Carnian grammar: Difference between revisions

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Carnian grammar (view source)

Revision as of 23:13, 28 October 2025

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=== Full conjugation examples ===
=== Full conjugation examples ===


==== Regular verbs ====
==== Regular verbs ====
Conjugation of the verb ''sengat'' 'to reach for' (consonant-stem, thematic vowel -a-):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| sengat
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| sengau
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| sengajant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| sengan
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| senganie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| sengam
| sengaṡ
| senga
| sengame
| sengate
| sengajan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem sengau
| jes sengau
| je sengau
| jesme sengau
| jeste sengau
| san sengau
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam sengau
| baṡ sengau
| ba sengau
| bame sengau
| baste sengau
| badan sengau
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| sengai
| ''(hai senga)''
| sengaime
| sengaite
| ''(hai sengajan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim sengau
| biṡ sengau
| bi sengau
| bime sengau
| biste sengau
| bi sengau
|-
|}
Conjugation of the verb ''bit'' 'to beat' (vowel-stem, thematic vowel -je-):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| bit
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| beu
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| bijant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| bit
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| bitie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| bijem
| bijeṡ
| bije
| bijeme
| bijete
| bijan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem beu
| jes beu
| je beu
| jesme beu
| jeste beu
| san beu
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam beu
| baṡ beu
| ba beu
| bame beu
| baste beu
| badan beu
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| by
| ''(hai bije)''
| byme
| byte
| ''(hai bijan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim beu
| biṡ beu
| bi beu
| bime beu
| biste beu
| bi beu
|-
|}
Conjugation of the verb ''peit'' 'to bake' (consonant-stem (velar), thematic vowel -ø-):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| peit
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| peckeu
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| pecant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| pecien
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| pecienie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| peckem
| pecieṡ
| pecie
| pecieme
| peciete
| pecan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem peckeu
| jes peckeu
| je peckeu
| jesme peckeu
| jeste peckeu
| san peckeu
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam peckeu
| baṡ peckeu
| ba peckeu
| bame peckeu
| baste peckeu
| badan peckeu
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| peci
| ''(hai pecie)''
| pecime
| pecite
| ''(hai pecan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim peckeu
| biṡ peckeu
| bi peckeu
| bime peckeu
| biste peckeu
| bi peckeu
|-
|}


==== Irregular verbs ====
==== Irregular verbs ====
Conjugation of the verb ''bœt'' 'to be':
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| bœt
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| bœu
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| bandant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| -
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| bœtie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=4 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| jem
| jes
| je
| jesme
| jeste
| san
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Negative
| niem
| nies
| nie
| niesme
| nieste
| nesan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem bœu
| jes bœu
| je bœu
| jesme bœu
| jeste bœu
| san bœu
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future <br /> {{small|''auxiliary''}}
| bandem <br /> ''bam''
| bandeṡ <br /> ''baṡ''
| bande <br /> ''ba''
| bandeme <br /> ''bame''
| bandete <br /> ''baste''
| bandan <br /> ''badan''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| bandi
| ''(hai bande)''
| bandime
| bandite
| ''(hai bandan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim bœu
| biṡ bœu
| bi bœu
| bime bœu
| biste bœu
| bi bœu
|-
|}
Conjugation of the verb ''meat'' 'to have':
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Infinitive
| colspan=6| meat
|-
! rowspan=3 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Participles
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Past
| colspan=6| meau
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Active
| colspan=6| majant
|-
! style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Passive
| colspan=6| mean
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Gerund
| colspan=6| meanie
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Singular
! colspan=3 style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|1st}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|2nd}}
! style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" | {{small|3rd}}
|-
! rowspan=4 style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Indicative
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Present
| mam
| maṡ
| ma
| mame
| mate
| majan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Negative
| nimam
| nimaṡ
| nima
| nimame
| nimate
| nimajan
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Past
| jem meau
| jes meau
| je meau
| jesme meau
| jeste meau
| san meau
|-
! style="background-color:#B3D9FF;" | Future
| bam meau
| baṡ meau
| ba meau
| bame meau
| baste meau
| badan meau
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#FFDAB9;" | Imperative
| -
| meai
| ''(hai ma)''
| meaime
| meaite
| ''(hai majan)''
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#A8D5A8;" | Conditional
| bim meau
| biṡ meau
| bi meau
| bime meau
| biste meau
| bi meau
|-
|}


== Pronouns ==
== Pronouns ==


=== Personal pronouns ===
=== Personal pronouns ===
Carnian personal pronouns are characterized by retaining only short forms in oblique forms as well as the unique formal pronoun ''vy'', which combines forms of ''ty'' with the consonant ''v''- from plural (which was formerly used in formal expressions). In addition, accusative and genitive forms are identical.
Carnian, just like all other Slavic languages, has a single reflexive pronoun se, used with verbs.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=3|
! colspan=6| Singular
! colspan=5| Plural
! rowspan=3| Reflexive
|-
! rowspan=2| 1st
! colspan=2| 2nd
! colspan=3| 3rd
! rowspan=2| 1st
! rowspan=2| 2nd
! colspan=3| 3rd
|-
! {{small|Standard}}
! {{small|Formal}}
! {{small|Masculine}}
! {{small|Feminine}}
! {{small|Neuter}}
! {{small|Masculine}}
! {{small|Feminine}}
! {{small|Neuter}}
|-
! Nominative
| jaz, ja
| ty
| vy
| on
| ona
| ono
| mœ
| vœ
| oni
| one
| ona
| -
|-
! Accusative
| rowspan=2 | me
| rowspan=2 | te
| rowspan=2 | ve
| rowspan=2 | ga
| rowspan=2 | ja
| rowspan=2 | ga
| rowspan=2 | nas
| rowspan=2 | vas
| rowspan=2 colspan=3 | ich
| rowspan=2 | se
|-
! Genitive
|-
! Dative
| mi
| ti
| vi
| mo
| je
| mo
| nam
| vam
| colspan=3| im
| si
|-
! Possesive
| moi
| tuoi
| vuoi
| niega
| nie
| niega
| naṡ
| vaṡ
| colspan=3| nich
| suoi
|-
|}


=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
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