Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Antarctican (view source)

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====Vowel phonation====
====Vowel Phonation====


Antarctican also has a pitch register system (like Burmese and Vietnamese). Modal, tense or breathy voice can occur on either short or long vowels. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.
Antarctican also has a pitch register system (like Burmese and Vietnamese). Modal, tense or breathy voice can occur on either short or long vowels. Vowels with tense voice (marked with a glottal stop after the syllable e.g. /aʔ/) are pronounced with a high or rising pitch, and vowels with breathy voice (marked with a voiced /h/ after the syllable e.g. /aɦ/) are pronounced with a low or falling pitch. This distinction is phonemic e.g.
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====Phonation restrictions====
====Phonation Restrictions====
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed below:
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed in detail here ([[Antarctican Phonation Restrictions]]):


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
|+'''Monophthong phonation'''
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; "|Voice
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! rowspan="2"|Close
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''i''' /i/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''ue''' /ɨ/ from /i/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Breathy
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùe''' /ɨɦ/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ù''' /uɦ/
|-
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''e''' /e/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''oe''' /ɘ/ from /e/
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''o''' /o/ from /u/
|-
! style="" |Tense
| style="background-color: orange;"|'''é''' /eʔ/
| style="background-color: orange;"|'''óe''' /ɘʔ/
| style="background-color: orange;"| '''ó''' /oʔ/
|-
! style="" |Breathy
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òe''' /ɘɦ/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ò''' /oɦ/
|-
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''ae''' /ɛ/ from /a/
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''õ''' /ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Tense
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áe''' /ɛʔ/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áo''' /ɜʔ/
| style="background-color: orange;"|'''ô''' /ɔʔ/
|-
! style="" |Breathy
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ào''' /ɜɦ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''a''' /a/
|
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''ã''' /ɒ/ from /ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Tense
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''á''' /aʔ/
|
|
|}
<br/>
*Vowels in green are found everywhere.
*Vowels in pink are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark ergative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiced consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards.
*Vowels in blue are phonemic at the end of words, where they mark comitative case, and are allophones elsewhere. They occur before another syllable beginning with a voiceless consonant followed by a modally voiced vowel. The vowel that they are an allophone of is indicated afterwards.
*Vowels in orange are only found in reduplications.
Antarctican uses reduplication in its morphology, however it only partially reduplicates diphthongs, reducing them to monophthongs in the reduplicated syllable e.g.
*'kówntátu /kou&#628;&#660;ta&#660;tu/ – acquaintance, absolutive
*'kókówntátu /ko&#660;kou&#628;&#660;ta&#660;tu/ – acquaintances (of each other), absolutive
When such diphthongs are truncated, it is always only the first part of it that is preserved e.g. /ei&#660;/ and /eu&#660;/ both shorten to /ei&#660;/. /oi&#660;/ and /ou&#660;/ both shorten to /o&#660;/ etc.
There are similar restrictions on diphthongs:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
|+'''Diphthong phonation /j/'''
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; "|Voice
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! rowspan="2"|Close
! style="" |Modal
|
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''uy''' /ui/
|-
! style="" |Breathy
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùey''' /&#616;i&#614;/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùy''' /ui&#614;/
|-
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ey''' /ei/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''oey''' /&#600;i/
| style="background-color: pink;"| '''oy''' /oi/
|-
! style="" |Tense
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''éy''' /ei&#660;/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''óey''' /&#600;i&#660;/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''óy''' /oi&#660;/
|-
! style="" |Breathy
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òey''' /&#600;i&#614;/
|
|-
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aey''' /&#603;i/
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tense
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áey''' /&#603;i&#660;/
|
|
|-
! style="" |Breathy
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''àoy''' /&#604;i&#614;/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ay''' /ai/
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tense
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áy''' /ai&#660;/
|
|
|}
Same applies to the remaining diphthongs:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align:center;"
|+'''Diphthong phonation /w/'''
|-
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; "|Voice
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! rowspan="2"|Close
! style="" |Modal
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Breathy
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ùew''' /&#616;u&#614;/
|
|-
! rowspan="3"|Close-mid
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ew''' /ew/
| style="background-color: lightblue;"|'''oew''' /&#600;u/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ow''' /ou/
|-
! style="" |Tense
|
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''ów''' /ou&#660;/
|-
! style="" |Breathy
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òew''' /&#600;u&#614;/
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''òw '''/ou&#614;/
|-
! rowspan="3"|Open-mid
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightblue;"| '''aew''' /&#603;u/
|
| style="background-color: pink;"|'''õw''' /&#596;u/
|-
! style="" |Tense
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"| '''áew''' /&#603;u&#660;/
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''ôw''' /&#596;u&#660;/
|-
! style="" |Breathy
|
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''àow''' /&#604;u&#614;/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Open
! style="" |Modal
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''aw''' /au/
|
|
|-
! style="" |Tense
| style="background-color: lightgreen;"|'''áw''' /au&#660;/
|
|
|}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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Most speakers of Antarctican will also be bilingual in a second language that is only spoken in their local region. Typically, Antarctican will be used in more formal situations, and the local language used with family and friends. However, it is very common for regional varieties of Antarctican to borrow words from other local languages.
Most speakers of Antarctican will also be bilingual in a second language that is only spoken in their local region. Typically, Antarctican will be used in more formal situations, and the local language used with family and friends. However, it is very common for regional varieties of Antarctican to borrow words from other local languages (which will typically have many similar features to Antarctican due to the [[Antarctican Sprachbund]].
 
 
===The Antarctican Sprachbund===
As mentioned before, it is much less common for regional varieties of Antarctican to differ in their syntax and phonology. This is because the local languages of Antarctica form a very strong Sprachbund {{lg|Sprachbund}}, which have converged to have very similar phonologies and syntactic systems. Some examples of these areal features are:
 
 
====Phonology====
 
 
*A pitch register system {{lg|Register}}.
*Consonant voicing only being phonemic under certain specific conditions. In particular, a total lack of phonemic voicing of non-coronal fricatives.
*Some kind of fortis / lenis contrast in obstruents, which often interacts with the pitch register system in some way. This contrast may be glottalisation (ejective or implosive), gemination or aspiration.
*Two sets of nasal consonants (this can be plain vs. prestopped, or involve a voicing contrast).
*A very restricted range of syllable shapes.
 
 
====Morphology====
 
 
*Ergative-absolutive cas marking on nouns (if any is present at all).
*A complete lack of number agreement on verbs, and no comprehensive marking of plurality on nouns (only ever specific categories of nouns).
*Tense and aspect are not consistently marked on verbs, if they are marked at all.
*A lack of infinitive verb forms. Antarctican languages use a variety of ways to compensate for this.
*Transitivity marked on verbs.
 
 
====Syntax====
*Syntactic ergativity.
*Topic-comment structure to sentences.
*Inclusive and exclusive 'we', with no distinction made between exclusive 'we' and 'I'.
*Head initial syntax.
 




==Noun Morphology==
==Noun Morphology==


Nouns inflect for case (via suffixation or changing the final vowel of the word), and possession (via prefixes)
Nouns inflect for case (via suffixation or changing the final vowel of the word), and possession (via prefixes).


===Case===
===Case===
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