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Antarctican: Difference between revisions
Revamped Romanisation
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(Revamped Romanisation) |
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close-mid | ! style="" |Close-mid | ||
|''' | |'''e''' /e/ | ||
|''' | |'''oe''' /ɘ/ | ||
| ''' | | '''o''' /o/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open-mid | ! style="" |Open-mid | ||
| '''ae''' /ɛ/ | | '''ae''' /ɛ/ | ||
|''' | |'''ao''' /ɜ/ | ||
|''' | |'''õ''' /ɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
|'''a''' /a/ | |'''a''' /a/ | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''ã''' /ɒ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close-mid | ! style="" |Close-mid | ||
|''' | |'''ey''' /ej/ | ||
|''' | |'''oey''' /ɘi/ | ||
| ''' | | '''oy''' /oj/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open-mid | ! style="" |Open-mid | ||
| '''aey''' /ɛj/ | | '''aey''' /ɛj/ | ||
|''' | |'''aoy''' /ɜj/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close-mid | ! style="" |Close-mid | ||
|''' | |'''ew''' /ew/ | ||
|''' | |'''oew''' /ɘu/ | ||
| ''' | | '''ow''' /ou/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open-mid | ! style="" |Open-mid | ||
| '''aew''' /ɛw/ | | '''aew''' /ɛw/ | ||
|''' | |'''aow''' /ɜw/ | ||
|''' | |'''õw''' /ɔw/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
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* | *kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | ||
* | *koow /koːu/ - a frozen object, absolutive | ||
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* | *kow /kou/ - something absorbed in something else, absolutive | ||
* | *ków /kouʔ/ - bigot, absolutive | ||
Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. | Tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. | ||
The vowel õ /ɔ/ cannot take breathy voice, and when it takes tense voice, it is marked with a circumflex accent i.e. ô. | |||
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====Vowel Mutation==== | ====Vowel Mutation==== | ||
When a process such as the above changes the phonation of a vowel, often its quality changes as well. E.g. the possessive prefix for inclusive "we" is | When a process such as the above changes the phonation of a vowel, often its quality changes as well. E.g. the possessive prefix for inclusive "we" is yew- /jeu/, however, when it acquires tense voice, it becomes 'yáew- /jɛuʔ/ e.g. | ||
yewká /jeukaʔ/ - our (including you) coconut milk, absolutive | |||
'yáewká /jɛuʔkaʔ/ - our (including you) fence, absolutive | 'yáewká /jɛuʔkaʔ/ - our (including you) fence, absolutive | ||
Also, the quality of a modally voiced vowel sometimes changes if the next vowel also has modal voice (this also depends on whether the intervening consonant is voice or voiceless). In the case of the prefix | Also, the quality of a modally voiced vowel sometimes changes if the next vowel also has modal voice (this also depends on whether the intervening consonant is voice or voiceless). In the case of the prefix yew- /jeu/, this changes to yoew- /jɘu/ if the intervening consonant is voiceless (other than a glottal stop) e.g. | ||
tõn /tɔɴ/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive | |||
yoewtõn /jɘutɔɴ/ - our (including you) change, absolutive | |||
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! Tense voice !! Breathy voice !! !! Modal, normal !! Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel !! Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel | ! Tense voice !! Breathy voice !! !! Modal, normal !! Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel !! Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | éy || ùe || || i || i || ue | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | óey || ùey || || ii || ii || uue | ||
|- | |- | ||
| áe / áae || | | áe / áae || òe / òoe || || e / ee || e / ee || oe / ooe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| á / áa || | | á / áa || ào / àao || || a / aa || a / aa || ae / aae | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ów || ù || || u || o || u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | óew || ùew || || uu || ow || uu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | áo || ò || || õ || ã || õ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| áey / áaey || | | áey / áaey || òey / òoey || || ey / eey || ey / eey|| ey / eey | ||
|- | |- | ||
| áy / áay || | | áy / áay || àoy / àaoy || || ay / aay || ay / aay|| aey / aaey | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | óy / óoy || ùy / ùuy || || uy / uuy || oy / ooy || uy / uuy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| áew / áaew || | | áew / áaew || òew / òoew || || ew / eew || ew / eew|| ew / eew | ||
|- | |- | ||
| áw / áaw || | | áw / áaw || àow / àaow || || aw / aaw || aw / aaw|| aew / aaew | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ów / óow || | | ów / óow || òw / òow || || ow / oow || õw/ õow|| ow / oow | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! style="" |Modal | ! style="" |Modal | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''e''' /e/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''oe''' /ɘ/ from /e/ | ||
| style="background-color: pink;"| ''' | | style="background-color: pink;"| '''o''' /o/ from /u/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: orange;"|''' | | style="background-color: orange;"|'''é''' /eʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: orange;"|''' | | style="background-color: orange;"|'''óe''' /ɘʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: orange;"| ''' | | style="background-color: orange;"| '''ó''' /oʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òe''' /ɘɦ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| ''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ò''' /oɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid | ! rowspan="3"|Open-mid | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''õ''' /ɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
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| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áe''' /ɛʔ/ | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áe''' /ɛʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áo''' /ɜʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: orange;"|''' | | style="background-color: orange;"|'''ô''' /ɔʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ào''' /ɜɦ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: pink;"| ''' | | style="background-color: pink;"| '''ã''' /ɒ/ from /ɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
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Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g. | Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g. | ||
*' | *'kówntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive | ||
*' | *'kókówntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive | ||
When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/. /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc. | When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /eiʔ/ and /euʔ/ both shorten to /eiʔ/. /oiʔ/ and /ouʔ/ both shorten to /oʔ/ etc. | ||
There are similar restrictions on diphthongs: | There are similar restrictions on diphthongs: | ||
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! style="" |Modal | ! style="" |Modal | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ey''' /ei/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''oey''' /ɘi/ | ||
| style="background-color: pink;"| ''' | | style="background-color: pink;"| '''oy''' /oi/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''éy''' /eiʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''óey''' /ɘiʔ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| ''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''óy''' /oiʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òey''' /ɘiɦ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''àoy''' /ɜiɦ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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! style="" |Modal | ! style="" |Modal | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ew''' /ew/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''oew''' /ɘu/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| ''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ow''' /ou/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| ''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ów''' /ouʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òew''' /ɘuɦ/ | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òw '''/ouɦ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid | ! rowspan="3"|Open-mid | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: pink;"|''' | | style="background-color: pink;"|'''õw''' /ɔu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Tense | ! style="" |Tense | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ôw''' /ɔuʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Breathy | ! style="" |Breathy | ||
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| | | | ||
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|''' | | style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''àow''' /ɜuɦ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first. | *Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first. | ||
*The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere. | *The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere. | ||
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | *Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word). | ||
*The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc. | *The placeless nasal /ɴ/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc. | ||
*Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in three cases. | *Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in three cases. | ||
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For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g. | For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g. | ||
* | *ziitlàoji /ziːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), verb-focus | ||
* | *zamiitlàoji /zamiːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), verb-focus, antipassive | ||
However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is ''' | However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''emy''' /emʲ/ e.g. | ||
*pyiquu /pʲiʔuː/ - to purify, verb-focus | *pyiquu /pʲiʔuː/ - to purify, verb-focus | ||
* | *pyemyiquu /pʲemʲiʔuː/ - to purify, verb-focus, antipassive | ||
*hli- | *hli-õ /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, verb-focus | ||
* | *hlemyi-õ /ɬemʲiʔɔ/ - to perform, verb-focus, antipassive (not *(hlemi-õ) /ɬmiʔɔ/) | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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In this case, lower the back vowel e.g. | In this case, lower the back vowel e.g. | ||
* | *tõn /tɔɴ/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive | ||
* | *tãn /tɒɴ/ - change, ergative | ||
* | *doleengun /doleːŋuɴ/ - dragon, absolutive | ||
* | *doleengon /doleːŋoɴ/ - dragon, ergative | ||
If the final vowel is a diphthong that begins with a back vowel, then the start of the diphthong is lowered e.g. | If the final vowel is a diphthong that begins with a back vowel, then the start of the diphthong is lowered e.g. | ||
* | *paehown /pɛχouɴ/ - dust, absolutive | ||
* | *paehõwn /pɛχɔuɴ/ - dust, ergative | ||
*yuenpiluy - /jɨɴpilui/ - employee, absolutive | *yuenpiluy - /jɨɴpilui/ - employee, absolutive | ||
* | *yuenpiloy /jɨɴpiloi/ - employee, ergative | ||
'''Final vowel is not a back vowel''' | '''Final vowel is not a back vowel''' | ||
In this case the ergative suffix is '''–n''' /ɴ/, or '''–ga''' /ga/ if the noun already ended in '''–n''' e.g.* | In this case the ergative suffix is '''–n''' /ɴ/, or '''–ga''' /ga/ if the noun already ended in '''–n''' e.g.*zive /ziɥe/ - boat, absolutive | ||
* | *ziven /ziɥeɴ/ - boat, ergative | ||
*myaewntayn /mʲɛuɴtaiɴ/ - mountain, absolutive | *myaewntayn /mʲɛuɴtaiɴ/ - mountain, absolutive | ||
*myaewntayn-ga / mʲɛuɴtaiɴga/ - mountain, ergative | *myaewntayn-ga / mʲɛuɴtaiɴga/ - mountain, ergative | ||
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For nouns where the vowel of the last syllable has breathy or tense voice, the situation is more complicated. They all take ergative suffixes of the form C V ɴ, where C is a consonant and V is a vowel. V is almost always /i/, except after /t/ or /d/, when it is /u/. However it is not possible to predict C, as shown by the examples below: | For nouns where the vowel of the last syllable has breathy or tense voice, the situation is more complicated. They all take ergative suffixes of the form C V ɴ, where C is a consonant and V is a vowel. V is almost always /i/, except after /t/ or /d/, when it is /u/. However it is not possible to predict C, as shown by the examples below: | ||
* | *teyláae /teilɛʔː/ - shirt, absolutive | ||
* | *teyláaesin /teilɛʔːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative | ||
* | *péy /peiʔ/ - book, absolutive | ||
* | *péykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative | ||
*`kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive | *`kùe /kɨɦ/ - goods, absolutive | ||
*`kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative | *`kùezin /kɨɦziɴ/ - goods, ergative | ||
*` | *`ròe /ʁɘɦ/ - red object, absolutive | ||
*` | *`ròedun /ʁɘɦduɴ/ – red object, ergative | ||
*' | *'ków /kouʔ/ - cup, absolutive | ||
*' | *'kówpin */kouʔpiɴ/ - cup, ergative | ||
* | *péylánkáe /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔ/ - blanket, absolutive | ||
* | *péylánkáetun /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuɴ/ - blanket, ergative | ||
*wùerù /wɨɦʁuɦ/- frog, absolutive | *wùerù /wɨɦʁuɦ/- frog, absolutive | ||
*wùerùgin /wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ/ - frog, ergative | *wùerùgin /wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ/ - frog, ergative | ||
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voicing as the final vowel, then they both change e.g. | voicing as the final vowel, then they both change e.g. | ||
ùylòen /ʔuiɦlɘɴɦ/ - island, absolutive | |||
oylendun | |||
/ʔoileɴduɴ/ - island, ergative (not * | /ʔoileɴduɴ/ - island, ergative (not *qùilòendun) | ||
tùròoen | |||
/tuɦʁɘːɴɦ/ - fashionable items, absolutive | /tuɦʁɘːɴɦ/ - fashionable items, absolutive | ||
toreendun | |||
/toʁeːɴduɴ/ - fashionable items, ergative | /toʁeːɴduɴ/ - fashionable items, ergative | ||
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ámáeláy /ʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - prey, absolutive | ámáeláy /ʔaʔmɛʔlaiʔ/ - prey, absolutive | ||
amelaeykin /ʔamelɛikiɴ/ - prey, ergative | |||
| | ||
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'táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive | 'táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive | ||
' | 'toenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | ||
kàao /kɜɦː/ - membership card, absolutive | |||
kaadun /kaːduɴ/ - membership card, ergative | kaadun /kaːduɴ/ - membership card, ergative | ||
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vowel, some undergo vowel changes e.g. | vowel, some undergo vowel changes e.g. | ||
ùenào /ʔɨɦnɜɦ/ - eel, absolutive | |||
inajin /ʔinaɟiɴ/ - eel, ergative | inajin /ʔinaɟiɴ/ - eel, ergative | ||
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` | `pàoy /pɜiɦ/ - baby, absolutive | ||
baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | ||
` | `nyùewsùeylòen /ɲɨuɦsɨɦiɦlɘɴɦ/ - New Zealand, absolutive | ||
nyuuziilendun /ɲuːziːleɴduɴ/ - New Zealand, ergative | |||
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yéysitléynyéy /jeiʔsitɬeiʔɲeiʔ/ - mutton, absolutive | |||
yéysidlinyuekin /jeiʔsidɮiɲɨkiɴ/ - mutton, ergative | |||
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yuuwéy /juːweiʔ/ - clothes, absolutive | |||
yuufoekin /juːfɘkiɴ/ - clothes, ergative | |||
aetenàolùn /ʔɛtenɜɦluɴɦ/ - heart, absolutive | |||
aetoetnalonzin /ʔɛtɘtnaloɴziɴ/ - heart, ergative | |||
| | ||
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' | 'kqów | ||
/kʼouʔ/ - a small amount, absolutive | /kʼouʔ/ - a small amount, absolutive | ||
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ráetqówléykuetu /ʁɛʔtʼoleiʔkɨtu/ - something self-limiting, absolutive | |||
ráetoluekuetu /ʁɛʔtolɨkɨtu/ something self-limiting, ergative | |||
' | 'kéychqéy /keiʔcʼeiʔ/ - a female name, absolutive | ||
' | 'kéychuekin /keiʔcɨkiɴ/ - a female name, ergative | ||
| | ||
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zive /ziɥe/ | |||
- boat, absolutive | - boat, absolutive | ||
zivoe /ziɥɘ/ | |||
- boat, comitative | - boat, comitative | ||
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agirey /ʔagiʁei/ - agreement, absolutive | |||
agiroey /ʔagiʁɘi/ - agreement, comitative | |||
| | ||
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tõn /tɔɴ/- change (as in coins, money), absolutive | |||
tõnpmu /tɔɴpmu/ - change (as in coins, money), comitative | |||
doleengun /doleːŋuɴ/ - dragon, absolutive | |||
doleengunpmu /doleːŋuɴpmu/ - dragon, comitative | |||
paehown /pɛχouɴ/ - dust, absolutive | |||
paehownpmu /pɛχouɴpmu/ - dust, comitative | |||
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teyláae | |||
/teilɛʔː/ - shirt, absolutive | /teilɛʔː/ - shirt, absolutive | ||
teyláaesin | |||
/teilɛʔːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative | /teilɛʔːsiɴ / - shirt, ergative | ||
teyláaesi-u /teilɛʔːsiʔu/ - shirt, comitative | |||
péy /peiʔ/ - book, absolutive | |||
péykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, ergative | |||
péyki-u /peiʔkiʔu/ - book, comitative | |||
| Line 1,138: | Line 1,138: | ||
` | `ròe /ʁɘɦ/ - red object, absolutive | ||
` | `ròedun /ʁɘɦduɴ/ – red object, ergative | ||
` | `ròedu-u /ʁɘɦduʔu/ – red object, comitative | ||
' | 'ków /kouʔ/ - cup, absolutive | ||
' | 'kówpin /kouʔpiɴ/ - cup, ergative | ||
' | 'kówpi-u /kouʔpiʔu/ - cup, comitative | ||
péylánkáe /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔ/ - blanket, absolutive | |||
péylánkáetun /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuɴ/ - blanket, comitative | |||
péylánkáetu-u /peiʔlaɴʔkɛʔtuʔu/ - blanket, ergative | |||
| Line 1,179: | Line 1,179: | ||
| myi- /mʲi/ || 1st person singular, 1st person exclusive plural | | myi- /mʲi/ || 1st person singular, 1st person exclusive plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | yew- /jeu/ || 1st person inclusive plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ti- /ti/ || 2nd person | | ti- /ti/ || 2nd person | ||
| Line 1,190: | Line 1,190: | ||
So, in the absolutive | So, in the absolutive | ||
case, “my clothes” or “our clothes” (not including you) would be | case, “my clothes” or “our clothes” (not including you) would be myiyuuwéy /mʲijuːweiʔ/, “your clothes” would be tiyuuwéy /tijuːweiʔ/ etc. | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,197: | Line 1,197: | ||
However, if the noun has a floating phonation, this will spread onto the prefix, and often cause a vowel change in it as well (see the table in the phonology section for a list of changes) e.g. | However, if the noun has a floating phonation, this will spread onto the prefix, and often cause a vowel change in it as well (see the table in the phonology section for a list of changes) e.g. | ||
| Line 1,211: | Line 1,204: | ||
tùepùelùe /tɨɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - your bridge, absolutive (not *tipùelùe) | tùepùelùe /tɨɦpɨɦlɨɦ/ - your bridge, absolutive (not *tipùelùe) | ||
=====Loss of Floating Phonation===== | =====Loss of Floating Phonation===== | ||
| Line 1,216: | Line 1,210: | ||
However, if, in the ergative form, the first vowel changes to no longer have breathy or | However, if, in the ergative form, the first vowel changes to no longer have breathy or | ||
tense voice (i.e. it now has modal voice), then, if the floating phonation was the same as the what used to be on the vowel, then it is lost too e.g. | tense voice (i.e. it now has modal voice), then, if the floating phonation was the same as the what used to be on the vowel, then it is lost too e.g. | ||
| Line 1,240: | Line 1,225: | ||
' | 'kqów | ||
/kʼouʔ/ - a small amount, absolutive | /kʼouʔ/ - a small amount, absolutive | ||
'kuhli /kuɬi/ - a small amount, ergative | 'kuhli /kuɬi/ - a small amount, ergative | ||
myéykuhli /mʲeiʔkuɬi/ - my small amount, ergative | |||
| Line 1,278: | Line 1,263: | ||
màao /mɜɦː/ - betel nut, absolutive | |||
pmaagin /pmaːgiɴ/ - betel nut, ergative | pmaagin /pmaːgiɴ/ - betel nut, ergative | ||
myimàao /mʲimɜɦː/ - my betel nut, absolutive | |||
| Line 1,291: | Line 1,276: | ||
'máláeyáa /maʔlɛʔjaʔː/ - manners, absolutive | 'máláeyáa /maʔlɛʔjaʔː/ - manners, absolutive | ||
maleyaaetun /malejɛːtuɴ/ - manners, ergative | |||
' | 'myéymáláeyáa /mʲeiʔmaʔlɛʔjaʔː/ - my manners, absolutive | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,315: | Line 1,300: | ||
` | `sàomùe /sɜɦmɨɦ/ - (major) wife, absolutive | ||
zamibyin /zamibʲiɴ/ - (major) wife, ergative | zamibyin /zamibʲiɴ/ - (major) wife, ergative | ||
` | `myùesàomùe /mʲɨɦsɜɦmɨɦ/ - my (major) wife, absolutive (not *myisàomùe) | ||
| Line 1,327: | Line 1,312: | ||
sàopyùe /sɜɦpʲɨɦ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive | |||
sabyishin /sabʲiçiɴ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), ergative | sabyishin /sabʲiçiɴ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), ergative | ||
myisàopyùe /mʲisɜɦpʲɨɦ/ - my speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive | |||
| | ||
| Line 1,341: | Line 1,326: | ||
fricative) followed by a vowel with tense voice, and that obstruent stays voiceless even when followed by a modally | fricative) followed by a vowel with tense voice, and that obstruent stays voiceless even when followed by a modally | ||
voiced vowel (in the ergative form), then the absolutive form has tense floating phonation e.g. | voiced vowel (in the ergative form), then the absolutive form has tense floating phonation e.g. | ||
'táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive | 'táen /tɛɴʔ/ - weather, absolutive | ||
toenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative | |||
' | 'myéytáen /mʲeiʔtɛɴʔ/ - my weather, absolutive | ||
| Line 1,378: | Line 1,356: | ||
` | `pàoy /pɜiɦ/- baby, absolutive | ||
baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative | ||
` | `myùepàoy /mʲɨɦpɜiɦ/ - my baby, absolutive | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,390: | Line 1,368: | ||
pàoy /pɜiɦ/ - page, absolutive | |||
paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, ergative | paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, ergative | ||
myipàoy /mʲipɜiɦ/ - my page, absolutive | |||
| | ||
| Line 1,418: | Line 1,396: | ||
' | 'kéyváy /keiʔɥaiʔ/ - tongue, absolutive | ||
' | 'myéyngéyváy /mʲeiʔŋeiʔɥaiʔ/ - my tongue, absolutive | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,428: | Line 1,406: | ||
Antarctican | Antarctican | ||
distinguishes alienable and inalienable [[Linguistics:Possession|possession]]. Both are marked with prefixes on the possessed noun. These are | distinguishes alienable and inalienable [[Linguistics:Possession|possession]]. Both are marked with prefixes on the possessed noun. These are wey- for alienable possession and nu- for inalienable possession (the possessor always takes the absolutive case). Note that floating phonation affects these prefixes in the same way as any other: | ||
` | `kùeràotùu /kɨɦʁɜɦtuɦː/ - bone, absolutive | ||
yini /jini/ - dog, absolutive | yini /jini/ - dog, absolutive | ||
` | `wòeykùeràotùu yini /wɘiɦkɨɦʁɜɦtuɦː jini/ - the | ||
dog’s bone, absolutive, alienable (i.e. the one that it eats, buries etc.) | dog’s bone, absolutive, alienable (i.e. the one that it eats, buries etc.) | ||
` | `nùkùeràotùu yini /nuɦkɨɦʁɜɦtuɦː jini/ - the dog’s bone, | ||
absolutive, inalienable (i.e. the one that is a part of it) | absolutive, inalienable (i.e. the one that is a part of it) | ||
| Line 1,451: | Line 1,429: | ||
/ʔɛːχaːɴ/ - food, absolutive | /ʔɛːχaːɴ/ - food, absolutive | ||
wey-aaehaan yini /weiʔɛːχaːɴ jini/ - dog food, | |||
absolutive | absolutive | ||
| Line 1,473: | Line 1,451: | ||
yeruy /jeʁui/ - ally, absolutive | |||
yeyeruy /jejeʁui/ - allies (of each other), absolutive | |||
| | ||
| Line 1,483: | Line 1,461: | ||
doolaa /doːlaː/ - coworker, absolutive | |||
dodoolaa /dodoːlaː/ - coworkers (of each other), absolutive | |||
| Line 1,493: | Line 1,471: | ||
' | 'kówntátu /kouɴʔtaʔtu/ – acquaintance, absolutive | ||
' | 'kókówntátu /koʔkouɴʔtaʔtu/– acquaintances (of each other), absolutive | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,502: | Line 1,480: | ||
sátozii /saʔtoziː/ – enemy, absolutive | |||
myisátozii /mʲisaʔtoziː/ – my enemy, absolutive | |||
sasátozii /sasaʔtoziː/ - enemies (of each other), absolutive | |||
| Line 1,516: | Line 1,494: | ||
firendun /fiʁeɴduɴ/ – friend, ergative | |||
myuefirendun /mʲɨfiʁeɴduɴ/ – my friend, ergative | |||
fuefirendun /fɨfiʁeɴduɴ/ – friends (of each other), ergative | |||
| | ||
| Line 1,527: | Line 1,505: | ||
wùeròen /wɨɦʀɘɴɦ/ - friend, absolutive | |||
fiwùeròen /fiwɨɦʀɘɴɦ/ - friends (of each other), absolutive | |||
These arise from when the first vowel has breathy or tense voice, but the first consonant is underlyingly a voiced obstruent or a prestopped nasal. These can only occur before modally voiced vowels, and are thus modified before the vowel with breathy or tense voice. But if word has floating modal phonation, then the vowel there will have modal voice and the underlying consonant will surface there. | These arise from when the first vowel has breathy or tense voice, but the first consonant is underlyingly a voiced obstruent or a prestopped nasal. These can only occur before modally voiced vowels, and are thus modified before the vowel with breathy or tense voice. But if word has floating modal phonation, then the vowel there will have modal voice and the underlying consonant will surface there. | ||
| Line 1,552: | Line 1,530: | ||
| | ||
doleegi /doleːgi/ - to drag, | |||
intransitive, root | intransitive, root | ||
doleeju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, | |||
intransitive, verb-focus | intransitive, verb-focus | ||
` | `tùlòoezi /tuɦlɘɦːzi/ – | ||
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus | to drag, intransitive, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
` | `ròedu /ʁɘdu/ - red, root | ||
` | `ròedla /ʁɘɦdɮa/ - red, | ||
verb-focus | verb-focus | ||
` | `ròedù /ʁɘɦduɦ/ - red, | ||
noun-focus | noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,599: | Line 1,577: | ||
| | ||
hlõ /ɬɔ/ - to perform, root | |||
hli- | hli-õ /ɬiʔɔ/ - to perform, | ||
verb-focus | verb-focus | ||
| Line 1,611: | Line 1,589: | ||
| | ||
éypyii /ʔeiʔpʲiː/ - | |||
to spit out, root | to spit out, root | ||
éypyi-eey /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ | |||
- to spit out, verb-focus | - to spit out, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
inyelee /ʔiɲeleː/ - to | |||
pierce, root | pierce, root | ||
inyeli-aa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ | |||
- to pierce, verb-focus | - to pierce, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
kiveluun /kiɥeluːɴ/ - to | |||
die, root | die, root | ||
kiveli-ewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - | |||
to die, verb-focus | to die, verb-focus | ||
| Line 1,638: | Line 1,616: | ||
anti-clockwise directions around the vowel space. The shifts are listed below: | anti-clockwise directions around the vowel space. The shifts are listed below: | ||
i /i/ -> | i /i/ -> e /e/ | ||
ii /iː/ -> | ii /iː/ -> ey /ei/ | ||
e /e/ -> a /a/ | |||
ee /eː/ -> aa /aː/ | |||
a /a/ -> u /u/ | a /a/ -> u /u/ | ||
| Line 1,652: | Line 1,630: | ||
u /u/ -> i /i/ | u /u/ -> i /i/ | ||
uu /uː/ -> | uu /uː/ -> ew /eu/ | ||
ey /ei/ -> ay /ai/ | |||
eey /eːi/ -> aay /aːi/ | |||
ay /ai/ -> uy /ui/ | ay /ai/ -> uy /ui/ | ||
| Line 1,664: | Line 1,642: | ||
uy /ui/ -> ii /iː/ | uy /ui/ -> ii /iː/ | ||
ew /eu/ -> aw /au/ | |||
eew /eːu/ -> aaw /aːu/ | |||
aw /au/ -> | aw /au/ -> ow /ou/ | ||
aaw /aːu/ -> | aaw /aːu/ -> oow /oːu/ | ||
| | ||
| Line 1,681: | Line 1,659: | ||
| | ||
yuentorõ /jɨɴtoʁɔ/ - | |||
to introduce oneself, root | to introduce oneself, root | ||
yuentolõ /jɨɴtolɔ/ - to | |||
introduce oneself, verb-focus | introduce oneself, verb-focus | ||
| Line 1,694: | Line 1,672: | ||
| | ||
nangarew /naŋaʁeu/ - to flow, | |||
root | root | ||
| Line 1,728: | Line 1,706: | ||
uu /uː/ -> aa /aː/ | uu /uː/ -> aa /aː/ | ||
a /a/ -> | a /a/ -> e /e/ | ||
aa /aː/ -> | aa /aː/ -> ee /eː/ | ||
e /e/ -> i /i/ * For some words only, | |||
see below. | see below. | ||
ee /eː/ -> ii /iː/ | |||
ii /iː/ -> uy /ui/ | ii /iː/ -> uy /ui/ | ||
| Line 1,743: | Line 1,721: | ||
uuy /uːi/ -> aay /aːi/ | uuy /uːi/ -> aay /aːi/ | ||
ay /ai/ -> | ay /ai/ -> ey /ei/ | ||
aay /aːi/ -> | aay /aːi/ -> eey /eːi/ | ||
ey /ei/ -> ii /iː/ | |||
eey /eːi/ -> ii /iː/ | |||
ow /ou/ -> aw /au/ | |||
oow /oːu/ -> aaw /aːu/ | |||
aw /au/ -> | aw /au/ -> ew /eu/ | ||
aaw /aːu/ -> | aaw /aːu/ -> eew /eːu/ | ||
ew /eu/ -> uu /uː/ | |||
eew /eːu/ -> uu /uː/ | |||
| | ||
| Line 1,768: | Line 1,746: | ||
A few verb stems that end in a hard consonant | A few verb stems that end in a hard consonant | ||
and | and e /e/ behave differently. If the consonant is an obstruent and the | ||
vowel is short, has modal voice and not followed by -n /ɴ/, then the | vowel is short, has modal voice and not followed by -n /ɴ/, then the | ||
syllable is deleted and voice put onto the preceding syllable(s). This voice is breathy if the deleted obstruent was voiced, and tense if it was voiceless e.g. | syllable is deleted and voice put onto the preceding syllable(s). This voice is breathy if the deleted obstruent was voiced, and tense if it was voiceless e.g. | ||
| Line 1,774: | Line 1,752: | ||
| | ||
nuetoze /nɨtoze/ - to be fed on, root | |||
nitù /nituɦ/ - to be fed on, verb-focus | nitù /nituɦ/ - to be fed on, verb-focus | ||
siboete /sibɘte/ - to all be present, root | |||
sipáe /sipɛʔ/ - to all be present, verb-focus (remember that Antarctican does not like voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice). | sipáe /sipɛʔ/ - to all be present, verb-focus (remember that Antarctican does not like voiced obstruents before vowels with breathy voice). | ||
| Line 1,791: | Line 1,769: | ||
| | ||
madoze /madoze/ - to give birth, | |||
intransitive, root | intransitive, root | ||
` | `màotù /mɜɦtuɦ/ - to give | ||
birth, intransitive, verb-focus | birth, intransitive, verb-focus | ||
| | ||
nyiibe /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root | |||
`nyùue /ɲɨːɦ/ - to snow, | `nyùue /ɲɨːɦ/ - to snow, | ||
| Line 1,806: | Line 1,784: | ||
| | ||
san- | san-gize /saɴgize/ - to bleed, root | ||
sàon-gùe /sɜɦɴgɨɦ/ | |||
- to bleed, verb-focus | - to bleed, verb-focus | ||
| Line 1,816: | Line 1,794: | ||
daraeke /daʁɛke/ - to cover, root | |||
tárá /taʔʁaʔ/ - to cover, verb-focus | tárá /taʔʁaʔ/ - to cover, verb-focus | ||
| Line 1,838: | Line 1,816: | ||
| | ||
éypyii /ʔeiʔpʲiː/ - | |||
to spit out, root | to spit out, root | ||
éypyùey /ʔeiʔpʲɨiɦ/ | |||
- to spit out, noun-focus | - to spit out, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,851: | Line 1,829: | ||
| | ||
gowpeyee /goupejeː/ - to suffer a | |||
setback, root | setback, root | ||
gowpòeyòoe /goupɘɦjɘːɦ/ | |||
- to suffer a setback, noun-focus | - to suffer a setback, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
inyelee /ʔiɲeleː/ - to | |||
pierce, root | pierce, root | ||
ùenyòelòoe /ʔɨɦɲɘɦleː/ | |||
- to pierce, noun-focus | - to pierce, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
kiveluun /kiɥeluːɴ/ - to | |||
die, root | die, root | ||
kùevòelùun /kɨɦɥɘɦluːɴɦ/ | |||
- to die, noun-focus | - to die, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,882: | Line 1,860: | ||
| | ||
hlõ /ɬɔ/ - to perform, root | |||
lào /lɜɦ/ - to perform, noun-focus | |||
| | ||
| Line 1,893: | Line 1,871: | ||
| | ||
madoze /madoze/ - to give birth, | |||
intransitive, root | intransitive, root | ||
` | `màotùsòe /mɜɦtuɦsɘɦ/ | ||
- to give birth, intransitive, noun-focus | - to give birth, intransitive, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
nyiibe /ɲiːbe/ - to snow, root | |||
` | `nyùeypòe /ɲɨipɘɦ/ - to | ||
snow, noun-focus | snow, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
san- | san-gize /saɴgize/ - to bleed, root | ||
sàonkùesòe /sɜɴɦkɨɦsɜɦ/ | |||
- to bleed, noun-focus | - to bleed, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,922: | Line 1,900: | ||
| | ||
yuentorõ /jɨɴtoʁɔ/ - | |||
to introduce oneself, root | to introduce oneself, root | ||
yintùrào /jiɴtuɦʁɜɦ/ | |||
- to introduce oneself, noun-focus | - to introduce oneself, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,936: | Line 1,914: | ||
| | ||
nuetoze /nitoze/ - to be fed on, root | |||
nitùsòe /nituɦsɘɦ/ - to be | |||
fed on, noun-focus | fed on, noun-focus | ||
| | ||
poensaa /pɘɴsaː/ - to be lost | |||
in deep thought, root | in deep thought, root | ||
pensàao /peɴsɜːɦ/ - to | |||
be lost in deep thought, noun-focus | be lost in deep thought, noun-focus | ||
| Line 1,970: | Line 1,948: | ||
| | ||
doleegi /doleːgi/ - to drag, | |||
intransitive, root | intransitive, root | ||
tùlòoezi /tuɦlɘːɦzi/ – | |||
to drag, intransitive, noun-focus (-gùe has been replaced with -zi). | to drag, intransitive, noun-focus (-gùe has been replaced with -zi). | ||
| Line 1,999: | Line 1,977: | ||
When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the verb-focus form is used when the modifier | When verbs / adjectives are used as modifiers, the verb-focus form is used when the modifier | ||
is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the | is non restrictive ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictiveness ), and the | ||
noun-focus form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work | noun-focus form is used when the modifier is restrictive e.g. from the work teyláae | ||
/teilɛʔː/ - shirt, we can say: | /teilɛʔː/ - shirt, we can say: | ||
teyláae `ròedla /teilɛːʔ ʁɘɦdɮa/ – a red shirt | |||
(non-restrictive) | (non-restrictive) | ||
teyláae `ròedù /teilɛːʔ ʁɘɦduɦ/ – the red shirt | |||
(restrictive) | (restrictive) | ||
| Line 2,025: | Line 2,003: | ||
| | ||
zive /ziɥe/ - boat, absolutive | |||
zive /ziɥe/ - to be a boat, verb root | |||
| | ||
| Line 2,054: | Line 2,032: | ||
| | ||
ùylòen /ʔuiɦlɜɴɦ/ | |||
- island, absolutive | - island, absolutive | ||
oylendun /ʔoileɴdun/ - island, | |||
ergative | ergative | ||
oylendu /ʔoileɴdu/ - to be an | |||
island, verb root | island, verb root | ||
| | ||
péy /peiʔ/ - book, absolutive | |||
péykin /peiʔkiɴ/ - book, | |||
ergative | ergative | ||
péyki /peiʔki/ - to be a book, verb root | |||
| | ||
| Line 2,085: | Line 2,063: | ||
| | ||
màao /mɜɦː/ - betel nut, | |||
absolutive | absolutive | ||
| Line 2,106: | Line 2,084: | ||
| | ||
` | `pàoy /pɜiɦ/ - baby, absolutive | ||
baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, | baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, | ||
| Line 2,116: | Line 2,094: | ||
| | ||
pàoy /pɜiɦ/ - page, absolutive | |||
paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, | paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, | ||
| Line 2,132: | Line 2,110: | ||
| | ||
doleeju /doleːɟu/ - to drag, intransitive, verb-focus (as in "his pants were dragging along the ground") | |||
dleeju | |||
/dɮeːɟu/ - to drag, transitive, verb-focus (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground") | /dɮeːɟu/ - to drag, transitive, verb-focus (as in "he was dragging his pants along the ground") | ||
| | ||
` | `tùlòoezi /tuɦlɘɦːzi/ – to drag, intransitive, | ||
noun-focus | noun-focus | ||
` | `tlòoezi | ||
/tɬɘɦːzi/– to drag, transitive, noun-focus | /tɬɘɦːzi/– to drag, transitive, noun-focus | ||
| Line 2,155: | Line 2,133: | ||
| | ||
doleegi /doleːgi/ - to drag, intransitive, root | |||
dleegi /dɮeːgi/ - to drag, intransitive, root | |||
| | ||
| Line 2,178: | Line 2,156: | ||
shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, verb-focus | shinali /çinali/ - to twist, intransitive, verb-focus | ||
yùenàorùe | |||
/jɨɦnɜɦʁɨɦ/ - to twist, intransitive, | /jɨɦnɜɦʁɨɦ/ - to twist, intransitive, | ||
noun-focus | noun-focus | ||
| Line 2,190: | Line 2,168: | ||
/χali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus | /χali/ - to twist, transitive, verb-focus | ||
ràorùe | |||
/ʁɜɦʁɨɦ/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus | /ʁɜɦʁɨɦ/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus | ||
| Line 2,218: | Line 2,196: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1PS Exclusive | |1PS Exclusive | ||
| | |em | ||
|imy | |imy | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1PS Inclusive | |1PS Inclusive | ||
|as | |as | ||
| | |ehl | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2PS | |2PS | ||
| | |õs | ||
| | |õhl | ||
|- | |- | ||
|who | |who | ||
|ar | |ar | ||
| | |el | ||
|- | |- | ||
|what | |what | ||
|ab | |ab | ||
| | |eby | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Reflexive | |Reflexive | ||
| | |er | ||
|il | |il | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Perfective Antipassive | |Perfective Antipassive | ||
|ut / | |ut / ów(tq)s (see below) | ||
|atl | |atl | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Imperfective Antipassive | |Imperfective Antipassive | ||
|am | |am | ||
| | |emy | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Superordinate | |Superordinate | ||
| Line 2,261: | Line 2,239: | ||
damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, verb-focus | damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle, verb-focus | ||
dõsamaehlu /dɔsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle you, verb-focus | |||
damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam, verb-focus | damaehlu /damɛɬu/ - to scam, verb-focus | ||
demamaehlu /demɛɬu/ - to scam me / us (not including you), verb-focus | |||
| Line 2,277: | Line 2,255: | ||
pyùemyùu /pʲɨɦmpʲuːɦ/ - to purify me / us (not including you, noun-focus | pyùemyùu /pʲɨɦmpʲuːɦ/ - to purify me / us (not including you, noun-focus | ||
pyòelùu /pʲɘɦluːɦ/ - to purify who, noun-focus | |||
| Line 2,289: | Line 2,267: | ||
daesamaehlu /dɛsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), verb-focus | daesamaehlu /dɛsamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle us (including you), verb-focus | ||
deramaehlu /deʁamɛɬu/ - to scam / swindle oneself, verb-focus | |||
| Line 2,303: | Line 2,281: | ||
pyolùu /pʲɔluːɦ/ - to purify you, noun-focus | pyolùu /pʲɔluːɦ/ - to purify you, noun-focus | ||
pyelùu /pʲeluːɦ/ - to purify | |||
ourselves (including you), noun-focus | ourselves (including you), noun-focus | ||
The last example this is distinct | The last example this is distinct | ||
from | from pyòelùu /pʲɘɦluːɦ/ - to purify who, | ||
noun-focus, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix. | noun-focus, which has breathy voice spreading onto the infix. | ||
| Line 2,315: | Line 2,293: | ||
*yuenpiluy - /jɨɴpilui/ - employee, absolutive | *yuenpiluy - /jɨɴpilui/ - employee, absolutive | ||
* | *yuenpiloy /jɨɴpiloi/ - employee, ergative | ||
* | *sõwdla - /sɔudɮ/ - soldier, absolutive | ||
*damasùe - /damas#616;ɦ/ - to scam / swindle, noun-focus | *damasùe - /damas#616;ɦ/ - to scam / swindle, noun-focus | ||
| Line 2,322: | Line 2,300: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | yuenpiloy || damasùe || sõwdla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || damas#616;ɦ || sɨudɮ | | jɨɴpiloi || damas#616;ɦ || sɨudɮ | ||
| Line 2,380: | Line 2,358: | ||
However, remember that alveolar stops (e.g. /t/) can never occur before /i/ and /ʎ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /eʔ/ and /ɘʔ/, nor before diphthongs starting with these. If a verb begins with a hard consonant followed by one of these vowels, a different infix is used, normally - | However, remember that alveolar stops (e.g. /t/) can never occur before /i/ and /ʎ/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /eʔ/ and /ɘʔ/, nor before diphthongs starting with these. If a verb begins with a hard consonant followed by one of these vowels, a different infix is used, normally -óws- e.g. | ||
inyeli-aa /ʔiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, verb-focus | |||
ówsinyeli-aa /ʔouʔsiɲeliʔaː/ - to pierce, verb-focus, perfective antipassive | |||
kiveliqewn /kiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - to die, verb-focus | |||
kówsiveli-ewn /kouʔsiɥeliʔeuɴ/ - to die, verb-focus, perfective antipassive | |||
siséychu /siseiʔcu/ - to stab, verb focus | |||
sówsiséychu /souʔsiseiʔcu/ - to stab, verb focus, perfective antipassive | |||
| Line 2,403: | Line 2,381: | ||
'kátla /kaʔtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb focus | 'kátla /kaʔtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb focus | ||
' | 'kówtqsátla /kouʔtsʼaʔtɬa/ - to make someone's acquaintance, verb-focus, perfective antipassive | ||
éypyi-eey /ʔeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, verb-focus | |||
ówtqséypyi-eey /ʔouʔtsʼeiʔpʲiʔeːi/ - to spit out, verb-focus, perfective antipassive | |||
| Line 2,432: | Line 2,410: | ||
* | *wonnye /woɴɲe/ - to want (something), verb-focus | ||
* | *wátonnye /waʔtoɴɲe/ - to want (to do something / something to happen), verb-focus | ||
| Line 2,443: | Line 2,421: | ||
*yuenpiluy - /jɨɴpilui/ - employee, absolutive | *yuenpiluy - /jɨɴpilui/ - employee, absolutive | ||
* | *yuenpiloy /jɨɴpiloi/ - employee, ergative | ||
* | *sõwdla - /sɔudɮ/ - soldier, absolutive | ||
* | *sõwdlan - /sɔudɮɴ/ - soldier, ergative | ||
*nayba /naiba/ - neighbour, absolutive | *nayba /naiba/ - neighbour, absolutive | ||
*nayban /naibaɴ/ - neighbour, ergative | *nayban /naibaɴ/ - neighbour, ergative | ||
* | *tõn /tɔɴ/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive | ||
* | *tãn /tɒɴ/ - change, ergative | ||
| Line 2,456: | Line 2,434: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | yuenpiloy || wonnye || tõn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || woɴɲe || tɔɴ | | jɨɴpiloi || woɴɲe || tɔɴ | ||
| Line 2,467: | Line 2,445: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| yuenpiluy || ' | | yuenpiluy || 'wátonnye || sõwdla || damasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpilui || waʔtoɴɲe || s&# | | jɨɴpilui || waʔtoɴɲe || sɔudɮa || damasɨɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ABS || <SPR>want-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS | | employee-ABS || <SPR>want-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS | ||
| Line 2,479: | Line 2,457: | ||
wátonnye yuenpiloy sowdla damasùe | |||
yuenpiloy wátonnye damasùe sõwdla | |||
wátonnye yuenpiloy damasùe sõwdla | |||
| Line 2,490: | Line 2,468: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | yuenpiloy || chi-iin || sõwdla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || ciʔiːɴ || s&# | | jɨɴpiloi || ciʔiːɴ || sɔudɮa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ERG || fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS | | employee-ERG || fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS | ||
| Line 2,500: | Line 2,478: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | yuenpiloy || 'cháetli-iin || sõwdla || damasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || cɛtɬiʔiːɴ || s&# | | jɨɴpiloi || cɛtɬiʔiːɴ || sɔudɮa || damasɨɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS | | employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ABS || scam-NFCS | ||
| Line 2,513: | Line 2,491: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | yuenpiloy || 'cháetliqiin || sõwdlan || damasùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jɨɴpiloi || cɛtɬiʔiːɴ || s&# | | jɨɴpiloi || cɛtɬiʔiːɴ || sɔudɮaɴ || damasɨɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ERG || scam-NFCS | | employee-ERG || <SPR>fear-VFCS || soldier-ERG || scam-NFCS | ||
| Line 2,546: | Line 2,524: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2PS | |2PS | ||
| | |áo | ||
| | |áo | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Perfective Antipassive | |Perfective Antipassive | ||
|N/A use the - | |N/A use the -éys- infix instead | ||
| | |ów | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 2,558: | Line 2,536: | ||
siséychu /siseiʔcu/ - to stab, verb focus | |||
sáséychu /saʔseiʔcu/ - to stab us (including you), verb focus | |||
sáoséychu /sɜʔseiʔcu/ - to stab you, verb focus | |||
Note that the perfective antipassive form is created using the infix - | Note that the perfective antipassive form is created using the infix -éys- i.e. séysiséychu /seiʔsiseiʔcu/ - to stab, verb focus, perfective antipassive. It is only with verbs starting with soft consonants that vowel replacement is used. | ||
Also note that, for the other persons and voices, infixation is used e.g. | Also note that, for the other persons and voices, infixation is used e.g. | ||
semiséychu /semiseiʔcu/ - to stab me / us (not including you), verb focus | |||
seriséychu /seʁiseiʔcu/ - to stab oneself, verb focus | |||
sariséychu /saʁiseiʔcu/ - to stab who, verb focus | |||
sabiséychu /sabiseiʔcu/ - to stab what, verb focus | |||
samiséychu /samiseiʔcu/ - to stab, verb focus, imperfective antipassive | |||
| Line 2,584: | Line 2,562: | ||
kiràomùe /kiʁɜɦmɨɦ/ - to bite, verb focus | |||
kimyiràomùe /kimʲiʁɜɦmɨɦ/ - to bite me / us (not including you), verb focus | |||
' | 'káràomùe /kaʔʁɜɦmɨɦ/ - to bite us (including you), verb focus | ||
' | 'káoràomùe /kɜʔʁɜɦmɨɦ/ - to bite you, verb focus | ||
keriràomùe /keʁiʁɜɦmɨɦ/ - to bite oneself, verb focus | |||
kariràomùe /kaʁiʁɜɦmɨɦ/ - to bite who, verb focus | |||
kabiràomùe /kabiʁɜɦmɨɦ/ - to bite what, verb focus | |||
' | 'kówràomùe /kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦ/ - to bite, verb focus, perfective antipassive | ||
kamiràomùe /kamiʁɜɦmɨɦ/ - to bite, verb focus, imperfective antipassive | |||
| Line 2,609: | Line 2,587: | ||
yáetinju /jɛʔtiɴɟu/ - to count us (including you), verb focus | yáetinju /jɛʔtiɴɟu/ - to count us (including you), verb focus | ||
yáotinju /jɜʔtiɴɟu/ - to count you, verb focus | |||
shiluetinju /çilɨtiɴɟu/ - to count oneself, verb focus | shiluetinju /çilɨtiɴɟu/ - to count oneself, verb focus | ||
sheluetinju /çelɨtiɴɟu/ - to count who, verb focus | |||
shebyuetinju /çebʲɨtiɴɟu/ - to count what, verb focus | |||
yówtinju /jouʔtiɴɟu/ - to count, verb focus, perfective antipassive | |||
shemyuetinju /çemʲɨtiɴɟu/ - to count, verb focus, imperfective antipassive | |||
| Line 2,630: | Line 2,608: | ||
wonnye /woɴɲe/ - to want, verb focus | |||
wowonnye /wowoɴɲe/ - to want each other, verb focus | |||
darakòe /daʁakɘɦ/ - to cover, noun-focus | |||
dadarakòe /dadaʁakɘɦ/ - to cover each other, noun-focus | |||
| Line 2,648: | Line 2,626: | ||
ziitlàoji /ziːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know (a person), verb-focus | |||
ziziitlàoji /ziziːtɬɜɦɟi/ - to know each other, verb-focus | |||
| Line 2,689: | Line 2,667: | ||
'puytlù /puitɬuɦ/ - to pick a fight, noun-focus | 'puytlù /puitɬuɦ/ - to pick a fight, noun-focus | ||
' | 'póyputlu /poiʔpuitɬuɦ/ - to pick a fight with each other, noun-focus | ||
| Line 2,703: | Line 2,681: | ||
ràorùe /ʁɜɦʁɨɦ/ - to twist, transitive, noun-focus | |||
haràorùe /χaʁɜɦʁɨɦ/ - to twist each other, transitive, noun-focus | |||
| Line 2,711: | Line 2,689: | ||
wùeròen /wɨɦʀɘɴɦ/ - friend, absolutive | |||
fiwùeròen /fiwɨɦʀɘɴɦ/ - friends (of each other), absolutive | |||
wòenzi /wɘɴɦ/ - to befriend, noun-focus | |||
fiwòenzi /fiwɘɴɦ/ - to befriend each other, noun-focus | |||
| Line 2,733: | Line 2,711: | ||
! !! Past !! Present !! Future | ! !! Past !! Present !! Future | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PS Exclusive || uy || | | 1PS Exclusive || uy || omyi || ow | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1PS Inclusive || chi || | | 1PS Inclusive || chi || we|| wi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PS || nyin || ya || yu | | 2PS || nyin || ya || yu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PS || day || | | 3PS || day || de || daw | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Who / What || wu || | | Who / What || wu || hew || ri | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 2,753: | Line 2,731: | ||
chisàon-gùe /cisɜɦɴgɨɦ/ you bleed, verb-focus | |||
chiisàon-gùe /ciːsɜɦɴgɨɦ/ you (emphatic) bleed, verb-focus | |||
However, the emphatic forms cannot be used with noun-focus forms, so while | However, the emphatic forms cannot be used with noun-focus forms, so while chisàonkùesòe /cisɜɴɦkɨɦsɜɦ/ - to bleed, noun-focus is grammatical, chiisàonkùesòe /ciːsɜɴɦkɨɦsɜɦ/ would not be. | ||
| Line 2,764: | Line 2,742: | ||
pyõhli-uu /pʲɔɬiʔuː/ - purify you, verb focus | |||
pyõohli-uu /pʲɔːɬiʔuː/ - purify you (emphatic), verb focus | |||
| Line 2,772: | Line 2,750: | ||
siséychu /siseiʔcu/ - to stab, verb focus | |||
sáoséychu /sɜʔseiʔcu/ - to stab you, verb focus | |||
sáaoséychu /sɜːʔseiʔcu/ - to stab you (emphatic), verb focus | |||
| Line 2,788: | Line 2,766: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | sɔudɮa || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 2,800: | Line 2,778: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | kiveli-ewn || sõwdla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| kiɥeliʔeuɴ || sɔudɮa | | kiɥeliʔeuɴ || sɔudɮa | ||
| Line 2,814: | Line 2,792: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 2,828: | Line 2,806: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || sõwdlan || amelaykùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ | | wɨɦʁuɦ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ | ||
| Line 2,842: | Line 2,820: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 2,851: | Line 2,829: | ||
Note that sentence can only have one topic, so if the object of a transitive sentence is topicalised, then the subject cannot be (and must therefore stay in the ergative case). Hence utterances like "wùeru sowdla | Note that sentence can only have one topic, so if the object of a transitive sentence is topicalised, then the subject cannot be (and must therefore stay in the ergative case). Hence utterances like "wùeru sowdla amelaykùe" are ungrammatical. | ||
| Line 2,862: | Line 2,840: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || amelaeychu || wawùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelɛicu || wawɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelɛicu || wawɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 2,873: | Line 2,851: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || amelaeychu || siwùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelɛicu || siwɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelɛicu || siwɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 2,890: | Line 2,868: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wawùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wawɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wawɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 2,901: | Line 2,879: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || siwùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || siwɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || siwɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 2,915: | Line 2,893: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sáaeynátqóey || waesõwdlan || amelaeychu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɛːiʔnaʔtʼɘiʔ || wɛsɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelɛicu | | sɛːiʔnaʔtʼɘiʔ || wɛsɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelɛicu | ||
| Line 2,926: | Line 2,904: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sáaeynátqóey || suesõwdlan || amelaeychu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɛːiʔnaʔtʼɘiʔ || sɨsɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelɛicu | | sɛːiʔnaʔtʼɘiʔ || sɨsɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelɛicu | ||
| Line 2,942: | Line 2,920: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| byaenka || damaehlu || | | byaenka || damaehlu || sõwdla || wáetow || kaen-guchi || wabiraza | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bʲɛɴka || damɛɬu || s&# | | bʲɛɴka || damɛɬu || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kɛɴguci || wabiʁaza | ||
|- | |- | ||
| banker.ABS || swindle.VFCS || soldier.ABS || occur during.NFCS || be a prisoner.VFCS || TPCPOSS-brother | | banker.ABS || swindle.VFCS || soldier.ABS || occur during.NFCS || be a prisoner.VFCS || TPCPOSS-brother | ||
| Line 2,956: | Line 2,934: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| byaenka || damaehlu || | | byaenka || damaehlu || sõwdla || wáetow || kaen-guchi || sibiraza | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bʲɛɴka || damɛɬu || s&# | | bʲɛɴka || damɛɬu || sɔudɮa || wɛʔtou || kɛɴguci || sibiʁaza | ||
|- | |- | ||
| banker.ABS || swindle.VFCS || soldier.ABS || occur during.NFCS || be a prisoner.VFCS || 3POSS-brother | | banker.ABS || swindle.VFCS || soldier.ABS || occur during.NFCS || be a prisoner.VFCS || 3POSS-brother | ||
| Line 2,978: | Line 2,956: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || byowchi-i || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || bʲouciʔi || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | sɔudɮa || bʲouciʔi || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 2,992: | Line 2,970: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | byowchi-i || sõwdla || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bʲouciʔi || sɔudɮa || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | bʲouciʔi || sɔudɮa || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,006: | Line 2,984: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || byowchi-i || sàon-gùe || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || bʲouciʔi || sɜɦɴgɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | sɔudɮa || bʲouciʔi || sɜɦɴgɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,022: | Line 3,000: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,035: | Line 3,013: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || kiràomùesòe || wùerù || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || kiʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | sɔudɮa || kiʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,049: | Line 3,027: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || sõwdlan || kiràomùesòe || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | wɨɦʁuɦ || sɔudɮaɴ || kiʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,064: | Line 3,042: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || 'kówràomùe || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | sɔudɮa || kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,079: | Line 3,057: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ' | | 'kówràomùe || sõwdla || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦ || sɔudɮa || wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ || ɲɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦ || sɔudɮa || wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ || ɲɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,093: | Line 3,071: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || 'kówràomùesòe || wùerùgin || `nyùe || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ || ɲɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | sɔudɮa || kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ || ɲɨɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,107: | Line 3,085: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerùgin || `nyùe || | | wùerùgin || `nyùe || sõwdla || 'kówràomùesòe || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ || ɲɨɦ || sɔudɮa || kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | wɨɦʁuɦgiɴ || ɲɨɦ || sɔudɮa || kouʔʁɜɦmɨɦsɘɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,123: | Line 3,101: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | wuebyowchi-i || wuekiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨbʲouciʔi || wɨkiɥeliʔeuɴ | | wɨbʲouciʔi || wɨkiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,137: | Line 3,115: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | wuekiràomùe || wùerù || wuekiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨkiʁɜɦmɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || wɨkiɥeliʔeuɴ | | wɨkiʁɜɦmɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || wɨkiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,151: | Line 3,129: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | wuekiràomùe || wùerù || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨkiʁɜɦmɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | wɨkiʁɜɦmɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,170: | Line 3,148: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kiveli-ewn | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | | wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ | ||
| Line 3,181: | Line 3,159: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || sõwdlan || amelaykùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ | | wɨɦʁuɦ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ | ||
| Line 3,195: | Line 3,173: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || utamelaykùe || wùerù || `nyùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔutamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ɲɨɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔutamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ɲɨɦ | ||
| Line 3,209: | Line 3,187: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || utamelaykùe | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔutamelaikɨɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔutamelaikɨɦ | ||
| Line 3,220: | Line 3,198: | ||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
Negation in Antarctican is achieved by using one of two particles, | Negation in Antarctican is achieved by using one of two particles, nõ /nɔ/ (known as general negation) and nay /nai/ (known as specific negation). | ||
====The Particle | ====The Particle nõ /nɔ/ (General Negation)==== | ||
The normal way to negate a sentence is to put this immediately before the verb e.g. | The normal way to negate a sentence is to put this immediately before the verb e.g. | ||
| Line 3,229: | Line 3,207: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,240: | Line 3,218: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || nõ || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,254: | Line 3,232: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || nõ || amelaeychu || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || nɔ || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,268: | Line 3,246: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | nõ || sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | nɔ || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,279: | Line 3,257: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || nõ || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || nɔ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || nɔ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,288: | Line 3,266: | ||
Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form " | Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form "amelaykùe" here would be ungrammatical. | ||
| Line 3,296: | Line 3,274: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | nõ || sõwdla || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | nɔ || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,311: | Line 3,289: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || amelaeychu || nay || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || nai || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || nai || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,325: | Line 3,303: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kiveli-ewn || `ròedla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ʁɘɦdɮa | | wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ʁɘɦdɮa | ||
| Line 3,336: | Line 3,314: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kiveli-ewn || nay || `ròedla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || nai || ʁɘɦdɮa | | wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || nai || ʁɘɦdɮa | ||
| Line 3,350: | Line 3,328: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù || `ròedla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa | ||
| Line 3,361: | Line 3,339: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù || `ròedla || nay | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || nai | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || nai | ||
| Line 3,382: | Line 3,360: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,393: | Line 3,371: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || du || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,407: | Line 3,385: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || du || amelaeychu || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || du || ʔamelɛicu || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,421: | Line 3,399: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| du || | | du || sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | du || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,432: | Line 3,410: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || du || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || du || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || du || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,441: | Line 3,419: | ||
Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form " | Note that in both of the above cases, the noun-focus form is used. Using the verb focus form "amelaykùe" here would be ungrammatical. | ||
| Line 3,449: | Line 3,427: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| du || | | du || sõwdla || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| du || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | du || sɔudɮa || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,464: | Line 3,442: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || amelaeychu || ka || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || ka || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || ka || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,478: | Line 3,456: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kiveli-ewn || `ròedla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ʁɘɦdɮa | | wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ʁɘɦdɮa | ||
| Line 3,489: | Line 3,467: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kiveli-ewn || ka || `ròedla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ka || ʁɘɦdɮa | | wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || ka || ʁɘɦdɮa | ||
| Line 3,503: | Line 3,481: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù || `ròedla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa | ||
| Line 3,514: | Line 3,492: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sowdlan || | | sowdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù || `ròedla || ka | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || ka | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || ka | ||
| Line 3,532: | Line 3,510: | ||
! Interrogative !! General !! Specific | ! Interrogative !! General !! Specific | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Where / Which || duku || | | Where / Which || duku || tovi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| When || | | When || tòwnká || taensi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| How (asking for a description) || | | How (asking for a description) || donna || chowan | ||
|- | |- | ||
| How much / How many / To what extent || kùey || chetnay | | How much / How many / To what extent || kùey || chetnay | ||
| Line 3,548: | Line 3,526: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || duku || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || duku || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || duku || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,559: | Line 3,537: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| duku || | | duku || sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| duku || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | | duku || sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,570: | Line 3,548: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || duku || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ|| ʔamelaikɨɦ || duku || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ|| ʔamelaikɨɦ || duku || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,579: | Line 3,557: | ||
As a specific interrogative particle, | As a specific interrogative particle, tovi puts emphasis on a particular part of the question e.g. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdla || amelaeychu || tovi || wùerù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || tuɥi || wɨɦʁuɦ | | sɔudɮa || ʔamelɛicu || tuɥi || wɨɦʁuɦ | ||
| Line 3,595: | Line 3,573: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wùerù || | | wùerù || kiveli-ewn || tovi || `ròedla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || tuɥi || ʁɘɦdɮa | | wɨɦʁuɦ || kiɥeliʔeuɴ || tuɥi || ʁɘɦdɮa | ||
| Line 3,606: | Line 3,584: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || amelaykùe || wùerù || `ròedla || tovi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || tuɥi | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔamelaikɨɦ || wɨɦʁuɦ || ʁɘɦdɮa || tuɥi | ||
| Line 3,622: | Line 3,600: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || àoy || yini | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiɦ || jini | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiɦ || jini | ||
| Line 3,639: | Line 3,617: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | asàoy || sõwdla | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔasɜiɦ || sɔudɮ | | ʔasɜiɦ || sɔudɮ | ||
| Line 3,653: | Line 3,631: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || àoy || yini || aaehaan-ga || `wù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiɦ || jini || ʔɛːχaːɴga || wuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiɦ || jini || ʔɛːχaːɴga || wuɦ | ||
| Line 3,664: | Line 3,642: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | asàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔasɜiɦ || sɔudɮ || ʔɛːχaːɴga || wuɦ | | ʔasɜiɦ || sɔudɮ || ʔɛːχaːɴga || wuɦ | ||
| Line 3,678: | Line 3,656: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | àomàoy || sõwdla || aaehaan-ga || `wù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔɜmɜiɦ || sɔudɮ || ʔɛːχaːɴga || wuɦ | | ʔɜmɜiɦ || sɔudɮ || ʔɛːχaːɴga || wuɦ | ||
| Line 3,695: | Line 3,673: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | sõwdlan || àoy || yini || `wòewù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiɦ || jini || wɘɦwuɦ | | sɔudɮaɴ || ʔɜiɦ || jini || wɘɦwuɦ | ||
| Line 3,709: | Line 3,687: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | àomàoy || sõwdla || `wòewù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔɜmɜiɦ || sɔudɮa || wɘɦwuɦ; | | ʔɜmɜiɦ || sɔudɮa || wɘɦwuɦ; | ||
| Line 3,723: | Line 3,701: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | àomàoy || sõwdla || chùewù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔɜmɜiɦ || sɔudɮa || cɨɦwuɦ; | | ʔɜmɜiɦ || sɔudɮa || cɨɦwuɦ; | ||
| Line 3,734: | Line 3,712: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | àomàoy || sõwdla || `wùewù | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ʔɜmɜiɦ || sɔudɮa || wɨɦwuɦ; | | ʔɜmɜiɦ || sɔudɮa || wɨɦwuɦ; | ||