Verse:Hmøøh/Rencad: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Redirected page to Tigal)
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Tigel/Lexicon]]
#redirect [[Tigal]]
 
Tigel (Tigel: ''Tigel'' [ˈtʰɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a [[West Talmic languages|West Talmic]] language.
 
1: cēm- > ciew
2: tithōr > tyσer
3: nazge > nég-L
4: dhaufe > dǿ-L
5: salir > seler
6: stām > stáw
7: rōde > ryøλ-L
8: lorethe > løreσ-L
9: farve > erv-L
10: ħiōr > yør
 
==Phonology==
Tigel phonology is partially based on German, Philadelphia English and Irish.
===Consonants===
Tigel has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Tigel consonants'''
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ || '''l''' [ɴ] ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop/Affricate
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' /b̥/ || '''d''' /d̥/ || || '''g''' /ɡ̊/|| ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || || '''c''' /kʰ/ || ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''s''' /s/ || '''σ''' /ɬ/ || '''ch''' /x/
|rowspan="3"| '''r''' /χ~ʁ~ʀ/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''z''' /z/ || '''λ''' /ɮ/  || '''ğ''' /ɣ/
||
|-
!colspan="2"| Trill
| || || || ||
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
| '''w''' /w/ || || || || '''l''' /ʟ/ ||
|}
 
====Notes====
*The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
*Unaspirated consonants are half-voiced between vowels.
*/tʰ, d̥/ are alveolar [tʰ, d̥] for most speakers.
*/ɬ, ɮ/ is formally dental lateral fricatives [ɬ̪, ɮ̪], often alveolar [ɬ, ɮ] in colloquial speech.
*/s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts.
*/ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, ɢ̊] next to /ʀ/ and /ʟ/.
*/ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant [ʁ̞ˤ] or a backed uvular approximant [ʁ̠̞] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ʁ̞ˤᵝ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.)
** It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ].
** In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used.
*/ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] or an approximant [ʁ̞] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former.
** In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.
 
====Initial consonant mutations====
The following consonants can undergo initial lenition and/or eclipsis (except sC clusters):
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Consonant mutations'''
|-
!|Root letter
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''!!''z''!!''c''!!''g''
|-
!|Lenited
|''w''||''f''||''v''||''0''||''σ''||''λ''||''h''||''0''||''ch''||''ğ''
|-
!|Eclipsed
|''m''||''b''||''m''||''v''||''d''||''n''||''z''||''z''||''g''||''ŋ''
|-
|}
 
'''ğ''' after a vowel is silent and works like Turkish ''ğ'': before a consonant it lengthens the previous vowel and before a vowel it simply becomes silent.
 
===Vowels===
Tigel has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Tigel vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="3" |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''í''' /iː/
| '''y''' /ʏ/
| '''ý''' /yː/
|
| '''ú''' /ʉː/
|
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ul, úl''' /ʊˁː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''é''' /eː/
| '''ø''' /œ/
| '''ǿ''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
| '''ó''' /ɵː/
| '''el''' [ɤˁ]
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''ol, ól''' /ɔˤː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''á''' /aː/
|
|
| '''a''' /ɐ/
|
|
|
| '''al, ál''' /ɒˁː/
|}
 
Diphthongs:
'''ie yø uo il/íl yl/ýl el él øl ǿl''' /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/
 
====Notes====
=====Close vowels=====
*/iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
*/yː/ is close front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
*/ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
*/ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
*/ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
*/ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
*/ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.
 
=====Mid vowels=====
*/eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
**Some non-standard accents use [eɪ].
*/øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
**Some non-standard accents use [øʏ].
*/ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
**Some non-standard accents use [өʉ].
*/ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
*/ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
*/œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
*[ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
*[ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
*/ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.
 
=====Open vowels=====
*/ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
*/aː/ is open front unrounded front [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
*/ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].
 
====Umlaut====
Words may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Umlaut'''
|-
!|Root vowel
!''a''!!''a''!!''e''!!''é''!!''i''!!''í''!!''ie''!!''o''!!''ó''!!''u''!!''ú''!!''uo''
|-
!|u-umlaut
|''o''||''ó''||''ø''||''ǿ''||''y''||''ý''||''yø''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''
|-
!|i-umlaut
|''e''||''é''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''ø''||''ǿ''||''y''||''ý''||''yø''
|-
|}
 
====L-colored vowels====
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
====Masculine vowel declension====
Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''clúde'' - 'time'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Indefinite
|''clúde-N''||''clúden-H''
|-
!|Definite
|''a chlúde-L''||''clúder''
|-
!|Construct
|''clúdew-L''||''clúder-L''
|}
 
====Masculine consonantal declension====
The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''suor'' - 'house'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Indefinite
|''suor-N''||''suore-H''
|-
!|Definite
|''a huor-L''||''suoren''
|-
!|Construct
|''suor-L''||''suorer-L''
|}
 
====Feminine vowel declension====
====Feminine consonant declension====
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''iew'' - 'mother'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Indefinite
|''iew''||''iewer''
|-
!|Definite
|''a niew-N''||''a hiew-H''
|-
!|Construct
|''yøw-L''||''yøwen-L''
|}
 
===Adjectives===
===Pronouns===
===Prepositions===
Prepositions are inflected, in the ancestor [[Thensarian]].
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Prepositions'''
|-
!|
!1sg!!2sg.m!!2sg.f!!3sg.m!!3sg.f!!1pl.ex!!1pl.in!!2pl!!3pl
|-
!|''de-L, d'- (before a vowel)'' 'in'
|''diene''||''dies''||''dyøs''||''dý''||''dí''||''diew''||''died''||''diech''||''dyør''
|-
!|''gil'' 'from'
|''gilne''||''giles''||''gyles''||''gyle''||''gile''||''gilew''||''giled''||''gilech''||''gyler''
|}
 
===Verbs===
 
===Syntax===
====Conjunctions====
*''ir'': and
*''aσ'': or
*''ach'': but
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Revision as of 01:40, 5 May 2016

Redirect to:

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Verse:Hmøøh/Rencad&oldid=48891"