User:Praimhín/Rõktiap: Difference between revisions

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===Orthography===
===Orthography===


Rõktiap uses a syllabic alphabet called ''Rõktiapma Rõethar'' [r̝ɤktʰi̯ɒpmɒ r̝ɤɜthɒr̝̥], which resembles Hangul. The same script is used for a modern descendant called Zienruol, but not for Hʻõelmriusi, another modern descendant, which uses the Rietz alphabet.
Rõktiap uses a syllabic alphabet called ''Rõktiapma Rõethar'' [r̝ɤktʰi̯ɒpmɒ r̝ɤɜthɒr̝̥], which resembles Hangul. The same script is used for a modern descendant called Zienruol, but not for Xõelmriusi, another modern descendant, which uses the Rietz alphabet.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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|-
|-
|rowspan=3|Stop
|rowspan=3|Stop
| voiceless aspirated || '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''k''' /kʰ/ || '''ĸ''' /qʰ/ || '''q''' /ʔ/
| voiceless aspirated || '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''k''' /kʰ/ || '''ʞ''' /qʰ/ || '''q''' /ʔ/
|-
|-
| voiceless unaspirated || '''pp''' /p/ || '''tt''' /t/ || '''kk''' /k/ || '''ĸĸ''' /q/ ||
| voiceless unaspirated || '''pp''' /p/ || '''tt''' /t/ || '''kk''' /k/ || '''ʞʞ''' /q/ ||
|-
|-
| voiced || '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || '''g''' /ɡ/ || '''ɢ''' /ɢ/ ||
| voiced || '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || '''g''' /ɡ/ || '''ɢ''' /ɢ/ ||
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|Fricative
|rowspan=2|Fricative
| voiceless ||  || '''s''' /s/ ||  || '''ʜ''' /χ/ || '''h''' /h/
| voiceless ||  || '''s''' /s/ ||  || '''x''' /χ/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
| voiced ||  || '''z''' /z/ ||  || '''ȝ''' /ʁ/ ||
| voiced ||  || '''z''' /z/ ||  || '''ȝ''' /ʁ/ ||
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|}
|}


Nasals and liquids are devoiced in syllable codas. For example ''nool'' (wave) is pronounced [no:ɬ], and ''ᴋᴋurs'' (shoulders) is pronounced [qur̝̥s] or [qur̝̥ɕ].
Nasals and liquids are devoiced in syllable codas. For example ''nool'' (wave) is pronounced [no:ɬ], and ''ʞʞurs'' (shoulders) is pronounced [qur̝̥s] or [qur̝̥ɕ].




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Nouns inflect for case and number. There are two numbers, the singular, which is unmarked, and the plural, which uses the suffix -''i'' for nouns ending in ''s'' and -''s'' otherwise. For example:
Nouns inflect for case and number. There are two numbers, the singular, which is unmarked, and the plural, which uses the suffix -''i'' for nouns ending in ''s'' and -''s'' otherwise. For example:
* ''qiim'' (flower), ''qiims'' (flowers)
* ''qiim'' (flower), ''qiims'' (flowers)
* ''ᴋol'' (language), ''ᴋols'' (languages)
* ''ʞol'' (language), ''ʞols'' (languages)
* ''ʜeik'' (shark), ''ʜeiks'' (sharks)
* ''xeik'' (shark), ''xeiks'' (sharks)
* ''lias'' (mound), ''liasi'' (mounds)
* ''lias'' (mound), ''liasi'' (mounds)
* ''ttões'' (beaver), ''ttõesi'' (beavers)
* ''ttões'' (beaver), ''ttõesi'' (beavers)
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| Sublative || qiimzaat || qiimszaat
| Sublative || qiimzaat || qiimszaat
|-
|-
| Superessive || qiimʜes || qiimsʜes
| Superessive || qiimxes || qiimsxes
|-
|-
| Delative || qiimʜen || qiimsʜen
| Delative || qiimxen || qiimsxen
|-
|-
| Translative || qiimttel || qiimsttel
| Translative || qiimttel || qiimsttel
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| Causal || qiimkõns || qiimskõns
| Causal || qiimkõns || qiimskõns
|-
|-
| Terminative || qiimᴋip || qiimsᴋip
| Terminative || qiimʞip || qiimsʞip
|}
|}
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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:''I love you.''
:''I love you.''


:'''''Ttões·ma ʜõip·s·hos qiup qiim tre.'''''
:'''''Ttões·ma xõip·s·hos qiup qiim tre.'''''
:beaver.GEN eye.PL.INESS one flower be.PRES
:beaver.GEN eye.PL.INESS one flower be.PRES
:''The beaver sees a flower.''
:''The beaver sees a flower.''


:'''''Buot·no·ma ɢaim·s·bo qiup säi ʜeik ȝuum.'''''
:'''''Buot·no·ma ɢaim·s·bo qiup säi xeik ȝuum.'''''
:brain.AGENT.GEN hand.PL.ILL one big shark do.PAST
:brain.AGENT.GEN hand.PL.ILL one big shark do.PAST
:''The scholar caught a big shark.''
:''The scholar caught a big shark.''


:'''''Hʻeik ngiäl·ttel ȝuum, qeik buotno "Quõi"·ttin drun.'''''
:'''''Xeik ngiäl·ttel ȝuum, qeik buotno "Quõi"·ttin drun.'''''
:shark earth-TRANSL do.PAST, CONJ scholar "Wow".EQU be.PAST
:shark earth-TRANSL do.PAST, CONJ scholar "Wow".EQU be.PAST
:''The shark died, and the scholar said "Wow".''
:''The shark died, and the scholar said "Wow".''

Revision as of 06:17, 6 May 2016

Rõktiap is a classical language of Rulak, with a rich tradition of literature, science and philosophy.

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Rõktiap uses a syllabic alphabet called Rõktiapma Rõethar [r̝ɤktʰi̯ɒpmɒ r̝ɤɜthɒr̝̥], which resembles Hangul. The same script is used for a modern descendant called Zienruol, but not for Xõelmriusi, another modern descendant, which uses the Rietz alphabet.

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
Stop voiceless aspirated p /pʰ/ t /tʰ/ k /kʰ/ ʞ /qʰ/ q /ʔ/
voiceless unaspirated pp /p/ tt /t/ kk /k/ ʞʞ /q/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /ɡ/ ɢ /ɢ/
Fricative voiceless s /s/ x /χ/ h /h/
voiced z /z/ ȝ /ʁ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Lateral l /l/
Fricative trill r /r̝/

Nasals and liquids are devoiced in syllable codas. For example nool (wave) is pronounced [no:ɬ], and ʞʞurs (shoulders) is pronounced [qur̝̥s] or [qur̝̥ɕ].


Vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
High i /i/ u /u/
Mid e /e/ õ /ɤ/ o /o/
Low ä /æ/ a /ɒ/

Prosody

Stress

The first syllable of a multisyllabic word is pronounced at a slightly higher pitch, on a falling tone.

Intonation

Phonotactics

The syllable structure of Rõktiap is (C)(l/r)V(V)(C)(s).

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns inflect for case and number. There are two numbers, the singular, which is unmarked, and the plural, which uses the suffix -i for nouns ending in s and -s otherwise. For example:

  • qiim (flower), qiims (flowers)
  • ʞol (language), ʞols (languages)
  • xeik (shark), xeiks (sharks)
  • lias (mound), liasi (mounds)
  • ttões (beaver), ttõesi (beavers)

There are 18 cases in Rõktiap:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative qiim qiims
Accusative qiimken qiimsken
Genitive qiimma qiimsma
Dative qiimtoo qiimstoo
Instrumental qiimtrun qiimstrun
Equative qiimttin qiimsttin
Adessive qiimnõs qiimsnõs
Ablative qiimnõn qiimsnõn
Illative qiimbo qiimsbo
Inessive qiimhos qiimshos
Elative qiimhon qiimshon
Sublative qiimzaat qiimszaat
Superessive qiimxes qiimsxes
Delative qiimxen qiimsxen
Translative qiimttel qiimsttel
Benefactive qiimro qiimsro
Causal qiimkõns qiimskõns
Terminative qiimʞip qiimsʞip

Pronouns

The first person and second person pronouns are dii and kein, which pluralize to diis and keins.

Here are the other pronouns:

Pronoun Singular Plural
Animate proximate kir kirs
Inanimate proximate käl käls
Obviative za zas
Animate interrogative põi põis
Inanimate interrogative pel pels
Animate relative sum sums
Inanimate relative suul suuls

Verbs

There are only two verbs in Rõktiap: qua (to do) and tre (to be). These are extremely irregular, and tre is defective in that it doesn't have progressive forms:

Simple Progressive Perfect
Past ȝuum ȝuon ȝiums drun
Present qua quan ȝiums tre
Future uᴋor uᴋõn ȝiums nrup
Simple Perfect
Past drun triis drun
Present tre triis tre
Future nrup triis nrup

Rõktiap often relies on circumlocutions for many verbs that can't be translated directly from English or other Rulakian languages:

Dii·nõn kein·too ttos tre.
1SG.ABL 2SG.DAT love be.PRES
I love you.
Ttões·ma xõip·s·hos qiup qiim tre.
beaver.GEN eye.PL.INESS one flower be.PRES
The beaver sees a flower.
Buot·no·ma ɢaim·s·bo qiup säi xeik ȝuum.
brain.AGENT.GEN hand.PL.ILL one big shark do.PAST
The scholar caught a big shark.
Xeik ngiäl·ttel ȝuum, qeik buotno "Quõi"·ttin drun.
shark earth-TRANSL do.PAST, CONJ scholar "Wow".EQU be.PAST
The shark died, and the scholar said "Wow".

Syntax

Constituent order

Rõktiap is almost completely head-final, except for complementizer phrases, such as those using the word lo (whether, interrogative marker) and met (if), which are head-initial.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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