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Carnian grammar: Difference between revisions

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Carnian grammar (view source)

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==== Imperative ====
==== Imperative ====
The imperative mood is used to give commands and can be formed for the second person singular and plural, and for the first person plural. It is formed by extending the verb stem with -i, which forms a diphthong if preceded by a vowel. Present stems ending with vowels other than -a- drop their final vowel.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan=2|
!Singular
!colspan=3| Plural
|-
! {{small|2nd}}
! {{small|1st}}
! {{small|2nd}}
|-
! -a-
| -a-i
| -a-i-me
| -a-t-te
|-
! -i-
| -i
| -i-me
| -i-te
|-
! -e-
| -i
| -i-me
| -i-te
|-
! -je-
| -i
| -i-me
| -i-te
|-
! -ø-
| -i
| -i-me
| -i-te
|-
|}
For other persons, the analytical form is used with the particle ''hai'' (dialectally ''nai'') 'let', followed by the indicative. For example, ''Hai bande bolsei'' 'Let it be better'.


==== Active participle ====
==== Active participle ====
Active participle indicates ongoing or current action, corresponding to the English participle -ing. It is formed by extending the verb stem with -''ant'' or -''jant'', depending on the thematic vowel. Verbs with present stems in -i- and -e- which have -''jant'' suffix may dialectally have -''ent'' suffix, which is a remnant of the archaic form. Adjectival active participles decline like regular adjectives.
Although predicative adjectival and adverbial forms are the same, they differ in accentuation, i.e., predicative adjectival receives ultimate accent, while adverbial receives the standard, penultimate accent. In this case, the ultimate accent is marked in spelling, cf. ''ċitajant'' (adverbial meaning) vs. ''ċitajànt'' (adjectival meaning).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan=2|
!rowspan=2| Predicative / Adverb
!colspan=3| Singlar nominative
|-
! {{small|Masculine}}
! {{small|Feminine}}
! {{small|Neuter}}
|-
! -a-
| -a-jant
| -a-jant-y
| -a-jant-a
| -a-jant-e
|-
! -i-
| -jant
| -jant-y
| -jant-a
| -jant-e
|-
! -e-
| -jant / -ant*
| -(j)ant-y
| -(j)ant-a
| -(j)ant-e
|-
! -je-
|rowspan=2| -j-ant
|rowspan=2| -j-ant-y
|rowspan=2| -j-ant-a
|rowspan=2| -j-ant-e
|-
! -ø-
|}
'''Note''': *For verb stems in -e-, -jant suffix occurs for verbs with infinitives in -et


==== Passive participle ====
==== Passive participle ====
The passive participle is an adjective that indicates a state of having undergone an action, corresponding to the English participle in -ed or -en. It is formed with two possible suffixes, -''n'' or -''t'', with the choice of suffix depending on the stem.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Infinitive
! Predicative
|-
! -a-t
| -a-n
|-
! -i-t
| -je-n/t
|-
! -e-t
| -e-n/t
|-
! -o-t / -u-t
| -o/u-t
|-
! C-t
| -e-n
|-
|}


==== Past participle ====
==== Past participle ====
The past participle is used mainly to form the past and future tense and is formed by adding -''u̯'' to the infinitive stem. It appears in analytical forms and therefore exists primarily in predicative (although some fossilized forms of non-predicative use exist, for example in ''dobrosli'' 'welcome') and must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. As with all predicative adjectival expressions, it receives ultimate accent.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Infinitive
! Predicative
|-
! -a-t
| -au
|-
! -i-t
|rowspan=2| -eu
|-
! -e-t
|-
! -o-t / -u-t
| -ou
|-
! C-t
|rowspan=2| -eu
|-
! -ø-it
|-
|}
There is an additional, '''ṡ-participle''', rarely used in modern language. It corresponds to the English construct with ''having'' + past participle and is formed by extending the infinitive stem with -''u̯ṡi'' (or -''ṡi'' if the stem ends in a consonant).


==== Gerund ====
==== Gerund ====
Gerund is formed by adding an ending -''ie'' to the past passive participle, meaning that all gerunds end in either -''nie'' or -''tie''. It declines according to the o-stem soft neuter declension.


=== Analytical forms ===
=== Analytical forms ===


==== Past indicative ====
==== Past indicative ====
The past indicative is used to indicate events that occurred in the past. It is formed with the auxiliary verb ''bœt'' ('to be') in the present tense, followed by the predicative past participle of the verb, for example ''jem videu'' 'I saw'.


==== Pluperfect indicative ====
==== Pluperfect indicative ====
The pluperfect indicative is used to indicate an action that occurred before some other past action, although it is rarely used in modern language, being replaced by the past tense. It is formed with the auxiliary verb ''bœt'' ('to be') in the present tense, followed by the past participle of ''bœt'', and then followed by the past participle of the verb, for example ''jem bœu videu'' 'I had seen'.


==== Future indicative ====
==== Future indicative ====
The future tense of perfective verbs consists simply of their present tense, since perfective verbs cannot be expressed in the present indicative. The future tense of imperfective verbs, however, is formed analytically with the auxiliary verb ''bœt'' in its special auxiliary form with the stem ''ba''-, followed by the past participle of the verb. For example, ''bam videu'' 'I will see'.
'''Conjugation of the auxiliary verb''':
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! 1st
| bam
| bame
|-
! 2nd
| baṡ
| baste
|-
! 3rd
| ba
| badan
|}


==== Conditional mood ====
==== Conditional mood ====
The conditional mood is formed similarly to the analytical future indicative, but the auxiliary verb is the conditional form of ''bœt'' with the stem ''bi''-, for example: ''bim videu'' 'I would see'.
'''Conjugation of the auxiliary verb''':
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! 1st
| bim
| bime
|-
! 2nd
| biṡ
| biste
|-
! 3rd
|colspan=2| bi
|}


=== Negative forms ===
=== Negative forms ===
Negation is simply formed by adding the negation particle ''ne'' before the verb, for example ''ne vidim'' 'I don't see'. However, three verbs, namely ''bœt'' 'to be', ''meat'' 'to have', and ''teat'' 'to want', have special negative forms in present indicative:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan=2| Infinitive
!colspan=3| Singular
!colspan=3| Plural
|-
! {{small|1st}}
! {{small|2nd}}
! {{small|3rd}}
! {{small|1st}}
! {{small|2nd}}
! {{small|3rd}}
|-
! bœt
| niem
| nies
| nie
| nieme
| nieste
| nesan
|-
! meat
| nimam
| nimaṡ
| nima
| nimame
| nimate
| nimajan
|-
! teat
| notzem
| notzeṡ
| notze
| notzeme
| notzete
| notzan
|}


=== Full conjugation examples ===
=== Full conjugation examples ===
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