Kaläämi: Difference between revisions

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''*On this page, it's mainly used the grammar of Modern Standard Kaläämi.''<!--  


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Kaläämi or Peruuta Kaläämi is the standard variety spoken mainly in Riogran and everywhere on the Aurora Planet. Its grammar is largely agglutinative. The Peruuta Kaläämi is the purest variety of Kaläämi, and it has very few loanwords(or none at all), while other varieties like Jordarsk Kaläämi, Perulme Kaläämi and Landau Kaläämi were influenced by human languages when humans arrived in Aurora. It comes from Proto-Aurora and is the unique Auroran language that is currently spoken actively. Proto-Aurora is still used in Bibles and other sacred books and in churchs.
* Proto-Auroran
** Old Kaläämi
*** Standard Kaläämi
** Colloquial Kaläämi
*** Jordarsk Kaläämi
*** Perulme Kaläämi
*** Landau Kaläämi
Although grammar is almost the same between the varieties, vocabulary, syntax and phonology are slightly different because they had been influenced by different Earth languages. '''''Jordarsk Kaläämi''''' variety has been influenced largely by Germanic languages(English, German, High German, Norwegian and Icelandic) and is the most distant variety, its grammar is very similiar to Modern Standard Kaläämi(MSK) but syntax and vocabulary have been largely influenced by Germanic languages. '''''Perulme Kaläämi''''' variety has been largely influenced by Romance languages(French, Italian, Catalan to some extent and largely by Latin and Greek(Greek is not a Romance language)), 60% of the vocabulary comes from Romance and Greek, 2% from Old Kaläämi and the restant from other Earth languages. '''''Landau Kaläämi''''' variety has been influenced by Slavic, however the differences between Modern Standard Kaläämi and Landau Kaläämi are very few comparated to Perulme and Jordarsk Kaläämi.
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Modern Standard Kaläämi has a phonetic inventory with something between 29-32 phonemes. It contains 16 vowels and 13 consonants. Main stress is largely different among the varieties, but in Standard Kaläämi the main stress is placed on the first syllable. The vowels could be short, long and very long. Short and long vowels aren't doubled but very long vowels are usually written doubled.
{| class="article-table"
!
!
Bi-Labial
!
Labio-Dental
!
Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
!
Plosive
|''p''
! rowspan="2" |
|''t''
! rowspan="2" |
|''d''
|''k g''
! rowspan="3" |
|-
!
Nasal
|''m''
!
|''n''
! rowspan="2" |
|-
!
Trill
! colspan="4" |
|''r''
|-
!Fricative
! rowspan="2" |
|''v''
!
|''s''
! colspan="2" |
|''h''
|-
!Latteral Approx.
! colspan="3" |
|''l''
! colspan="2" |
|}
{| class="article-table"
!
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
!Close
|''i y''
|''iː yː''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
|''u''
|''uː''
|-
!Close-Mid
|''e ø''
|''eː øː''
|''o''
|''oː''
|-
!Open-Mid
|''ɛ''
|''ɛː ''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
|-
!Open
! colspan="2" |
|''a''
|''aː''
|}
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
Kaläämi is written with the Latin and Paalit script, both with 22 letters(A Ä D E G H I J K L M N O Ö P R S T U V Y Õ). The letters {B C F Q W X Z} aren't part of the alphabet.<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
==Morphology==
 
=== Morphological Cases ===
Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives and Numbers are declined in 16 cases and they have lost the singular-plural and masculine-feminine-neuter distinctions. All nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numbers follow the declension table shown bellow:
{| class="article-table"
!Case
!Vowel Stem
!Consonant Stem
|-
!Ergative
|<nowiki>-k</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ek</nowiki>
|-
!Absolutive
|∅
|∅
|-
!Dative
|<nowiki>-m</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-em</nowiki>
|-
!Partitive
|<nowiki>-nd</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-end</nowiki>
|-
!Genitive
|<nowiki>-sii</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-esii</nowiki>
|-
!Inessive
|<nowiki>-ndii</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-undii</nowiki>
|-
!Elative
|<nowiki>-nta</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-onta</nowiki>
|-
!Illative
|<nowiki>-lla</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-olla</nowiki>
|-
!Adessive
|<nowiki>-nnu</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-unnu</nowiki>
|-
!Ablative
|<nowiki>-kkä</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ekkä</nowiki>
|-
!Allative
|<nowiki>-kii</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ukii</nowiki>
|-
!Essive
|<nowiki>-nna</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-onna</nowiki>
|-
!Translative
|<nowiki>-st</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ost</nowiki>
|-
!Instrumental
|<nowiki>-stii</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-osta</nowiki>
|-
!Abessive
|<nowiki>-ksi</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-uksi</nowiki>
|-
!Comitative
|<nowiki>-la</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-ula</nowiki>
|}
 
=== Pronouns ===
 
==== Personal Pronouns ====
{| class="article-table"
!
!Män
!Hën
!Kän
!Om
!Oli
!Sen
|-
!
!I
!You
!He
!We
!You(Plur.)
!They
|-
!
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
!Ergative
|mänek
|hänek
|känek
|omek
|olik
|senek
|-
!Absolutive
|män
|hän
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|mänem
|hÄnem
|
|
|
|
|-
!Partitive
|mänend
|hënend
|
|
|
|
|-
!Genitive
|mänesii
|hënesii
|
|
|
|
|-
!Inessive
|mänundii
|hënundii
|
|
|
|
|-
!Elative
|mänonta
|hënonta
|
|
|
|
|-
!Illative
|mänolla
|hënolla
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|mänunnu
|hënunnu
|
|
|
|
|-
!Ablative
|mänekkä
|hënekkä
|
|
|
|
|-
!Allative
|mänukii
|hënukii
|
|
|
|
|-
!Essive
|mänonna
|hënonna
|
|
|
|
|-
!Translative
|mänost
|hënost
|
|
|
|
|-
!Instrumental
|mänosta
|hënosta
|
|
|
|
|-
!Abessive
|mänuksi
|hënuksi
|
|
|
|
|-
!Cominative
|mänula
|hënula
|
|
|
|
|}
 
==== Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronoun ====
 
=== Nouns ===
 
=== Numbers ===
 
=== Adjectives ===


===Vowels===
=== Adverbs ===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
=== Verbs ===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
Kaläämi verbs have 2 moods(Indicative and Conditional) and 4 compound moods(Subjunctive, Imperative-Jussive, Hypothetical and Potential), and the verbs change by person, number, aspect and mood. Verbs usually ends in consonant and there's almost none irregular verb(except the auxiliar verbs that are irregular)
===Morphophonology===
{| class="article-table"
==Morphology==
!Number
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
!Person
!1S
!2S
!3S
!1P
!2P
!3P
|-
! rowspan="4" |Moods/Tenses
! rowspan="2" |Indicative
!Imperfect
|-õn
|-õni
|-õne
|-õnid
|-õnem
|-õneel
|-
!Perfect
|-yn
|-yni
|-ynu
|-ynit
|-ynim
|-yniil
|-
! rowspan="2" |Conditional
!Imperfect
|-ef
|-efi
|-efin
|-efit
|-efim
|-efääl
|-
!Perfect
|-yf
|-yfi
|-ofi
|-ofit
|-ofim
|-õfeel
|}
 
====<nowiki/>====
 
==== Potential ====
 
==== Hypothetical ====
 
==== Subjunctive ====
 
==== Imperative-Jussive ====
 
==== Copula ====
 
=== Postpositions ===
 
=== Conjunctions ===
 
=== Articles ===
 
=== Interjections ===
Käälii: Yes
 
Kiitos: No<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


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Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology


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-->==Syntax==
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
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==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Revision as of 14:28, 18 March 2016


*On this page, it's mainly used the grammar of Modern Standard Kaläämi.

Introduction

Kaläämi or Peruuta Kaläämi is the standard variety spoken mainly in Riogran and everywhere on the Aurora Planet. Its grammar is largely agglutinative. The Peruuta Kaläämi is the purest variety of Kaläämi, and it has very few loanwords(or none at all), while other varieties like Jordarsk Kaläämi, Perulme Kaläämi and Landau Kaläämi were influenced by human languages when humans arrived in Aurora. It comes from Proto-Aurora and is the unique Auroran language that is currently spoken actively. Proto-Aurora is still used in Bibles and other sacred books and in churchs.

  • Proto-Auroran
    • Old Kaläämi
      • Standard Kaläämi
    • Colloquial Kaläämi
      • Jordarsk Kaläämi
      • Perulme Kaläämi
      • Landau Kaläämi

Although grammar is almost the same between the varieties, vocabulary, syntax and phonology are slightly different because they had been influenced by different Earth languages. Jordarsk Kaläämi variety has been influenced largely by Germanic languages(English, German, High German, Norwegian and Icelandic) and is the most distant variety, its grammar is very similiar to Modern Standard Kaläämi(MSK) but syntax and vocabulary have been largely influenced by Germanic languages. Perulme Kaläämi variety has been largely influenced by Romance languages(French, Italian, Catalan to some extent and largely by Latin and Greek(Greek is not a Romance language)), 60% of the vocabulary comes from Romance and Greek, 2% from Old Kaläämi and the restant from other Earth languages. Landau Kaläämi variety has been influenced by Slavic, however the differences between Modern Standard Kaläämi and Landau Kaläämi are very few comparated to Perulme and Jordarsk Kaläämi.

Phonology

Modern Standard Kaläämi has a phonetic inventory with something between 29-32 phonemes. It contains 16 vowels and 13 consonants. Main stress is largely different among the varieties, but in Standard Kaläämi the main stress is placed on the first syllable. The vowels could be short, long and very long. Short and long vowels aren't doubled but very long vowels are usually written doubled.

Bi-Labial

Labio-Dental

Dental

Alveolar Post-Alveolar Velar Glottal

Plosive

p t d k g

Nasal

m n

Trill

r
Fricative v s h
Latteral Approx. l
Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
Close i y iː yː u uː
Close-Mid e ø eː øː o oː
Open-Mid ɛ ɛː 
Open a aː

Orthography

Kaläämi is written with the Latin and Paalit script, both with 22 letters(A Ä D E G H I J K L M N O Ö P R S T U V Y Õ). The letters {B C F Q W X Z} aren't part of the alphabet.

Morphology

Morphological Cases

Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives and Numbers are declined in 16 cases and they have lost the singular-plural and masculine-feminine-neuter distinctions. All nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numbers follow the declension table shown bellow:

Case Vowel Stem Consonant Stem
Ergative -k -ek
Absolutive ∅ ∅
Dative -m -em
Partitive -nd -end
Genitive -sii -esii
Inessive -ndii -undii
Elative -nta -onta
Illative -lla -olla
Adessive -nnu -unnu
Ablative -kkä -ekkä
Allative -kii -ukii
Essive -nna -onna
Translative -st -ost
Instrumental -stii -osta
Abessive -ksi -uksi
Comitative -la -ula

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Män Hën Kän Om Oli Sen
I You He We You(Plur.) They
Singular Plural
Ergative mänek hänek känek omek olik senek
Absolutive män hän
Dative mänem hÄnem
Partitive mänend hënend
Genitive mänesii hënesii
Inessive mänundii hënundii
Elative mänonta hënonta
Illative mänolla hënolla
Adessive mänunnu hënunnu
Ablative mänekkä hënekkä
Allative mänukii hënukii
Essive mänonna hënonna
Translative mänost hënost
Instrumental mänosta hënosta
Abessive mänuksi hënuksi
Cominative mänula hënula

Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronoun

Nouns

Numbers

Adjectives

Adverbs

Verbs

Kaläämi verbs have 2 moods(Indicative and Conditional) and 4 compound moods(Subjunctive, Imperative-Jussive, Hypothetical and Potential), and the verbs change by person, number, aspect and mood. Verbs usually ends in consonant and there's almost none irregular verb(except the auxiliar verbs that are irregular)

Number Singular Plural
Person 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P
Moods/Tenses Indicative Imperfect
Perfect
Conditional Imperfect
Perfect

Potential

Hypothetical

Subjunctive

Imperative-Jussive

Copula

Postpositions

Conjunctions

Articles

Interjections

Käälii: Yes

Kiitos: No

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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