | '''tɐ‿mˈmɛ.ze''' il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐθ''' ɐˈkɔ.lo | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo '''ˈan.d͡zo''' il '''ˈvin.du deˈzis.tɛθ dɐ‿sˈsi.nɐ''' ˈsfɔr.t͡sɐ ‖ '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐr.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo eˈme.no | e θɐn il '''pel.liˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.vɛθ''' lo ɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɲɐ '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.dɛˈta.re ˈi | '''tɐ‿sˈsɔj.lo''' ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''tɐ‿fˈfɔr.te.zo ˈtvu.ru'''] | ||
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions and syntactic gemination''' | * '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions and syntactic gemination''' | ||
: '' | : ''I’ vendu trabaergna e ta·ssauilo giucavando carge era i’ fortesu, can aen’ pellegrin’ qemava avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, i’ fromu a·rrimuovere l’hacol pellegrina saria i’ fortesu anþera. I’ vendu trabaergna dustoggi a·ssoffiare violenza, ac ta·mmaese is soffiava, ta·mmaese i’ pellegrin’ striggeva hacol; tantu ei, all’angio i’ vendu desistae da·sseina sforza. Ta·ssauilo allora sceinau varmamente nall’hemen, e þan i’ pellegrin’ rimuovae l’hacol immediatamente. Þan i’ vendu trabaergna obbligauða ad andaetare ei, ta·ssauilo era ta·fforteso tvoro.'' | ||
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<poem style="font-style: italic"> | <poem style="font-style: italic"> | ||
* '''Orthographic version in Luthic''' | * '''Orthographic version in Luthic''' | ||
Faðar unsar, þû | Faðar unsar, þû hemen, | ||
Veiða | Veiða ta namno þeino; | ||
La þiuðanagarda þeina | La þiuðanagarda þeina qemi; | ||
Lo | Lo veglian þein taugia; | ||
Svasve | Svasve hemen ed ana aerþa. | ||
Il chiaefu | Il chiaefu quotidianu unsar gevâ unse oggi, | ||
Ed afietâ | Ed afietâ l’unsare colpe, | ||
Svasve | Svasve afietiamo þoi ei, colpando unsi; | ||
E non letare unse in | E non letare unse in tentazion | ||
Ac frieau unse da mala. | Ac frieau unse da mala. | ||
Faur þuc | Faur þuc è þiuðanagarda, | ||
E la forza, la volþa, | E la forza, la volþa, | ||
Faur saechia saechioro. Amen. | Faur saechia saechioro. Amen. | ||
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<poem> | <poem> | ||
* '''Broad transcription''' | * '''Broad transcription''' | ||
/ˈɸa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu | /ˈɸa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈmen | ||
ˈβi.ðɐ | ˈβi.ðɐ tɐ ˈnam.no ˈθi.no | ||
lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkʷe. | lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkʷe.mi | ||
lo | lo βeʎˈʎan ˈθin ˈtɔ.d͡ʒɐ | ||
zβɐ.zβe | zβɐ.zβe eˈmen e.d‿ɐ.nɐ ˈɛr.θɐ | ||
il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.tiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi | il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.tiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi | ||
e.d‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta | e.d‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta l‿ˈũ.sɐ.re ˈkol.pe | ||
zβɐ.zβe ɐ.ɸjeˈtja. | zβɐ.zβe ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo θoj ˈi | kolˈpɐn.do ũ.si | ||
e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten. | e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjon | ||
ɐk ɸrjeˈɔ ũ.se da ˈma.la | ɐk ɸrjeˈɔ ũ.se da ˈma.la | ||
ɸɔr θuk | ɸɔr θuk ˈɛ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.da | ||
e la ˈɸɔr.t͡sa | la ˈvol.θa | e la ˈɸɔr.t͡sa | la ˈvol.θa | ||
ɸɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men/ | ɸɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men/ | ||
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<poem> | <poem> | ||
* '''Narrow transcription''' | * '''Narrow transcription''' | ||
[ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu | [ˈfa.ðɐr ˈũ.sɐr | ˈθu eˈmen | ||
ˈvi.ðɐ | ˈvi.ðɐ tɐ‿nˈnam.no ˈθi.no | ||
lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkᶣe. | lɐ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ ˈθi.nɐ ˈkᶣe.mi | ||
lo | lo veʎˈʎan ˈθin ˈtɔ.d͡ʒɐ | ||
zvɐ.zve eˈme. | zvɐ.zve eˈme.n e.ð‿ɐ.nɐ ˈɛr.θɐ | ||
il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.θiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi | il ˈk̟jɛ.ɸu kʷo.θiˈdja.nu ˈũ.sɐr d͡ʒeˈβa ũ.se ˈɔd.d͡ʒi | ||
e.ð‿ɐ. | e.ð‿ɐ.ɸjeˈta‿lˈũ.sɐ.re ˈk̠ol.pe | ||
zvɐ.zve ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo | zvɐ.zve ɐ.ɸjeˈtja.mo θoj ˈi | k̠olˈpɐn.do ũ.si | ||
e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten. | e non leˈta.re ũ.se in ten.tɐtˈt͡sjon | ||
ɐx frjeˈɔ ũ.se dɐ‿mˈma.lɐ | |||
fɔr θux | fɔr θux ˈɛ θjuˌða.nɐˈɡar.dɐ | ||
e lɐ ˈfɔr.t͡sɐ | lɐ ˈvol.θɐ | e lɐ ˈfɔr.t͡sɐ | lɐ ˈvol.θɐ | ||
fɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men] | fɔr ˈsɛ.k̟jɐ ˈsɛ.k̟jo.ru ‖ ˈa.men] | ||