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Tigal/Lexicon

Tigal (Tigal: a dTigal [ə ˈd̥ɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or a ŋgoth dTigal [ə ŋɔɬ ˈtɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the Tigal language'; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a West Talmic language, inspired by German, Irish and Philadelphia English.

1: cēm > ciamh 2: tithōr > tythar 3: nazge > nég-L 4: dhaufe > dő-L 5: salir > selar 6: stām > stámh 7: rōde > ryadh-L 8: lorethe > lörath-L 9: farve > erbh-L 10: ħiōr > yar

Notes

• ⁱ - i-umlaut
• ^u - u-umlaut
• ^L - lenition
• ^N - eclipsis
• ^h - h-prothesis

Phonology

Consonants

Tigal has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages. The phonology is unusual for having lateral fricatives and two liquids undefined for laterality.

Tigal consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m m	n n		ŋ ŋ~ɴ
Stop	tenuis	b p	d t		g k~q		ʔ
	aspirated	p pʰ	t tʰ		c kʰ~qʰ
Fricative	voiceless	f f	s s	ɬ	ç~x		h
	voiced	v	z z	ɮ	j~ɣ
Liquid				r ɽ~ɺ˞~ɭ		l ʀ~ʟ
Approximant		w

Notes

• An initial /ʔ/ is added to null initials (at least in careful speech).
• The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
• Unaspirated consonants /p, t, k/ are half-voiced [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊] between vowels (at least within a word).
• /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
• /tʰ, t, ɬ, ɮ/ are usually alveolar [tʰ, t, ɬ, ɮ], and are retroflex [ʈʰ, ʈ, ꞎ, ɮ˞] adjacent to /ɺ˞~ɭ/.
• /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts. They have retroflex allophones after
• /ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, q] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
• /x, ɣ/ palatalize to [ç, j] before /iː yː ɪ ʏ eː øː/.
• The retroflex liquid /ɽ~ɺ˞~ɭ/:
  • The [ɽ~ɺ˞] allophone occurs before vowels.
  • The [ɭ] allophones occurs after vowels, however [ɻ] is acceptable in this position too.
• The uvular liquid /ʀ~ʟ/:
  • The [ʀ] allophone occurs before consonants. It is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech, and a fricative [ʁ] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] after an aspirate or another fricative.
  • The allophone transcribed as [ʟ] occurs after vowels but may occur before consonants. but may occur is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant or a backed uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
  • In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.

Mutations

Consonant mutations

Grapheme	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s	z	r	ŋ	c	g	l	0
IPA	/m/	/pʰ/	/p/	/f/	/n/	/tʰ/	/t/	/s/	/z/	/ɺ˞/	/ŋ/	/kʰ/	/k/	/ʀ/	/0/
Lenited	mh	ph	bh	fh	-	th	dh	sh	zh	-	-	ch	gh	-	-
IPA	/w/	/f/	/v/	silent	-	/ɬ/	/ɮ/	/h/	silent	-	-	/x/	/ɣ/	-	-
Eclipsed	-	bp	mb	bhf	-	dt	nd	zs	-	nl	-	gc	ŋg	-	ŋ-
IPA	-	/p/	/m/	/v/	-	/t/	/n/	/z/	-	-	-	/k/	/ŋ/	-	/ŋ/

Vowels

Tigal has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

Tigal vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	y /ʏ/	ý /yː/		ú /ʉː/		u /ʊ/	ul, úl /ʊˁː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	é /eː/	ø /œ/	ǿ /øː/	e /ə/	ó /ɵː/	el [ɤˁ]	o /ɔ/	ol, ól /ɔˤː/
Open		á /æː/			a /ɐ/				al, ál /ɒˁː/

Diphthongs: ia ya ua il/íl/ial yl/ýl/yal el él øl ǿl /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/

Notes

Close vowels

• /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
• /yː/ is close front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
• /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
• /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.

Mid vowels

• /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
• /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
• /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
• /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
• [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
• /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.

Open vowels

• /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
• /æː/ is open front unrounded front [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
• /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].

Umlaut

Words may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.

Umlaut

Root vowel	a	a	e	é	i	í	ia	o	ó	u	ú	ua
u-umlaut	o	ó	ø	ǿ	y	ý	ya	-	-	-	-	-
i-umlaut	e	é	-	-	-	-	-	ø	ǿ	y	ý	ya

Morphology

Nouns

Masculine vowel declension

Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?

clúda - 'time'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	clúda-L	clúdann
Definite	a clúda	clúdar
Construct	clúdath	clúdar

Masculine consonantal declension

The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.

suar - 'house'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	suar-N	suara-H
Definite	a shuar-L	suarann
Construct	suara-L	suarar

Feminine consonant declension

iamh - 'mother'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	iamh	iamhar
Definite	a n-iamh-N	a h-iamh-H
Construct	yamha-L	yamhar

Adjectives

Sample declensions

giath 'sharp'
	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	ŋuar ŋgiath	ŋuara giatha	tilŋ giath	tilŋar giathar
Definite	a ŋyar ghiath	ŋuarann giathann	a dtilŋ ŋgiath	a tilŋ giath
Construct	ŋuara ghiath	ŋuarar giathann	tylŋa ghiath	tylŋar giath

éthamh 'holy'
	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	ésta éthamh	éstann h-éthamha	tilŋ éthamh	tilŋar éthamhar
Definite	a ést éthamh	éstar éthamhann	a dtilŋ ŋ-éthamh	a tilŋ h-éthamh
Construct	éstath éthamh	éstar éthamhann	tylŋa éthamh	tylŋar éthamh