Revision as of 03:25, 22 March 2016
Lexicon
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Tchwerian (Wieber-Müđel (jidd moon) or Feiden-Müđel (??? moon)) is a lect of Modern Wiebian with a large number of tones. Tchwerian is inspired by Chinese and Kam (Dong).
Numbers
- 1: wahm /jɛŋ21/
- 2: disser /tʂɨ41/
- 3: narg /nɛʔ33/
- 4: đauf /ǃy41/
- 5: säl /si21/
- 6: stuhm /tʂɔŋ55/
- 7: rut /ʔɔʔ11/
- 8: lerz /laː41/
- 9: pfarb /pʰɛʔ44/
- 10: kier /kʰiː55/
Historical phonology
Middle Wiebian
Middle Wiebian initials
|
|
Labial
|
Alveolar
|
Retroflex
|
Click
|
Velar
|
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
voiceless
|
/m̊/
|
/n̊/
|
/ɳ̊/
|
/ŋ̊!/
|
/ŋ̊/
|
|
| voiced
|
/m/
|
/n/
|
/ɳ/
|
/ŋ!/
|
/ŋ/
|
|
| Stop
|
tenuis
|
/p/
|
/t/
|
/ʈ/
|
/ǃ/
|
/k/
|
/ʔ/
|
| aspirated
|
/pʰ/
|
/tʰ/
|
/ʈʰ/
|
/ǃʰ/
|
/kʰ/
|
|
| voiced
|
/b/
|
/d/
|
/ɖ/
|
/ɡǃ/
|
/ɡ/
|
|
| Spirants
|
voiceless
|
/f/
|
/θ/
|
|
/ɧ/
|
/x/
|
/h/
|
| voiced
|
|
/ð/
|
|
/ɧ̬/
|
/ɣ/
|
|
| Sibilants
|
voiceless
|
|
/s/
|
/ʂ/
|
|
|
|
| voiced
|
|
/z/
|
/ʐ/
|
|
|
|
| Approximant
|
voiceless
|
/ʍ/
|
/l̥/
|
|
|
|
|
| voiced
|
/w/
|
/l/
|
|
|
|
|
Middle Wiebian vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| unrounded
|
rounded
|
| short
|
long
|
short
|
long
|
short
|
long
|
short
|
long
|
| Close
|
/i/
|
/iː/
|
/y/
|
/yː/
|
|
|
/u/
|
/uː/
|
| Mid
|
/e/
|
/eː/
|
/ø/
|
/øː/
|
|
/əː/
|
/ɔ/
|
/oː/
|
| Open
|
/æ/
|
/æː/
|
|
|
|
|
/ɑ/
|
/ɑː/
|
Diphthongs: /ai au oy ja je iːa jaː wa wo uːa waː ɥa ɥø yːa ɥaː aiɐ auɐ oyɐ/
Tones:
- (-p m)
- (-p b)
- (-p g)
- (+p m)
- (+p b)
- (+p g)
Final changes
- Vowels lengthen before ŋ: ɑŋ æŋ eŋ iŋ oŋ øŋ uŋ yŋ > ɑːŋ æːŋ eːŋ iːŋ oːŋ øːŋ uːŋ yːŋ
- -ŋ! > -ŋ
- stops > ʔ; nasals > ŋ
Retroflex/slender split
- ɑ merger with ɔ, ɑː merger with aː
- ai ~ iː > iː in open syllables, aː in closed syllables
- a(ː) ~ ja(ː) > a(ː)
- e ~ je/i > ei
- əː ~ eː > ɛ
- au ~ ay > ɔ
- o(ː) ~ ø(ː) > œ
- u(ː) ~ y(ː) > y
- u(ː)a ~ y(ː)a > uː
- uo ~ yø > ou
- aiɐ ~ iːa > ja
- auɐ ~ oyɐ > wa
- ʔ > ʔ / r
- k > k / t͡ɕ
- ʈ > k / tʂ
- θ > ʂ / t
- ! > ! / |
- ɧ > r / r
- t > tʂ / ts
- p > p / pj
- n > ɳ / n
- ɳ > ŋ
- l > l / l or j depending on dialect
- r > l
Phonemic inventory
In this article, the phonemic values are also given in a pinyin.
Initials
Feisen Wiebian initials
|
|
Labial
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Retroflex
|
Click
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Glottal
|
| plain
|
pal.
|
dental
|
retroflex
|
| Nasal
|
m /m/ |
mj /mʲ/
|
n /n/
|
|
nzy /ŋǀ/ |
ny /ŋ!/
|
|
ng /ŋ/
|
|
| Stop/Affricate
|
tenuis
|
b /p/ |
bj /pʲ/
|
dz /ts/ |
d /t/
|
dzs /ʈʂ/
|
dzy /ǀ/ |
gy /ǃ/
|
dzj /tɕ/
|
g /k/
|
/ʔ/
|
| aspirated
|
p /pʰ/
|
pj /pʰʲ/
|
c /tsʰ/ |
t /tʰ/
|
cs /ʈʂʰ/
|
cy /ǀʰ/ |
ty /ǃʰ/
|
cj /tɕʰ/
|
k /kʰ/
|
|
| Fricative
|
f /f/ |
|
sz /s/ |
|
s /ʂ/
|
|
|
szj /ɕ/
|
ch /x/
|
h /h/
|
| Approximant
|
w /w/ |
|
l /l/
|
|
|
|
j /j/
|
|
|
Vowels
Tchwerian vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| unrounded
|
rounded
|
short
|
long
|
| Close
|
i /i/
|
ü /y/
|
[ɨ]
|
[ɨː]
|
u /u/
|
| Mid
|
e /ɛ/
|
ö /œ/
|
|
|
o /ɔ/
|
| Open
|
|
|
a /a/
|
á /aː/
|
|
Diphthongs: é ő ó /ei øy ou/; /eiŋ øyŋ ouŋ/ = [eŋ~ẽĩ øŋ~ø̃ỹ oŋ~õũ]
Allowed finals -w, -j, -ʔ, -ŋ; øj, øw > øy. The pinyin indicates the nasal final by doubling the vowel letter.
- Notes
- /i/ and /y/ retract to [ɨ] after retroflexes and retroflex clicks.
- Glottal stop and nasal finals may assimilate to the next consonant.
Tones
Feisen Wiebian has 10 tones.
Tchwerian tone reflexes from Middle Wiebian (1 = lowest; 5 = highest)
|
|
Modal final
|
Breathy final
|
Glottalized final
|
Stop final
|
| Voiceless initial
|
-phar
|
-Ø 55
|
-s 53
|
-t 44
|
-tt ʔ44
|
| +phar
|
-l 424
|
-f 35
|
-d 33
|
-dd ʔ33
|
| Voiced initial
|
-phar
|
-n 21
|
-z 31
|
| +phar
|
-z 31
|
-v 13
|
-b 11
|
-bb ʔ11
|
Morphology
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Syntax