Dazurian Creole: Difference between revisions
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| speakers2 = '''L2 speakers:''' 210 | | speakers2 = '''L2 speakers:''' 210 | ||
| minority = [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]] [[Poccasin Federation]]<br>(as cultural heritage language) | | minority = [[File:Poccasin.svg|24px]] [[Poccasin Federation]]<br>(as cultural heritage language) | ||
| dia1 = Toulanip | |||
| dia2 = Nôr | |||
| dia3 = Pôrsensiran | |||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Dazurian Creole emerged from the French colonisation of the island of Saint-Cyran-d'Azur, known to the native [[Kabao]] people of the area as ''Twlanipw'' (eventually lending its name to the town of Toulanipe), in 1745. The island was seized by Britain in 1810 during the Revolutionary Wars, but was returned to France in the Treaty of Paris of 1814. However, financially destitute, France would eventually sell the island back to the British in 1820; the island would remain part of British territory until the independence of the Poccasin Federation in 1961, where it would remain in the new Federation. However, in this period, the growth of the English-based creole language [[Bemé]] both during and after British rule would gradually displace Dazurian Creole as the most widely spoken language on the island; the creole language was designated as endangered in 1988, though linguists estimate that its serious decline probably began at the beginning of the 20th century. | Dazurian Creole emerged from the French colonisation of the island of Saint-Cyran-d'Azur, known to the native [[Kabao]] people of the area as ''Twlanipw'' (eventually lending its name to the town of Toulanipe), in 1745. The island was seized by Britain in 1810 during the Revolutionary Wars, but was returned to France in the Treaty of Paris of 1814. However, financially destitute, France would eventually sell the island back to the British in 1820; the island would remain part of British territory until the independence of the Poccasin Federation in 1961, where it would remain in the new Federation. However, in this period, the growth of the English-based creole language [[Bemé]] both during and after British rule would gradually displace Dazurian Creole as the most widely spoken language on the island; the creole language was designated as endangered in 1988, though linguists estimate that its serious decline probably began at the beginning of the 20th century. | ||
Today, Dazurian Creole is designated as a cultural heritage language by the Poccasin Federation, and is still used in cultural events such as in ''bolôpé'', a coming-of-age ceremony at age 20, as well as in the Papkouron religion, that worships a mythological French "father" (''granpapa'' or ''granpap'''); adherents use Dazurian Creole as a liturgical language to this day. | Today, Dazurian Creole is designated as a cultural heritage language by the Poccasin Federation, and is still used in cultural events such as in ''bolôpé'', a coming-of-age ceremony at age 20, as well as in the Papkouron religion, that worships a mythological French "father" (''granpapa'' or ''granpap'''); adherents use Dazurian Creole as a liturgical language to this day. However, most inhabitants of Saint-Cyran-d'Azur only speak Bemé or [[Poccasin English]] today. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Close-mid | ! Close-mid | ||
| '''é''' /e/ || || '''o''' /o/ | | '''é''' /e/ || rowspan=2 | '''e, ë''' /ə/ || '''o''' /o/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open-mid | ! Open-mid | ||
| '''ê''' /ɛ | | '''ê''' /ɛ/ || '''ô''' /ɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open | ! Open | ||
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| || || '''an''' /ɑ̃/ | | || || '''an''' /ɑ̃/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Grammar== | |||
===Personal pronouns=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
!rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative !! Possessive !! Nominative !! Possessive | |||
|- | |||
! First person | |||
| ''mô'' || ''ma'' || ''nou'' || ''nôt'', ''nô'' | |||
|- | |||
! Second person | |||
| ''ti'', ''tu'' || ''ta'' || ''ou'' || ''ouôt'', '''ôt'' | |||
|- | |||
! Third person | |||
| ''li'' || ''sa'', ''sê'' || ''yé'' || ''lê''', ''lêr'' | |||
|} | |||
Most native Dazurian Creole speakers show possession with noun-noun possessum-possessor constructions, so "my grandfather's house" would be ''lamêz ma granpapa'', with a particle such as ''a'' or ''dé'' between ''lamêz'' and ''ma granpapa'' for optional emphasis. Papkouron ''chanté-yé'' always use ''dé'' constructions, as in "''Fis-yé '''dé''' nô Granpapa, dançé dançé ek plêzi''" [[Help:IPA|[fis je de nɔ grɑ̃.pa.pa | dɑ̃.se dɑ̃.se ək plɛ.zi]]] "The children of our ''Granpapa'', dance and dance happily". | |||
===Articles=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Definite | |||
| ''-la'', ''-a'' || ''-yé'' | |||
|- | |||
! Indefinite | |||
| ''yan'' || ''yé'' | |||
|} | |||
Definite articles work as suffixes of the noun, so ''bo'' "boy" becomes ''bo-la'' "the boy" or ''bo-yé'' "the boys". ''-la'' drops the /l/ after a consonant excluding /j/, so ''bêl'' "girl" becomes ''bêl-a'' "the girl" and ''bêl-yé'' "the girls". Indefinite articles are prepositional, so ''pom'' "apple" becomes ''yan pom'' "an apple" or ''yé pom'' "some apples". | |||
==Use in Papkouron== | ==Use in Papkouron== | ||
Although Dazurian Creole is losing out in favour of [[Bemé]] in everyday use, the language is still regularly used in the context of the religion (sometimes considered a [[w:Cargo cult|cargo cult]]) '''Papkouron'''. In the religion, adherents believe in a Christ-like saviour called the Granpap Kouron (Dazurian Creole: ''Granpap' Kourôn'' [[Help:IPA|[grɑ̃pap kurɔn]]], <small>lit.</small> "Grandfather Crown"), reflecting the now-absent French colonial administration that ruled the island prior to 1820. The religion probably stemmed from collective trauma under British colonial rule, which then conversely lended the French colonial period a nostalgic air; with no Dazurians who lived through the French colonial period left to say otherwise, this colonial nostalgic fever came to a head and formed the Papkouron religion that worshipped what anthropologists seem to believe was a headless Jesus statue, left behind in the remnants of a French Catholic church. | Although Dazurian Creole is losing out in favour of [[Bemé]] in everyday use, the language is still regularly used in the context of the religion (sometimes considered a [[w:Cargo cult|cargo cult]]) '''Papkouron'''. In the religion, adherents believe in a Christ-like saviour called the Granpap Kouron (Dazurian Creole: ''Granpap' Kourôn'' [[Help:IPA|[grɑ̃pap kurɔn]]], <small>lit.</small> "Grandfather [[w:Kingdom of France|Crown]]"), reflecting the now-absent French colonial administration that ruled the island prior to 1820. The religion probably stemmed from collective trauma under British colonial rule, which then conversely lended the French colonial period a nostalgic air; with no Dazurians who lived through the French colonial period left to say otherwise, this colonial nostalgic fever came to a head and formed the Papkouron religion that worshipped what anthropologists seem to believe was a headless Jesus statue, left behind in the remnants of a French Catholic church. | ||
Papkouron adherents consider Dazurian Creole a [[w:Sacred language|sacred language]]. Various otherwise fairly common words in Dazurian Creole also have specific meanings in Papkouron: | Papkouron adherents consider Dazurian Creole a [[w:Sacred language|sacred language]]. Various otherwise fairly common words in Dazurian Creole also have specific meanings in Papkouron: | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ''fis'' "child" || {{l|fr|fils}} "son" || layman/laywoman | | ''fis'' "child" || {{l|fr|fils}} "son" || layman/laywoman | ||
|- | |||
| ''êné'' "older sibling" || {{l|fr|aîné}} "eldest" || an apprentice ''granfis''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''granfis'' "grandchild, elder sibling" || {{com|nocat=1|fr|grand|fils}} || re-analysed as "great son"; refers to a low-ranking priest | | ''granfis'' "grandchild, elder sibling" || {{com|nocat=1|fr|grand|fils}} || re-analysed as "great son"; refers to a low-ranking priest | ||
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| ''bolôpé'' || - || a coming-of-age ceremony at age 20 originating in Kabao culture. Can also still be seen on the island of Kabao itself,<br>though it is called {{l|beme|bulopeh}} in Bemé and ''bwlope'' in [[Kabao]]. Most ''bolôpé'' on Saint-Cyran-d'Azur are performed by Papkouron officials. | | ''bolôpé'' || - || a coming-of-age ceremony at age 20 originating in Kabao culture. Can also still be seen on the island of Kabao itself,<br>though it is called {{l|beme|bulopeh}} in Bemé and ''bwlope'' in [[Kabao]]. Most ''bolôpé'' on Saint-Cyran-d'Azur are performed by Papkouron officials. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''igliz'' "Papkouron temple, Catholic church" || {{l|fr|église}} "church" || a Papkouron temple, run by a special ''papa'' called a '' | | ''igliz'' "Papkouron temple, Catholic church" || {{l|fr|église}} "church" || a Papkouron temple, run by a special ''papa'' called a ''bopapa'' (lit. "godfather") | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''bopapa'' "godfather" || {{com|fr|nocat=1|beau|papa}} || a ''papa'' that is the head of a Papkouron temple. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''sêmtyêr'' / ''andoua môr'' || {{l|fr|cemetière}} / {{com|fr|nocat=1|endroit|mort}} || a cemetary run by a Papkouron ''igliz''. Due to pre-existing taboos in Dazurian culture to explicitly mention anything related to the dead, these places are often referred to as ''andoua môr'' (lit. place of the dead) | | ''sêmtyêr'' / ''andoua môr'' || {{l|fr|cemetière}} / {{com|fr|nocat=1|endroit|mort}} || a cemetary run by a Papkouron ''igliz''. Due to pre-existing taboos in Dazurian culture to explicitly mention anything related to the dead, these places are often referred to as ''andoua môr'' (lit. place of the dead) | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Dazurian Creole]] [[Category:Creole languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Dazurian Creole]] [[Category:Creole languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||