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=== Vowel Harmony ===
=== Vowel Harmony ===
Nga has regressive fronting harmony. Harmony spreads across entire words. Front vowels include /y e ø yi̯ ei̯ øi̯ øy̯ ue̯/ and back vowels include /ʉ ɜ o ui̯ ɤi̯ oi̯ ou̯ uɜ̯/. There are two neutral vowels: /ɑ ai̯/, and three vowels that are transparent in medial and final syllables, but trigger harmony when in an initial syllable: /i/ (triggers front harmony) and /ɔ ɔi̯/ (trigger back harmony). /ɜ uɜ̯/ must be preceded by a harmonically back vowel.  
Nga has regressive fronting harmony. Harmony spreads across entire words. Front vowels include /y e ø yi̯ ei̯ øi̯ øy̯ ʉe̯/ and back vowels include /ʉ ɜ o ui̯ ɜi̯ oi̯ ou̯ ʉɜ̯/. There are two neutral vowels: /ɑ ai̯/, and three vowels that are transparent in medial and final syllables, but trigger harmony when in an initial syllable: /i/ (triggers front harmony) and /ɔ ɔi̯/ (trigger back harmony). /ɜ uɜ̯/ must be preceded by a harmonically back vowel.


=== Allophony ===
=== Allophony ===
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=== Syntax ===
=== Syntax ===
The basic word order is VSO.
The basic word order is VSO.
Sentence particles are placed sentence-finally by default, but sentence-initially if said in surprise or exclamation.


=== Morphology ===
=== Morphology ===
==== Tense ====
==== Tense ====
Past Tense: -''ltu/-ltü'' [-ltʉ~ltu, -lty]
Tense markers are marked on the verb, but if there is no verb they are marked on the subject instead. In that event, the subject suffixes are placed after the subject marker.
 
Past Tense: -''ltu'' (or -''ltü'') [-ltʉ~ltu (-lty)]


Present Tense: -''khai'' [-khai̯]
Present Tense: -''khai'' [-khai̯]
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There are different types of subject markers for different relationships the subject has to the verb or object.
There are different types of subject markers for different relationships the subject has to the verb or object.


Motile subject: ''-msu/-msü'' [-msʉ~msu, -msy]
Motile subject: ''-msu'' (or -''msü'') [-msʉ~msu (-msy)]


Present subject: -''ćto/ćtö'' [-t͡ɕto, -t͡ɕtø]
Present subject: -''ćto/ćtö'' [-t͡ɕto, -t͡ɕtø]
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Potential subject: -''hći'' [-ht͡ɕi]
Potential subject: -''hći'' [-ht͡ɕi]
==== Sentence Particles ====
Interrogative: ''wa'' [wɑ]
Additive: ''qe'' [qe]
Contrastic, emphatic: ''m'ai'' [mʔai̯]


== Translations ==
== Translations ==
{|
| colspan="4" |'''Vultu tsumsu.'''
|-
| colspan="4" |[βʉltʉ t͡sʉmsʉ]
|-
|Vu
| -ltu
|tsu
| -msu
|-
|down
|{{sc|-pst}}
|lightning
|{{sc|-motsbj}}
|-
| colspan="4" |“Lightning struck.”
|}
-
{|
| colspan="3" |'''Oućtokhai.'''
|-
| colspan="3" |[ou̯t͡ɕtokhai̯]
|-
|Ou
| -ćto
| -khai
|-
|person
|{{sc|-psnsbj}}
|{{sc|-prs}}
|-
| colspan="3" |“There is a person.”
|}
-
{|
| colspan="3" |'''Oumsumyi.'''
|-
| colspan="3" |[ou̯msumji]
|-
|Ou
| -msu
| -myi
|-
|person
|{{sc|-motsbj}}
|{{sc|-fut}}
|-
| colspan="3" |“A person will go.”
|}
== Lexicon ==
== Lexicon ==
=== Root Words ===
=== Root Words ===
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!English
!English
!Meaning
!Meaning
|-
!ńe
|[ɲe]
|air
|Air, temperature, aura, vibe, humidity, vague sense
|-
|-
!ku
!ku
|[kʉ]
|[kʉ]
|alone
|alone
| -
|-
!lai
|[lai̯]
|art
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|[mi]
|[mi]
|blank
|blank
| -
|-
!ui
|[ui̯]
|body
| -
|-
!kô
|[kɔ]
|bug
| -
|-
!mai
|[mai̯]
|cat
| -
| -
|-
|-
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| rowspan="2" |[kei̯]
| rowspan="2" |[kei̯]
|cube
|cube
| rowspan="2" | -
| rowspan="2" |A square- or cube-based shape, design, or geometry.
|-
|-
|square
|square
|-
!ngë
|[ŋɜ]
|day
| -
|-
!buu
|[bʉː]
|dog
| -
|-
|-
!vu
!vu
|[βʉ]
|[βʉ]
|down
|down
| -
|-
!xuu
|[xʉː]
|fire
| -
|-
!lu
|[lʉ]
|fish
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|[mo]
|[mo]
|hold
|hold
| -
|-
!më
|[mɜ]
|horse
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|[t͡sʉ]
|[t͡sʉ]
|lightning
|lightning
| -
|-
!ćöi
|[t͡ɕøi̯]
|mouse
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|music
|music
| -
| -
|-
!yoe
|[joe̯]
|night
| -
|-
!ka
|[kɑ]
|nonliving
|Also used for corpses or food.
|-
|-
!ou
!ou
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|[ɔi̯]
|[ɔi̯]
|sea
|sea
| -
|-
!tsi
|[t͡si]
|sick
|Also used for dead plants.
|-
!ćui
|[t͡ɕui̯]
|side
|Region associated with a side, not a face of an object.
|-
!mui
|[mui̯]
|sleep
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|speak
|speak
| -
| -
|-
!ńbue
|[<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉɜ̯]
|style
|Also refers to modification or variation.
|-
|-
!ti
!ti
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|[mʉ]
|[mʉ]
|together
|together
| -
|-
!süü
|[syː]
|wind
| -
| -
|-
|-
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!1
!1
!2
!2
|-
!ćeńbue
|će
|ńbue
|[t͡ɕe<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉe̯]
!snowflake
|ice
|style
| -
|-
|-
!ćevü
!ćevü
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|snow
|snow
|down
|down
| -
|-
!goôi
|go
|ôi
|[ɡoɔi̯]
!ecosystem
|sea
|land
| -
|-
!kamui
|ka
|mui
|[kɑmui̯]
!inactive
|nonliving
|sleep
| -
|-
!kui
|ku
|i
|[kʉi]
!density
|alone
|small
| -
|-
!kulai
|ku
|lai
|[kʉlai̯]
!art supply
|alone
|art
| -
|-
!kumi
|ku
|mi
|[kʉmi]
!empty
|alone
|blank
|Also used for “having nothing” as a verb, or “being nothing” as an identity adjective. Does not often refer to objective emptiness.
|-
!kungë
|ku
|nge
|[kuŋɜ]
!pure
|alone
|clean
|Also used to express origin, the concept of English's metaphorical “core”, and removal of excess information/detail.
|-
!kuńi
|ku
|ńi
|[kʉɲi]
!intake
|alone
|come
|Also refers to accepting and receiving.
|-
!kupô
|ku
|pô
|[kupɔ]
!volume
|alone
|big
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|light
|light
|A group of photons following the same trajectory
|A group of photons following the same trajectory
|-
!laina
|lai
|na
|[lai̯nɑ]
!art of quality
|art
|plant
|Refers more specifically to art the artist put a lot of effort into rather than an aesthetic result.
|-
!laina
|lai
|na
|[lai̯nɑ]
!novel
|art
|plant
| -
|-
!lainge
|lai
|nge
|[lai̯ŋe]
!cartoon
|art
|clean
|Refers more to the cartoon style than animation itself. Also refers to line art or unrendered art.
|-
|-
!miće
!miće
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|come
|come
|Instead means “take” if the one doing the action is the speaker.
|Instead means “take” if the one doing the action is the speaker.
|-
!muika
|mui
|ka
|[mui̯kɑ]
!dead
|sleep
|nonliving
|Not used for dead plants.
|-
|-
!muou
!muou
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|tall
|tall
| -
| -
|-
!ńbueće
|ńbue
|će
|[<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉɜ̯t͡ɕɜ]
!ice variant
|style
|ice
| -
|-
!ńbueou
|ńbue
|ou
|[<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉɜ̯ou̯]
!personality
|style
|person
|Also refers to archetype.
|-
|-
!ńiôi
!ńiôi
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|sea
|sea
| -
| -
|-
!ngańbue
|nga
|ńbue
|[ŋɑ<sup>ɲ</sup>ʘ<sup>w</sup>ʉɜ̯]
!dialect
|speak
|style
|Also refers to idiolect.
|-
|-
!ngekü
!ngekü
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|down
|down
|ice
|ice
| Also means sleet.
|Also means sleet.
|-
|-
!vufu
!vufu
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|hold
|hold
| colspan="2" |electric
| colspan="2" |electric
| -
|-
!mungoôi
|mu
| colspan="2" |go-ôi
|[muŋɡoɔi̯]
!world
|together
| colspan="2" |ecosystem
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|speak
|speak
| colspan="2" |electric
| colspan="2" |electric
| Also means phone call.
|Also means phone call.
|-
|-
!ôińi'i
!ôińi'i
Line 637: Line 941:
|-
|-
!natiggo'i
!natiggo'i
| colspan="2" |na-ti
| colspan="3" |na-ti-go
|go
|i
|i
|[nɑtiŋɡoʔi]
|[nɑtiŋɡoʔi]
!grove
!grove
| colspan="2" |forest
| colspan="3" |forest
|land
|small
|small
| -
| -
Line 654: Line 956:
|together
|together
| colspan="3" |state
| colspan="3" |state
| A union of states.
|A union of states.
|-
!mungoôikkëi
| colspan="3" |mu-go-ôi
|kei
|[muŋɡoɔi̯kkɜi̯]
!Minecraft
| colspan="3" |world
|cube
| -
|}
|}
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