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Numyut: Difference between revisions
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'''Numyut'''{{efn|замоз нумючүн, ''zamoz numyuchün'' [[Help:IPA|[{{IPA|ˈzɑmoz nuˈmʲutɕyn}}]]]}} or '''Numyuchi''' is a [[w:Language isolate|language isolate]] spoken primarily in the region of Greater Numyutia, and is the native language of the Numyuts or Numyuchi people. It is the official and national language of the Socialist People's Republic of Numyutia, where it is regulated by the Academy of the Numyut Language (Ахадемe Замозүн Нумючүн, '' | '''Numyut'''{{efn|замоз нумючүн, ''zamoz numyuchün'' [[Help:IPA|[{{IPA|ˈzɑmoz nuˈmʲutɕyn}}]]]}} or '''Numyuchi''' is a [[w:Language isolate|language isolate]] spoken primarily in the region of Greater Numyutia, and is the native language of the Numyuts or Numyuchi people. It is the official and national language of the Socialist People's Republic of Numyutia, where it is regulated by the Academy of the Numyut Language (Ахадемe Замозүн Нумючүн, ''Axademye Zamozün Numyuchün'', '''AZN''' or '''АЗН'''); it is also the ''de facto'' official language of the [[w:Anarchism|anarchist]] breakaway state Bokchun Commune. | ||
Numyut is written in both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. The Socialist People's Republic only officially uses the Cyrillic script, but both scripts are taught in classrooms;{{efn|The level of proficiency in the Latin alphabet varies nationally; generally, Cyrillic is given priority, and in poorer, rural areas, Latin script proficiency is substantially lower though Cyrillic literacy remains fairly high.}} Latin proficiency and use has also found to be higher among younger working-class speakers, as well as in the Bokchun Commune. This article mostly uses Cyrillic throughout for consistency. | Numyut is written in both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. The Socialist People's Republic only officially uses the Cyrillic script, but both scripts are taught in classrooms;{{efn|The level of proficiency in the Latin alphabet varies nationally; generally, Cyrillic is given priority, and in poorer, rural areas, Latin script proficiency is substantially lower though Cyrillic literacy remains fairly high.}} Latin proficiency and use has also found to be higher among younger working-class speakers, as well as in the Bokchun Commune. This article mostly uses Cyrillic throughout for consistency. | ||
==Orthography== | |||
Numyut can be written in both the [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] script and the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]; however, the government of the Socialist People's Republic of Numyutia only uses Cyrillic, and most road signs are written in Cyrillic. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Numyut Cyrillic and Latin script phoneme correspondence | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | Phoneme !! colspan=2 | Cyrillic<br/>(кириличи) !! colspan=2 | Latin<br/>(''latini'') | |||
|- | |||
! <small>maj.</small> !! <small>min.</small> !! <small>maj.</small> !! <small>min.</small> | |||
|- | |||
| /ɑ/ || А || а || A || a | |||
|- | |||
| /b/ || rowspan=2 | Б || rowspan=2 | б || B || b | |||
|- | |||
| /bʲ/{{efn|group=upper-alpha|name=palatalisation|The [[w:Palatalisation|palatalised consonants]] /bʲ, ʎ, mʲ, pʲ/ are written as ⟨By-by, Ly-ly, My-my, Py-py⟩ in Latin before anything apart from /i/. In Cyrillic, the "diphthong letters", ⟨я, ю, ё, э⟩ (representing /ʲɑ, ʲu, ʲo, ʲe/ respectively) are used after ⟨Бб, Лл, Мм, Пп⟩ depending on the vowel to indicate palatalisation.}} || By || by | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | /ç/{{efn|group=upper-alpha|/ç/ is written ⟨Ҳҳ⟩/⟨Xhxh⟩ when phonemic and as ⟨Xx⟩ when as an allophone of /x/.}} || Ҳ || ҳ || Xh || xh | |||
|- | |||
| Х || х || X || x | |||
|- | |||
| /d/ || Д || д || D || d | |||
|- | |||
| /dʑ/ || Дж || дж || Dzh || dzh | |||
|- | |||
| /e/ || Е || е || E || e | |||
|- | |||
| /f/ || Ф || ф || F || f | |||
|- | |||
| /g/ || Г || г || G || g | |||
|- | |||
| /ɫ/ || Л || л || L || l | |||
|- | |||
| /m/ || rowspan=2 | М || rowspan=2 | м || M || m | |||
|- | |||
| /mʲ/{{efn|group=upper-alpha|name=palatalisation}} || My || my | |||
|} | |||
<references group="upper-alpha"/> | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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| f || s z || ʃ ʒ || ç || x ɣ | | f || s z || ʃ ʒ || ç || x ɣ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Approximant | ! Tap/Approximant | ||
| w || | | w || ɾ || || ʎ || ɫ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Numyut has | Numyut has three allophonic consonants /ç, ŋ, ɲ/: | ||
# /ŋ/ appears as an allophone of /n/ before /g/, as in енгу [ˈeŋgu] "or". However, in fast or casual speech, these /ng/ clusters may lenite to leave just the /ŋ/ (as in енгу [ˈeŋgu] > [ˈeŋu]), which may give an erroneous impression to some non-native speakers that /ŋ/ is phonemically contrastive in Numyut. | # /ŋ/ appears as an allophone of /n/ before /g/, as in енгу [ˈeŋgu] "or". However, in fast or casual speech, these /ng/ clusters may lenite to leave just the /ŋ/ (as in енгу [ˈeŋgu] > [ˈeŋu]), which may give an erroneous impression to some non-native speakers that /ŋ/ is phonemically contrastive in Numyut. | ||
# In a similar fashion, /ɲ/ also appears as an allophone of /n/ before /tɕ, dʑ/, such as in унчу [ˈuɲtɕu] "fox". however, /ɲ/ also occurs as a separate phoneme from /n/, such as between the words муна [ˈmunɐ] "four" and муња [ˈmuɲɐ] "low". | # In a similar fashion, /ɲ/ also appears as an allophone of /n/ before /tɕ, dʑ/, such as in унчу [ˈuɲtɕu] "fox". however, /ɲ/ also occurs as a separate phoneme from /n/, such as between the words муна [ˈmunɐ] "four" and муња [ˈmuɲɐ] "low". | ||
# /ç/ appears as its own phoneme, but also as an allophone of /x/ before /bʲ, dʑ, mʲ, ɲ, pʲ, tɕ/, such as in бөхчө [ˈbøçtɕø] "bowl, container", ахпят [ˈɑçpʲɐt] "grandfather" and мехминла [ˈmeçmʲinlɐ] "Wednesday" | # /ç/ appears as its own phoneme, but also as an allophone of /x/ before /bʲ, dʑ, mʲ, ɲ, pʲ, tɕ/, such as in бөхчө [ˈbøçtɕø] "bowl, container", ахпят [ˈɑçpʲɐt] "grandfather" and мехминла [ˈmeçmʲinlɐ] "Wednesday" | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||