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{{Infobox language|image=|imagesize=|imagecaption=|name=Nga|nativename=|pronunciation=ŋɑ|pronunciation_key=|state=|setting=|created=2026|familycolor=Kamokynga<sup>[''controversial'']</sup>|creator=User:Suqi|era=|script=|nation=|map=|mapsize=|mapcaption=|notice=IPA}}'''Nga''' [ŋɑ], also splled as '''Ŋa''', is an artistic personal language of [[User:Suqi|Suqi]] that is heavily based around the compounding of monosyllabic root words to make new lexical items.
{{Infobox language|image=|imagesize=|imagecaption=|name=Nga|nativename=|pronunciation=ŋɑ|pronunciation_key=|state=|setting=|created=2026|familycolor=Kamokynga<sup>[''controversial'']</sup>|creator=User:Suqi|era=|script=|nation=|map=|mapsize=|mapcaption=|notice=IPA}}'''Nga''' [ŋɑ] is an artistic personal language of [[User:Suqi|Suqi]] that is heavily based around the compounding of monosyllabic root words to make new lexical items.


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 6: Line 6:


=== Vowel Harmony ===
=== Vowel Harmony ===
Nga has regressive fronting harmony. Harmony spreads across entire words. Front vowels include /y e ø yi̯ ei̯ øi̯ øy̯ ue̯/ and back vowels include /u ɜ o ui̯ ɤi̯ oi̯ ou̯ uɜ̯/. There are two neutral vowels: /ɑ ai̯/, and three vowels that are transparent in medial and final syllables, but trigger harmony when in an initial syllable: /i/ (triggers front harmony) and /ɔ ɔi̯/ (trigger back harmony). /ɜ uɜ̯/ must be preceded by a harmonically back vowel.
Nga has regressive fronting harmony. Harmony spreads across entire words. Front vowels include /y e ø yi̯ ei̯ øi̯ øy̯ ʉe̯/ and back vowels include /ʉ ɜ o ui̯ ɜi̯ oi̯ ou̯ ʉɜ̯/. There are two neutral vowels: /ɑ ai̯/, and three vowels that are transparent in medial and final syllables, but trigger harmony when in an initial syllable: /i/ (triggers front harmony) and /ɔ ɔi̯/ (trigger back harmony). /ɜ uɜ̯/ must be preceded by a harmonically back vowel.


=== Allophony ===
=== Allophony ===
/u/ becomes [ᵿ] before /i/ in across a syllable boundary.
/ʉ/ becomes [u] if there are other harmonic back vowels in the word (excluding /ʉ ui̯/) unless immediately followed by /i/.
 
[ʉ] ranges between central [ʉ] and near-back [ü].


Geminated voiced plosives become instead prenasalized voiced plosives.
Geminated voiced plosives become instead prenasalized voiced plosives.
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=== Syntax ===
=== Syntax ===
The basic word order is VSO.
The basic word order is VSO.
Sentence particles are placed sentence-finally by default, but sentence-initially if said in surprise or exclamation.


=== Morphology ===
=== Morphology ===
==== Tense ====
==== Tense ====
Past Tense: -''ltu/-ltü'' [-ltu, -lty]
Tense markers are marked on the verb, but if there is no verb they are marked on the subject instead. In that event, the subject suffixes are placed after the subject marker.
 
Past Tense: -''ltu'' (or -''ltü'') [-ltʉ~ltu (-lty)]


Present Tense: -''khai'' [khai̯]
Present Tense: -''khai'' [-khai̯]


Future Tense: -''myi'' [-mji]
Future Tense: -''myi'' [-mji]
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Irrealis: Ø
Irrealis: Ø


* Past Irrealis: ''oltu''- [oltu-]
* Past Irrealis: ''oltu''- [oltʉ~oltu-]
* Present Irrealis: ''okhai''- [okhai̯-]
* Present Irrealis: ''okhai''- [okhai̯-]
* Future Irrealis: ''omyi''- [omji-]
* Future Irrealis: ''omyi''- [omji-]
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There are different types of subject markers for different relationships the subject has to the verb or object.
There are different types of subject markers for different relationships the subject has to the verb or object.


Motile subject: ''-msu/-msü'' [-msu, -msy]
Motile subject: ''-msu'' (or -''msü'') [-msʉ~msu (-msy)]


Present subject: -''ćto/ćtö'' [-t͡ɕto, -t͡ɕtø]
Present subject: -''ćto/ćtö'' [-t͡ɕto, -t͡ɕtø]
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Potential subject: -''hći'' [-ht͡ɕi]
Potential subject: -''hći'' [-ht͡ɕi]
==== Sentence Particles ====
Interrogative: ''wa'' [wɑ]
Additive: ''qe'' [qe]
Contrastic, emphatic: ''m'ai'' [mʔai̯]


== Translations ==
== Translations ==
{|
| colspan="4" |'''Vultu tsumsu.'''
|-
| colspan="4" |[βʉltʉ t͡sʉmsʉ]
|-
|Vu
| -ltu
|tsu
| -msu
|-
|down
|{{sc|-pst}}
|lightning
|{{sc|-motsbj}}
|-
| colspan="4" |“Lightning struck.”
|}
-
{|
| colspan="3" |'''Oućtokhai.'''
|-
| colspan="3" |[ou̯t͡ɕtokhai̯]
|-
|Ou
| -ćto
| -khai
|-
|person
|{{sc|-psnsbj}}
|{{sc|-prs}}
|-
| colspan="3" |“There is a person.”
|}
-
{|
| colspan="3" |'''Oumsumyi.'''
|-
| colspan="3" |[ou̯msumji]
|-
|Ou
| -msu
| -myi
|-
|person
|{{sc|-motsbj}}
|{{sc|-fut}}
|-
| colspan="3" |“A person will go.”
|}
== Lexicon ==
== Lexicon ==
=== Root Words ===
=== Root Words ===
Line 50: Line 113:
!English
!English
!Meaning
!Meaning
|-
!ńe
|[ɲe]
|air
|Air, temperature, aura, vibe, humidity, vague sense
|-
|-
!ku
!ku
|[ku]
|[kʉ]
|alone
|alone
| -
|-
!lai
|[lai̯]
|art
| -
| -
|-
|-
Line 66: Line 139:
| -
| -
|-
|-
!ŋe
!ui
|[ui̯]
|body
| -
|-
!kô
|[kɔ]
|bug
| -
|-
!mai
|[mai̯]
|cat
| -
|-
!nge
|[ŋe]
|[ŋe]
|clean
|clean
Line 79: Line 167:
| rowspan="2" |[kei̯]
| rowspan="2" |[kei̯]
|cube
|cube
| rowspan="2" | -
| rowspan="2" |A square- or cube-based shape, design, or geometry.
|-
|-
|square
|square
|-
!ngë
|[ŋɜ]
|day
| -
|-
!buu
|[bʉː]
|dog
| -
|-
|-
!vu
!vu
|[βu]
|[βʉ]
|down
|down
| -
|-
!xuu
|[xʉː]
|fire
| -
|-
!lu
|[lʉ]
|fish
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|[mo]
|[mo]
|hold
|hold
| -
|-
!më
|[mɜ]
|horse
| -
| -
|-
|-
Line 124: Line 237:
|-
|-
!tsu
!tsu
|[t͡su]
|[t͡sʉ]
|lightning
|lightning
| -
|-
!ćöi
|[t͡ɕøi̯]
|mouse
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|music
|music
| -
| -
|-
!yoe
|[joe̯]
|night
| -
|-
!ka
|[kɑ]
|nonliving
|Also used for corpses or food.
|-
|-
!ou
!ou
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|[ɔi̯]
|[ɔi̯]
|sea
|sea
| -
|-
!tsi
|[t͡si]
|sick
|Also used for dead plants.
|-
!ćui
|[t͡ɕui̯]
|side
|Region associated with a side, not a face of an object.
|-
!mui
|[mui̯]
|sleep
| -
| -
|-
|-
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| -
| -
|-
|-
!ŋa
!nga
|[ŋɑ]
|[ŋɑ]
|speak
|speak
| -
| -
|-
!ńbue
|[<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉɜ̯]
|style
|Also refers to modification or variation.
|-
|-
!ti
!ti
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|-
|-
!mu
!mu
|[mu]
|[mʉ]
|together
|together
| -
|-
!süü
|[syː]
|wind
| -
| -
|-
|-
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The meaning of a compound word is not produced systematically, it has a significant degree of arbitrarity. Therefore, if two roots on their own form a compound with one meaning, those same roots in the same order become part of another compound word, they will not incorporate the meaning of their own compound, they will contribute to a new meaning with the other root(s). However, compound words can be compounded to other roots if the boundary between the two has a /G/ interfix. This interfix is the only place /G/ occurs in the language.
The meaning of a compound word is not produced systematically, it has a significant degree of arbitrarity. Therefore, if two roots on their own form a compound with one meaning, those same roots in the same order become part of another compound word, they will not incorporate the meaning of their own compound, they will contribute to a new meaning with the other root(s). However, compound words can be compounded to other roots if the boundary between the two has a /G/ interfix. This interfix is the only place /G/ occurs in the language.


Bold compound components are themselves compounds.
==== Double-Compound Words ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="4" |Nga
! colspan="4" |Nga
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!1
!1
!2
!2
|-
!ćeńbue
|će
|ńbue
|[t͡ɕe<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉe̯]
!snowflake
|ice
|style
| -
|-
|-
!ćevü
!ćevü
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| -
| -
|-
|-
!füvvüqa
!goôi
|fü
|go
|vu-qa
|ôi
|[ɸyββyqɑ]
|[ɡoɔi̯]
!snow cave-in
!ecosystem
|snow
|sea
|'''tumble'''
|land
|Snow that is caving in.
| -
|-
!kamui
|ka
|mui
|[kɑmui̯]
!inactive
|nonliving
|sleep
| -
|-
!kui
|ku
|i
|[kʉi]
!density
|alone
|small
| -
|-
!kulai
|ku
|lai
|[kʉlai̯]
!art supply
|alone
|art
| -
|-
!kumi
|ku
|mi
|[kʉmi]
!empty
|alone
|blank
|Also used for “having nothing” as a verb, or “being nothing” as an identity adjective. Does not often refer to objective emptiness.
|-
!kungë
|ku
|nge
|[kuŋɜ]
!pure
|alone
|clean
|Also used to express origin, the concept of English's metaphorical “core”, and removal of excess information/detail.
|-
!kuńi
|ku
|ńi
|[kʉɲi]
!intake
|alone
|come
|Also refers to accepting and receiving.
|-
!kupô
|ku
|pô
|[kupɔ]
!volume
|alone
|big
| -
|-
|-
!kuôi
!kuôi
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|alone
|alone
|sea
|sea
| -
|-
!kuttsui
|ku
|'''tsu-i'''
|[kutt͡sʉi]
!electron
|alone
|'''electric'''
| -
| -
|-
|-
Line 249: Line 465:
|ku
|ku
|yü
|yü
|[kuju]
|[kʉjʉ]
!light
!light
|alone
|alone
Line 255: Line 471:
|A group of photons following the same trajectory
|A group of photons following the same trajectory
|-
|-
!kuyyui
!laina
|ku
|lai
|'''yü-i'''
|na
|[kujjʉi]
|[lai̯nɑ]
!photon
!art of quality
|alone
|art
|'''glint'''
|plant
|Refers more specifically to art the artist put a lot of effort into rather than an aesthetic result.
|-
!laina
|lai
|na
|[lai̯nɑ]
!novel
|art
|plant
| -
| -
|-
!lainge
|lai
|nge
|[lai̯ŋe]
!cartoon
|art
|clean
|Refers more to the cartoon style than animation itself. Also refers to line art or unrendered art.
|-
|-
!miće
!miće
Line 282: Line 516:
| -
| -
|-
|-
!miŋe
!minge
|mi
|mi
|ŋe
|nge
|[miŋe]
|[miŋe]
!new
!new
Line 309: Line 543:
|Instead means “take” if the one doing the action is the speaker.
|Instead means “take” if the one doing the action is the speaker.
|-
|-
!mottsui
!muika
|mo
|mui
|'''tsu-i'''
|ka
|[mott͡sʉi]
|[mui̯kɑ]
!electronic tablet
!dead
|hold
|sleep
|'''electric'''
|nonliving
|Not used for dead plants.
|-
!muou
|mu
|ou
|[muou̯]
!community
|together
|person
| -
|-
!nati
|na
|ti
|[nɑti]
!tree
|plant
|tall
| -
|-
!ńbueće
|ńbue
|će
|[<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉɜ̯t͡ɕɜ]
!ice variant
|style
|ice
| -
| -
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ŋattsui
!ńbueou
| rowspan="2" |ŋa
|ńbue
| rowspan="2" |'''tsu-i'''
|ou
| rowspan="2" |[ŋɑtt͡sʉi]
|[<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉɜ̯ou̯]
!phone
!personality
| rowspan="2" |speak
|style
| rowspan="2" |'''electric'''
|person
| rowspan="2" | -
|Also refers to archetype.
|-
!ńiôi
|ńi
|ôi
|[ɲiɔi̯]
!flood
|come
|sea
| -
|-
|-
!phone call
!ngańbue
|nga
|ńbue
|[ŋɑ<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉɜ̯]
!dialect
|speak
|style
|Also refers to idiolect.
|-
|-
!ŋekü
!ngekü
|ŋe
|nge
|ku
|ku
|[ŋeky]
|[ŋeky]
Line 337: Line 614:
|alone
|alone
|A removal of dirt from one item or one place on an object.
|A removal of dirt from one item or one place on an object.
|-
!oumu
|ou
|mu
|[ou̯mu]
!crowd
|person
|together
| -
|-
!ôimaa
|ôi
|maa
|[ɔi̯mɑː]
!current
|sea
|go
|A current in a body of water.
|-
!ôińi
|ôi
|ńi
|[ɔi̯ɲi]
!wave
|sea
|come
|A moving disturbance in a body of water.
|-
!ôiti
|ôi
|ti
|[ɔi̯ti]
!tsunami
|sea
|tall
| -
|-
|-
!pôi
!pôi
Line 354: Line 667:
|big
|big
|together
|together
| -
|-
!pômu'ou
|'''pô-mu'''
|ou
|[pɔmuʔou̯]
!population
|'''all'''
|person
| -
| -
|-
|-
Line 368: Line 672:
|qa
|qa
|vu
|vu
|[qɑβu]
|[qɑβʉ]
!slam
!slam
|hit
|hit
Line 374: Line 678:
| -
| -
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |vućë
!quivu
| rowspan="2" |vu
|qui
| rowspan="2" |će
|vu
| rowspan="2" |[βut͡ɕɜ]
|[qui̯βʉ]
!downstroke
|ink
|down
|A stroke downward with a writing utensil along a writing medium.
|-
!quixo
|qui
|xo
|[qui̯xo]
!page
|ink
|wood
|A page with writing or image(s).
|-
!tina
|ti
|na
|[tinɑ]
!tree trunk
|tall
|plant
| -
|-
!tsui
|tsu
|i
|[t͡sʉi]
!electric
|lightning
|small
| -
|-
!vućë
|vu
|će
|[βut͡ɕɜ]
!hail
!hail
| rowspan="2" |down
|down
| rowspan="2" |ice
|ice
| rowspan="2" | -
|Also means sleet.
|-
!sleet
|-
|-
!vufu
!vufu
|vu
|vu
|fü
|fü
|[βuɸu]
|[βʉɸʉ]
!snowing
!snowing
|down
|down
Line 397: Line 735:
|vu
|vu
|qa
|qa
|[βuqɑ]
|[βʉqɑ]
!tumble
!tumble
|down
|down
|hit
|hit
|A fall that results in a relevant impact.
|A fall that results in a relevant impact.
|-
!vuqaffu
|'''vu-qa'''
|'''fü'''
|[βuqɑɸɸu]
!avalanche
|'''tumble'''
|snow
| -
|-
|-
!vuqui
!vuqui
|vu
|vu
|qui
|qui
|[βuqui̯]
|[βʉqui̯]
!ink drop
!ink drop
|down
|down
|ink
|ink
| -
|-
!yümaa
|yü
|maa
|[jymɑː]
!EM radiation
|light
|go
| -
|-
!yüńi
|yü
|ńi
|[jyɲi]
!color
|light
|come
|Also refers to visible light.
|}
==== Triple-Compound Words ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="5" |Nga
! colspan="5" |English
|-
! rowspan="2" |Word
! colspan="3" |Roots
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! rowspan="2" |Word
! colspan="3" |Roots
! rowspan="2" |Meaning
|-
!1
!2
!3
!1
!2
!3
|-
!füvvüqa
|fü
| colspan="2" |vu-qa
|[ɸyββyqɑ]
!snow cave-in
|snow
| colspan="2" |tumble
|Snow that is caving in.
|-
!kuttsui
|ku
| colspan="2" |tsu-i
|[kʉtt͡sʉi]
!electron
|alone
| colspan="2" |electric
| -
|-
!kuyyui
|ku
| colspan="2" |yü-i
|[kʉjjʉi]
!photon
|alone
| colspan="2" |glint
| -
|-
!mottsui
|mo
| colspan="2" |tsu-i
|[mott͡sʉi]
!mobile device
|hold
| colspan="2" |electric
| -
|-
!mungoôi
|mu
| colspan="2" |go-ôi
|[muŋɡoɔi̯]
!world
|together
| colspan="2" |ecosystem
| -
|-
!mupôou
|mu
|pô
|ou
|[mupɔou̯]
!state
|together
|big
|person
|A self-governing political entity.
|-
!muouggo
| colspan="2" |mu-ou
|go
|[muou̯ŋɡo]
!territory
| colspan="2" |community
|land
|An area of land associated with a particular group of people.
|-
!natiggo
| colspan="2" |na-ti
|go
|[nɑtiŋɡo]
!forest
| colspan="2" |tree
|land
| -
|-
!ngattsui
|nga
| colspan="2" |tsu-i
|[ŋɑtt͡sʉi]
!phone
|speak
| colspan="2" |electric
|Also means phone call.
|-
!ôińi'i
| colspan="2" |ôi-ńi
|i
|[ɔi̯ɲiʔi]
!small wave
| colspan="2" |wave
|small
|A moving disturbance in a small volume of liquid.
|-
!pômu'ou
| colspan="2" |pô-mu
|ou
|[pɔmuʔou̯]
!population
| colspan="2" |all
|person
| -
|-
!tsuikku
| colspan="2" |tsu-i
|ku
|[t͡sʉikkʉ]
!volt
| colspan="2" |electric
|small
| -
|-
!vuqaffu
| colspan="2" |vu-qa
|fü
|[βʉqɑɸɸʉ]
!avalanche
| colspan="2" |tumble
|snow
| -
|-
!yüiôi
|yü
|i
|ôi
|[jyiɔi̯]
!photon field
|light
|small
|sea
| -
|}
==== Quadruple-Compound Words ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="6" |Nga
! colspan="6" |English
|-
! rowspan="2" |Word
! colspan="4" |Roots
! rowspan="2" |IPA
! rowspan="2" |Word
! colspan="4" |Roots
! rowspan="2" |Meaning
|-
!1
!2
!3
!4
!1
!2
!3
!4
|-
!natiggo'i
| colspan="3" |na-ti-go
|i
|[nɑtiŋɡoʔi]
!grove
| colspan="3" |forest
|small
| -
|-
!mummupôou
|mu
| colspan="3" |mu-pô-ou
|[mummupɔou̯]
!union
|together
| colspan="3" |state
|A union of states.
|-
!mungoôikkëi
| colspan="3" |mu-go-ôi
|kei
|[muŋɡoɔi̯kkɜi̯]
!Minecraft
| colspan="3" |world
|cube
| -
| -
|}
|}
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