User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51: Difference between revisions

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#REDIRECT [[Tigel]]
[[Tigal/Lexicon]]
 
Tigal is a [[West Talmic languages|West Talmic]] language.
 
1: cēm > ciamh
2: tithōr > tythar
3: nazge > nég-L
4: dhaufe > dő-L
5: salir > selar
6: stām > stámh
7: rōde > ryadh-L
8: lorethe > lörath-L
9: farve > erbh-L
10: ħiōr > iar
 
==Phonology==
Tigal phonology is partially based on German, Philadelphia English and Irish.
===Consonants===
Tigal has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Tigel consonants'''
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| /m/|| /n/|| || /ŋ/ || [ɴ] ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop/Affricate
!<small>tenuis</small>
| /b̥/ || /d̥/ || || /ɡ̊/|| ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| /pʰ/ || /tʰ/ || || /kʰ/ || ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| /f/ || /s/ || /ɬ/ || /x/
|rowspan="3"| /χ~ʁ~ʀ/ || /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| /v/ || /z/ || /ɮ/  || /ɣ/
||
|-
!colspan="2"| Trill
| || || || ||
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
| '''w''' /w/ || || || || '''l''' /ʟ/ ||
|}
 
====Notes====
*The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
*Unaspirated consonants are half-voiced between vowels.
*/tʰ, d̥/ are alveolar [tʰ, d̥] for most speakers.
*/ɬ, ɮ/ is formally dental lateral fricatives [ɬ̪, ɮ̪], often alveolar [ɬ, ɮ] in colloquial speech.
*/s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts.
*/ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, ɢ̊] next to /ʀ/ and /ʟ/.
*/ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant [ʁ̞ˤ] or a backed uvular approximant [ʁ̠̞] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ʁ̞ˤᵝ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.)
** It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ].
** In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used.
*/ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] or an approximant [ʁ̞] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former.
** In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Consonant mutations'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''!!''z''!!''l''!!''ŋ''!!''c''!!''g''!!''r''
|-
!IPA
|/m/||/pʰ/||/p/||/f/||/n/||/tʰ/||/t/||/s/||/z/||/ʟ/||/ŋ/||/kʰ/||/k/||/ʀ/
|-
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''-''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''
|-
!IPA
|/w/||/f/||/v/
|''silent''
|''-''
|/ɬ/||/ɮ/||/h/||''silent''
|''-''
|''-''||/x/||/ɣ/
|''-''
|-
!|Eclipsed
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''-''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''zs''!!''-''!!''nl''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''ŋg''!!''-''
|-
!IPA
|''-''||/p/||/m/||/v/
|''-''||/t/||/n/||/z/
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
||/k/||/ŋ/||''-''
|}
 
===Vowels===
Tigel has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Tigel vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="3" |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''í''' /iː/
| '''y''' /ʏ/
| '''ý''' /yː/
|
| '''ú''' /ʉː/
|
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ul, úl''' /ʊˁː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''é''' /eː/
| '''ø''' /œ/
| '''ǿ''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
| '''ó''' /ɵː/
| '''el''' [ɤˁ]
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''ol, ól''' /ɔˤː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
| '''a''' /ɐ/
|
|
|
| '''al, ál''' /ɒˁː/
|}
 
Diphthongs:
'''ie yø uo il/íl yl/ýl el él øl ǿl''' /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
====Masculine vowel declension====
Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''clúda'' - 'time'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Indefinite
|''clúda-L''||''clúdann''
|-
!|Definite
|''a clúda''||''clúdar''
|-
!|Construct
|''clúdath''||''clúdar''
|}
 
====Masculine consonantal declension====
The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''suar'' - 'house'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Indefinite
|''suar-N''||''suara-H''
|-
!|Definite
|''a shuar-L''||''suarann''
|-
!|Construct
|''suara-L''||''suarar''
|}
 
====Feminine vowel declension====
====Feminine consonant declension====
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''iamh'' - 'mother'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Indefinite
|''iamh''||''iamhar''
|-
!|Definite
|''a n-iamh-N''||''a h-iamh-H''
|-
!|Construct
|''yamha-L''||''yamhar''
|}
 
===Adjectives===
===Pronouns===
===Prepositions===
===Verbs===
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Revision as of 01:38, 5 May 2016

Tigal/Lexicon

Tigal is a West Talmic language.

1: cēm > ciamh 2: tithōr > tythar 3: nazge > nég-L 4: dhaufe > dő-L 5: salir > selar 6: stām > stámh 7: rōde > ryadh-L 8: lorethe > lörath-L 9: farve > erbh-L 10: ħiōr > iar

Phonology

Tigal phonology is partially based on German, Philadelphia English and Irish.

Consonants

Tigal has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.

Tigel consonants
Labial Alveolar Lateral Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ [ɴ]
Stop/Affricate tenuis /b̥/ /d̥/ /ɡ̊/
aspirated /pʰ/ /tʰ/ /kʰ/
Fricative voiceless /f/ /s/ /ɬ/ /x/ /χ~ʁ~ʀ/ /h/
voiced /v/ /z/ /ɮ/ /ɣ/
Trill
Approximant w /w/ l /ʟ/

Notes

  • The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
  • Unaspirated consonants are half-voiced between vowels.
  • /tʰ, d̥/ are alveolar [tʰ, d̥] for most speakers.
  • /ɬ, ɮ/ is formally dental lateral fricatives [ɬ̪, ɮ̪], often alveolar [ɬ, ɮ] in colloquial speech.
  • /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts.
  • /ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, ɢ̊] next to /ʀ/ and /ʟ/.
  • /ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant [ʁ̞ˤ] or a backed uvular approximant [ʁ̠̞] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ʁ̞ˤᵝ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.)
    • It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ].
    • In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used.
  • /ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] or an approximant [ʁ̞] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former.
    • In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.
Consonant mutations
Grapheme m p b f n t d s z l ŋ c g r
IPA /m/ /pʰ/ /p/ /f/ /n/ /tʰ/ /t/ /s/ /z/ /ʟ/ /ŋ/ /kʰ/ /k/ /ʀ/
Lenited mh ph bh fh - th dh sh zh - - ch gh -
IPA /w/ /f/ /v/ silent - /ɬ/ /ɮ/ /h/ silent - - /x/ /ɣ/ -
Eclipsed - bp mb bhf - dt nd zs - nl - gc ŋg -
IPA - /p/ /m/ /v/ - /t/ /n/ /z/ - - - /k/ /ŋ/ -

Vowels

Tigel has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

Tigel vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short short long
Close i /ɪ/ í /iː/ y /ʏ/ ý /yː/ ú /ʉː/ u /ʊ/ ul, úl /ʊˁː/
Mid e /ɛ/ é /eː/ ø /œ/ ǿ /øː/ e /ə/ ó /ɵː/ el [ɤˁ] o /ɔ/ ol, ól /ɔˤː/
Open á /aː/ a /ɐ/ al, ál /ɒˁː/

Diphthongs: ie yø uo il/íl yl/ýl el él øl ǿl /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/

Morphology

Nouns

Masculine vowel declension

Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?

clúda - 'time'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite clúda-L clúdann
Definite a clúda clúdar
Construct clúdath clúdar

Masculine consonantal declension

The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.

suar - 'house'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite suar-N suara-H
Definite a shuar-L suarann
Construct suara-L suarar

Feminine vowel declension

Feminine consonant declension

iamh - 'mother'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite iamh iamhar
Definite a n-iamh-N a h-iamh-H
Construct yamha-L yamhar

Adjectives

Pronouns

Prepositions

Verbs

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