KWMs: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |[[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan="2" |Bidental
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Bidental consonant|Bidental]]
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|-
|-
!Flat
!Unrounded
!Prerounded<ref>Prerounded consonants begin labial protrusion before the consonant is made. During its articulation, the lips begin to return to their normal position, but they are protruded for long enough to make the interior of the lips the place of articulation instead of the edges.</ref>
!Pre-[[w:Labialization|rounded]]<ref>Prerounded consonants begin labial protrusion before the consonant is made. During its articulation, the lips begin to return to their normal position, but they are protruded for long enough to make the interior of the lips the place of articulation instead of the edges.</ref>
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |Trill
! colspan="3" |[[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|{{ipa|ʙ̥ ⟨wb⟩}}
|[[w:Voiceless bilabial trill|ʙ̥]] ⟨wb⟩
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|{{ipa|r̥ ⟨r⟩}}
|[[w:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]] ⟨r⟩
|{{ipa|ɽr̥ ⟨wr⟩}}
|[[w:Voiceless retroflex trill|ɽr̥]] ⟨wr⟩
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Fricative|Fricative]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Egressive_sound|Egressive]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Egressive_sound|Egressive]]
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|
|{{ipa|ʷf<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ may be pronounced as buccalized [ʷↀ͡f] and [↓ʷↀ͡f].</ref> ⟨f⟩}}
|[[w:Labialization|ʷf]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ may be pronounced as buccalized [ʷↀ͡f] and [↓ʷↀ͡f].</ref> ⟨f⟩
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|{{ipa|s<ref>/s/ can only appear word-finally.</ref> <nowiki>⟨s⟩</nowiki>}}
|[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]<ref>/s/ can only appear word-finally.</ref> <nowiki>⟨s⟩</nowiki>
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! colspan="2" |[[w:Ingressive_sound|Ingressive]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Ingressive_sound|Ingressive]]
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|{{ipa|↓ʷf<ref name=":0">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ are primarily distinguishable because egressive velarics tend to have a high tongue position and ingressive velarics tend to have a low tongue position, so /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ can be described as [ʷf𐞢 ↓ʷfᵓ] .</ref><ref name=":2">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ may be pronounced as buccalized [ʷↀ͡f] and [↓ʷↀ͡f].</ref> ⟨v⟩}}
|[[w:Labialization|↓ʷf]]<ref name=":0">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ are primarily distinguishable because egressive velarics tend to have a high jaw, advanced tongue position and ingressive velarics tend to have a low jaw, retracted tongue position, so /ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ can be described as [ʷf𐞢 ↓ʷfᵓ] .</ref><ref name=":2">/ʷf/ and /↓ʷf/ may be pronounced as buccalized [ʷↀ͡f] and [↓ʷↀ͡f].</ref> ⟨v⟩
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|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |Click
! rowspan="3" |[[w:Click consonant|Click]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Click_consonant#Phonetics_and_IPA_notation|Noisy]]
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Click_consonant#Phonetics_and_IPA_notation|Noisy]]
!Median
![[w:Median consonant|Median]]
|{{ipa|ʘ ⟨m⟩}}
|[[w:Bilabial click]] ⟨m⟩
|{{ipa|ʷʘ ⟨wm⟩}}
|[[w:Labialization|ʷʘ]] ⟨wm⟩
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|{{ipa|ʇ<ref name=":1">⟨ʇ⟩ and ⟨ʖ⟩ are alternative ways of writing the dental ⟨ǀ⟩ and lateral ⟨ǁ⟩ clicks used to avoid confusion with the [[w:Prosodic_unit|minor ⟨|⟩ and major ⟨‖⟩ prosodic breaks]], or in this language, to distinguish a single lateral click from two dental clicks in a row.</ref><ref>/ʇ/ is in free variation between a dental, alveolar, and retroflex click.</ref> ⟨x⟩}}
|[[w:Dental click]]<ref name=":1">⟨ʇ⟩ and ⟨ʖ⟩ are alternative ways of writing the dental ⟨ǀ⟩ and lateral ⟨ǁ⟩ clicks used to avoid confusion with the [[w:Prosodic_unit|minor ⟨|⟩ and major ⟨‖⟩ prosodic breaks]], or in this language, to distinguish a single lateral click from two dental clicks in a row.</ref><ref>/ʇ/ is in free variation between a dental, alveolar, and retroflex click.</ref> ⟨x⟩
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|-
|-
!Lateral
![[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
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|{{ipa|ʖ<ref name=":1" /><ref>/ʖ/ may be pronounced as any place of articulation between alveolar and palatal in order to make pronunciation easier and allow for coarticulations.</ref> ⟨j⟩}}
|[[w:Lateral click]]<ref name=":1" /><ref>/ʖ/ may be pronounced as any place of articulation between alveolar and palatal in order to make pronunciation easier and allow for coarticulations.</ref> ⟨j⟩
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" |[[w:Click_consonant#Phonetics_and_IPA_notation|Abrupt]]
! colspan="2" |[[w:Click_consonant#Phonetics_and_IPA_notation|Abrupt]]
|{{ipa|↓p<ref>While an unusual notation, ⟨↓p⟩ is used here to represent the abrupt bilabial click due to there being few alternatives.</ref> <nowiki>⟨b⟩</nowiki>}}
|[[w:Bilabial click|↓p]]<ref>While an unusual notation, ⟨↓p⟩ is used here to represent the abrupt bilabial click due to there being few alternatives.</ref> <nowiki>⟨b⟩</nowiki>
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|{{ipa|[[w:Alveolar_click#Percussive_alveolar_clicks|ǃ¡]] ⟨l⟩}}
|[[w:Alveolar_click#Percussive_alveolar_clicks|ǃ¡]] ⟨l⟩
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|{{ipa|ǂ ⟨k⟩}}
|[[w:Palatal click]] ⟨k⟩
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |[[w:Airstream_mechanism#Percussive_consonants|Percussive]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Airstream_mechanism#Percussive_consonants|Percussive]]
|{{ipa|ʬ<ref>Due to this language's /ʬ/ being articulated so close to the source of airstream (the velar closure), it may have an egressive or ingressive plosive release upon the parting of the lips, notated ⟨ʬᵖ⟩. No reference is made to the airstream direction due to them being nearly impossible to retroactively distinguish.</ref> <nowiki>⟨p⟩</nowiki>}}
|[[w:Bilabial percussive]]<ref>Due to this language's /ʬ/ being articulated so close to the source of airstream (the velar closure), it may have an egressive or ingressive plosive release upon the parting of the lips, notated ⟨ʬᵖ⟩. No reference is made to the airstream direction due to them being nearly impossible to retroactively distinguish.</ref> <nowiki>⟨p⟩</nowiki>
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|{{ipa|ʭ ⟨t⟩}}
|[[w:Bidental percussive]] ⟨t⟩
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Coarticulations are not always simultaneous, but do occur with the same "breath" (or whatever the velaric equivalent to breath is), which adjacent phonemes do not do. Below are all the allowed coarticulations. There are 39 double-articulation phonemesː  
Coarticulations are not always simultaneous, but do occur with the same "breath" (or whatever the velaric equivalent to breath is), which adjacent phonemes do not do. Below are all the allowed coarticulations. There are 39 double-articulation phonemesː  


{{Ipa|/r̥͡ʙ̥, ɽr̥͡ʙ̥, ʷf͡ʙ̥, s͡ʙ̥, ʭ͡ʙ̥ ʷr̥͡f, r̥͡s, r̥͡ʭ ʷɽr̥͡f, ɽr̥͡ʭ ʷs͡f s͡ʭ, ʬ͡ʭ ʷʇ͡f, ʷʖ͡f, ʷ!͡f¡, ʷǂ͡f, ʇ͡ʘ, ʖ͡ʘ, !͡ʘ¡, ǂ͡ʘ, ʷʇ͡ʘ, ʷʖ͡ʘ, ʷ!͡ʘ¡, ʷǂ͡ʘ, ʇ͡p, ʖ͡p, !͡p¡, ǂ͡p, ʖ͡ʇ, !͡ʇ¡, ǂ͡ʇ, ʇ͡ʭ ʖ͡!¡, ǂ͡ʖ, ʖ͡ʭ ǂ͡ǃ¡, !͡ʭ¡, ǂ͡ʭ/}}
/r̥͡ʙ̥, ɽr̥͡ʙ̥, ʷf͡ʙ̥, s͡ʙ̥, ʭ͡ʙ̥ ʷr̥͡f, r̥͡s, r̥͡ʭ ʷɽr̥͡f, ɽr̥͡ʭ ʷs͡f s͡ʭ, ʬ͡ʭ ʷʇ͡f, ʷʖ͡f, ʷ!͡f¡, ʷǂ͡f, ʇ͡ʘ, ʖ͡ʘ, !͡ʘ¡, ǂ͡ʘ, ʷʇ͡ʘ, ʷʖ͡ʘ, ʷ!͡ʘ¡, ʷǂ͡ʘ, ʇ͡p, ʖ͡p, !͡p¡, ǂ͡p, ʖ͡ʇ, !͡ʇ¡, ǂ͡ʇ, ʇ͡ʭ ʖ͡!¡, ǂ͡ʖ, ʖ͡ʭ ǂ͡ǃ¡, !͡ʭ¡, ǂ͡ʭ/


=== Exact Pronunciations ===
=== Exact Pronunciations ===
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!Pronunciation
!Pronunciation
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ʙ͉̊]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥ʙ͉̊]
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric bilabial trill'''
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric bilabial trill'''
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[↓ʷᵑ̥f͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |[↓ʷᵑ̥f͉]
|'''Ingressive voiceless nasal velaric pre-rounded labiodental fricative'''
|'''Ingressive voiceless nasal velaric pre-rounded labiodental fricative'''
|-
|-
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|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips rounded. As the lips unround, bottom lip makes contact with top teeth and air is pushed inward as a fricative due to retraction of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating.
|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips rounded. As the lips unround, bottom lip makes contact with top teeth and air is pushed inward as a fricative due to retraction of the tongue (still pressed against velum). Vocal folds not vibrating.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥r͉̊]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥r͉̊]
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric alveolar trill'''
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric alveolar trill'''
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ʘ͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥ʘ͉]
|'''Voiceless nasal bilabial noisy click'''
|'''Voiceless nasal bilabial noisy click'''
|-
|-
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|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed lips tightly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed lips tightly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ɽr͉̊]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥ɽr͉̊]
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric retroflex trill'''
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric retroflex trill'''
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ʷᵑ̥ʘ͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ʷᵑ̥ʘ͉]
|'''Voiceless nasal pre-rounded bilabial noisy click'''
|'''Voiceless nasal pre-rounded bilabial noisy click'''
|-
|-
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|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips closed and rounded. As the lips unround, lips tightly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Lips closed and rounded. As the lips unround, lips tightly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ʷᵑ̥f͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ʷᵑ̥f͉]
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric pre-rounded labiodental fricative'''
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric pre-rounded labiodental fricative'''
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ʖ͉,ᵑ̥‖͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥ʖ͉,ᵑ̥‖͉]
|'''Voiceless nasal lateral noisy click'''
|'''Voiceless nasal lateral noisy click'''
|-
|-
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|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue sides suctioned to inner cheeks gets released due to the lowering of the tongue side(s). Vocal folds not vibrating.
|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue sides suctioned to inner cheeks gets released due to the lowering of the tongue side(s). Vocal folds not vibrating.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥s͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥s͉]
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric alveolar fricative'''
|'''Egressive voiceless nasal velaric alveolar fricative'''
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[↓ᵑ̥p͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |[↓ᵑ̥p͉]
|'''Voiceless nasal bilabial abrupt click'''
|'''Voiceless nasal bilabial abrupt click'''
|-
|-
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|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed lips mildly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Closed lips mildly suctioned to each other get released due to the lowering of the jaw. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ʬ]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥ʬ]
|'''Voiceless nasal velaric bilabial percussive'''
|'''Voiceless nasal velaric bilabial percussive'''
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ʇ͉,ᵑ̥ǀ͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥ʇ͉,ᵑ̥ǀ͉]
|'''Voiceless nasal median noisy click'''
|'''Voiceless nasal median noisy click'''
|-
|-
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|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip suctioned to roof of mouth gets released due to the lowering of the tongue tip. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|Back of tongue pressed against velum. Open velum to allow air to pass through the nose. Tongue tip suctioned to roof of mouth gets released due to the lowering of the tongue tip. Vocal folds not vibrating.
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ʭ]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥ʭ]
|'''Voiceless nasal velaric bidental percussive'''
|'''Voiceless nasal velaric bidental percussive'''
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥!͉¡]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥!͉¡]
|'''Voiceless nasal alveolar abrupt click with subalveolar percussive release'''
|'''Voiceless nasal alveolar abrupt click with subalveolar percussive release'''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |{{ipa|[ᵑ̥ǂ͉]}}
| rowspan="2" |[ᵑ̥ǂ͉]
|'''Voiceless nasal palatal abrupt click'''
|'''Voiceless nasal palatal abrupt click'''
|-
|-