Europic: Difference between revisions
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[[Category: Languages]] | [[Category: Languages]] | ||
[[Category: Europic]] | [[Category: Europic]] | ||
{{Europic/nav}} | |||
Europic (natively, ''Yevropicu'' /ˌjevroˈpiʃu/), also known as Eulingo (or jocularly as Fauxperanto), is a constructed auxiliary language consisting of mostly Indo-European roots commissioned by the [[European Central Authority|European Central Authority (ECA)]] near the end of the 21st century. It is mainly isolating and analytic, and contains many specific contrasts to Esperanto, though the two are not entirely dissimilar. The language became widely spoken in the 22nd and 23rd centuries, and many variants emerged after the collapse of the ECA and the language’s loss of official status. It is the direct ancestor of [[Iropich]], later known as Proto-Human, ancestor of [[Rupesh]], the language spoken by most humans on [[PlanetX|PlanetX]] after the [[Terran Diaspora]]. | Europic (natively, ''Yevropicu'' /ˌjevroˈpiʃu/), also known as Eulingo (or jocularly as Fauxperanto), is a constructed auxiliary language consisting of mostly Indo-European roots commissioned by the [[European Central Authority|European Central Authority (ECA)]] near the end of the 21st century. It is mainly isolating and analytic, and contains many specific contrasts to Esperanto, though the two are not entirely dissimilar. The language became widely spoken in the 22nd and 23rd centuries, and many variants emerged after the collapse of the ECA and the language’s loss of official status. It is the direct ancestor of [[Iropich]], later known as Proto-Human, ancestor of [[Rupesh]], the language spoken by most humans on [[PlanetX|PlanetX]] after the [[Terran Diaspora]]. | ||
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* [[Europic]] (endonym: ''Yevropicu''): A language adopted by the ECA in 2097ᴀᴅ. | * [[Europic]] (endonym: ''Yevropicu''): A language adopted by the ECA in 2097ᴀᴅ. | ||
* [[Vulgar European]] (a.k.a. ''Colloquial'' or ''Late Western Europic'') (endonym: ''Ivropicu'' (from ~2250ᴀᴅ; official start 2281ᴀᴅ) - a Romance-influenced dialect of Europic emerges in southern and western Europe. | * [[Vulgar European]] (a.k.a. ''Colloquial'' or ''Late Western Europic'') (endonym: ''Ivropicu'' (from ~2250ᴀᴅ; official start 2281ᴀᴅ) - a Romance-influenced dialect of Europic emerges in southern and western Europe. | ||
** Borrowing of some Romance features, e.g. shifting the meaning of | ** Borrowing of some Romance features, e.g. shifting the meaning of ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]'' from a demonstrative to a genuine definite article, pronoun-incorporation on verbs recreating “conjugations,” and a number of Common-Romance borrowings (e.g. ''[[Contionary: bona#Vulgar European|bona]]'' ‘good’ for ''[[Contionary: brana#Europic|brana]]''; ''[[Contionary: matru#Vulgar European|matru]]'', ''[[Contionary: patru#Vulgar European|patru]]'' ‘mother, father’ for ''[[Contionary: vatrinu#Europic|vatrinu]]'', ''[[Contionary: vatrotcu#Europic|vatrotcu]]''; ''[[Contionary: fratu#Vulgar European|fratu]]'' ‘brother’ for ''[[Contionary: bratotcu#Europic|bratotcu]]'', &c.) | ||
** Changes to numbers: Numbers begin to follow nouns like adjectives, and shift away from their determiner roles. “Counting numbers” emerge as a distinct set apart from adjectival forms. In 2281ᴀᴅ, the Principality of Rivaria, an oppressive regime in southern Europe, mandated a dozenal number system (along with updated metric, time-keeping, and calendar systems). | ** Changes to numbers: Numbers begin to follow nouns like adjectives, and shift away from their determiner roles. “Counting numbers” emerge as a distinct set apart from adjectival forms. In 2281ᴀᴅ, the Principality of Rivaria, an oppressive regime in southern Europe, mandated a dozenal number system (along with updated metric, time-keeping, and calendar systems). | ||
** In writing and for most purposes, [[Vulgar European]] is treated as “Colloquial Europic;” that is, it is still written with the same orthography and style as if it were Europic, but with occasional spelling or morphology changes where applicable. It is analogous to Late Latin, or to writing in dialect in English. | ** In writing and for most purposes, [[Vulgar European]] is treated as “Colloquial Europic;” that is, it is still written with the same orthography and style as if it were Europic, but with occasional spelling or morphology changes where applicable. It is analogous to Late Latin, or to writing in dialect in English. | ||
** Phonologically, the most significant feature of this period was a change to the pronunciation of the “Postalveolar Consonants,” which became non-sibilant palatals: ⟨dj⟩ [ʤ → ɟʝ], ⟨j⟩ [ʒ → ʝ], ⟨tc⟩ [ʧ → cç], ⟨c⟩ [ʃ → ç]. | ** Phonologically, the most significant feature of this period was a change to the pronunciation of the “Postalveolar Consonants,” which became non-sibilant palatals: ⟨dj⟩ [ʤ → ɟʝ], ⟨j⟩ [ʒ → ʝ], ⟨tc⟩ [ʧ → cç], ⟨c⟩ [ʃ → ç]. | ||
** A liquid dissimilation rule (an areal feature) also becomes apparent in certain words, e.g. | ** A liquid dissimilation rule (an areal feature) also becomes apparent in certain words, e.g. ''[[Contionary: drapru#Europic|drapru]]'' ‘cloth’ → ''[[Contionary: draplu#Vulgar European|draplu]]'', ''[[Contionary: kritri#Europic|kritri]]'' ‘around’ → ''[[Contionary: krikli#Vulgar European|krikli]]'', ''[[Contionary: sabluklu#Europic|sabluklu]]'' ‘grain of sand’ → ''[[Contionary: sabruklu#Vulgar European|sabruklu]]''. This remains a persistent rule in the grammar of the language through Iropich. | ||
** Unstressed vowels are often deleted. | ** Unstressed vowels are often deleted. | ||
** Initial ''y'', ''w'', and ''h'' are sometimes elided, thereby allowing words to begin with vowels. | ** Initial ''y'', ''w'', and ''h'' are sometimes elided, thereby allowing words to begin with vowels. | ||
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** All words begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. No initial vowels are permitted in the phonotactics. This was a conscious choice intended to minimize the need for sandhi when adding affixes to word boundaries. | ** All words begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. No initial vowels are permitted in the phonotactics. This was a conscious choice intended to minimize the need for sandhi when adding affixes to word boundaries. | ||
** Monosyllabic words are reserved for pronouns, particles, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions. There is also a small set of monosyllabic verbs. | ** Monosyllabic words are reserved for pronouns, particles, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions. There is also a small set of monosyllabic verbs. | ||
** All “basic” roots are composed of a single syllable, plus a vowel ending . Polysyllabic roots are tell-tale borrowings, e.g. | ** All “basic” roots are composed of a single syllable, plus a vowel ending . Polysyllabic roots are tell-tale borrowings, e.g. ''[[Contionary: palasu#Europic|palas-u]]'' ‘palace’. | ||
* Regular derivation from Latinate languages in order to facilitate word recognition by certain groups is ''not'' a goal of this language. There should be ''no'' expectation that vocabulary be derived from Latin, Greek, or other common sources, though much of it may be recognizable. | * Regular derivation from Latinate languages in order to facilitate word recognition by certain groups is ''not'' a goal of this language. There should be ''no'' expectation that vocabulary be derived from Latin, Greek, or other common sources, though much of it may be recognizable. | ||
** Many terms are created ''ad hoc'', ''a priori'', or derived directly from one or more contemporary languages. Others are derived from Proto-Indo-European or sub-families such as Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Italic, or Proto-Celtic. Still more are derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric or other languages, or a combination of any of the above. | ** Many terms are created ''ad hoc'', ''a priori'', or derived directly from one or more contemporary languages. Others are derived from Proto-Indo-European or sub-families such as Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Italic, or Proto-Celtic. Still more are derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric or other languages, or a combination of any of the above. | ||
** Many etymologies are clear; others are more opaque. No etymology was provided as part of the commissioning of the language: Any mysterious etymologies likely died with their creator, and any implied etymology is based on the best guesses of later scholars. | ** Many etymologies are clear; others are more opaque. No etymology was provided as part of the commissioning of the language: Any mysterious etymologies likely died with their creator, and any implied etymology is based on the best guesses of later scholars. | ||
** There is a deliberate “formula” for converting Greek and Latin compounds that are common to most European languages, resulting in words that are often very similar (e.g. | ** There is a deliberate “formula” for converting Greek and Latin compounds that are common to most European languages, resulting in words that are often very similar (e.g. ''[[Contionary: degrade#Europic|de-grade]]'' ‘de-grade’ or ''[[Contionary: tramete#Europic|tra-mete]]'' ‘transmit’) but often unrecognizable if one is unfamiliar with the “trick” (e.g. ''[[Contionary: metiracu#Europic|me-tir-acu]]'' ‘con-trac-tion’, ''[[Contionary: mike#Europic|mi-ke]]'' ‘inter-cept’). | ||
* The language should have no inflection, including lack of plurals, verb tenses, and the infamous ''[[wikt: akuzativo#Esperanto|akuzativon]]''. Plurals and other grammatical features are indicated (often optionally) with particles. Pronouns feature a reduced form of the plural particle. | * The language should have no inflection, including lack of plurals, verb tenses, and the infamous ''[[wikt: akuzativo#Esperanto|akuzativon]]''. Plurals and other grammatical features are indicated (often optionally) with particles. Pronouns feature a reduced form of the plural particle. | ||
* The language’s creator, [[Syd Chrysanthi]], (perhaps erroneously) believed that a true auxiliary language should combine vocabulary elements of many different sources, but where Esperanto has disparate-looking words from varying backgrounds (e.g. ''[[wikt: amo#Esperanto|amo]]'' ‘love’, from [[wikt: amo#Descendants|various Romance languages]]; ''[[wikt: baldaŭ#Esperanto|baldaŭ]]'' ‘soon’, from [[wikt: bald#German|German]]; ''[[wikt: birdo#Esperanto|birdo]]'' ‘bird’, from [[wikt: bird|English]]), Europic regularly ''fuses'' words of different origins into Frankenwords like | * The language’s creator, [[Syd Chrysanthi]], (perhaps erroneously) believed that a true auxiliary language should combine vocabulary elements of many different sources, but where Esperanto has disparate-looking words from varying backgrounds (e.g. ''[[wikt: amo#Esperanto|amo]]'' ‘love’, from [[wikt: amo#Descendants|various Romance languages]]; ''[[wikt: baldaŭ#Esperanto|baldaŭ]]'' ‘soon’, from [[wikt: bald#German|German]]; ''[[wikt: birdo#Esperanto|birdo]]'' ‘bird’, from [[wikt: bird|English]]), Europic regularly ''fuses'' words of different origins into Frankenwords like ''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyamu]]'' ‘love’ (presumably from Romance ''[[wikt: amo#Descendants|am-]]'' and Slavic ''[[wikt: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ľubъ|ľubъ-]]'' and/or Germanic ''[[wikt: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leubō|lub-/leub-]]''), ''[[Contionary: tahi#Europic|tahi]]'' ‘soon’ (possibly from French ''tôt'', Estonian ''[pe]agi'', Lithuanian ''[grei]tai'', with other influences likely), and ''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’ (likely from Latin ''[au]cella'' or Italian ''[uc]cello'', but with influence from Slavic ''ptič-'', Germanic ''fugl-'' or ''flugl-'', and others). Esperanto has a few examples of this sort of melding as well, such as ''[[wikt: ŝtono|ŝtono]]'' ‘stone’ from English ''[[wikt: stone|stone]]'' and German ''[[wikt: Stein|Stein]]'' (/ʃtajn/), but it is not usual. In other instances, he seems to have “split the difference” between similar terms by choosing an ''ad hoc'' third option, e.g. ''[[Contionary: bargu#Europic|bargu]]'' ‘beard’, or ''[[Contionary: goltu#Europic|goltu]]'' ‘pain’, the '''g''' of each word being a voiced plosive alternative to '''b''' and '''d''' in Latinate ''bar'''b'''-'' and Germanic ''bar'''d'''-'', or in Italic '''''d'''ol(or)''- and Slavic '''''b'''ol-''. (The final '''t''' in ''[[Contionary: goltu#Europic|goltu]]'' is likely a nod to the final RC of the Germanic root ''sma'''rt'''-'' or ''hu'''rt'''-''.) <br />Another example of third-option generation is ''[[Contionary: kwembe#Europic|kwembe]]'' ‘to hang’, taking the Romance root ''pend-'' and the Germanic root ''hang-'': '''p''' and '''h''' are both close to '''kw''' (and p often derives from kw in Indo-European languages - compare words for ‘5’ ''quint-'' and ''pent-''), and the velar + voiced plosive endings '''ng''' and '''nd''' are complemented by the only other option in that series:, mb. Finally and famously, the word ''[[Contionary: pumbru#Europic|pumbru]]'' ‘room (of a building)’ seems to have been made up of elements of Germanic ''temr'' (''Zimmer'', ''timber'') and Italic ''camr'' (camera, chambre): The initial '''t''' and '''k''' were countered with their complement '''p'''; The root vowel '''u''' may have been a contrast to ''temr''’s '''i/e''' and Italic’s '''a''', or it was possibly just borrowed from Germanic ''rūm'' (i.e. ''room''); the final '''mbr''' cluster is common to descendants of both Germanic and Italic, and the presence of '''b''' may have been further bolstered by, for example, Estonian ''tuba''. <br />Unfortunately, Chrysanthi (deliberately) did not publish the etymologies of the Europic lexicon, thinking that it may lead to unnecessary and unproductive debate over how much content from each extant European language was present, so the source of individual words remains mostly speculative. | ||
===Real-World Goals=== | ===Real-World Goals=== | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
====Onsets==== | ====Onsets==== | ||
All words must have a C onset. A standard root is (s)CVC, (s)CRVC, (s)CVRC, (s)CVCR, or (s)CVSC, where (s) can only be followed by '''''p''''', '''''t''''', or '''''k'''''; where R is a glide or liquid ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w'''''); and where S is a sonorant ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w''''', '''''m''''', '''''n'''''). The maximum root is CCVSCR, e.g. | All words must have a C onset. A standard root is (s)CVC, (s)CRVC, (s)CVRC, (s)CVCR, or (s)CVSC, where (s) can only be followed by '''''p''''', '''''t''''', or '''''k'''''; where R is a glide or liquid ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w'''''); and where S is a sonorant ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w''''', '''''m''''', '''''n'''''). The maximum root is CCVSCR, e.g. ''[[Contionary: vringlu#Europic|vringl‑]]''. The following is a comprehensive list of all licit word-initial onsets: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
!width=50| | !width=50| | ||
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|style="background: #CCCCCC;"| | |style="background: #CCCCCC;"| | ||
|} | |} | ||
¹ <small>Initial ⟨j⟩ only occurs as an onset for suffixes to convert them into standalone words, e.g. | ¹ <small>Initial ⟨j⟩ only occurs as an onset for suffixes to convert them into standalone words, e.g. ''[[Contionary: -anglu#Europic|‑anglu]]'' ‘‑Vgon’ → ''[[Contionary: janglu#Europic|janglu]]'' ‘polygon’.</small><br /> | ||
====Nuclei==== | ====Nuclei==== | ||
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* The rhotic consonant (/r/) has many pronunciations from region to region. It is most commonly trilled or tapped (as above), but in some of the Francophone and Germanic areas, it is commonly more of a uvular trill ([ʀ]) or fricative ([ʁ]). In some areas of north-western Europe, it may even become approximant ([ɹ]) before another consonant. | * The rhotic consonant (/r/) has many pronunciations from region to region. It is most commonly trilled or tapped (as above), but in some of the Francophone and Germanic areas, it is commonly more of a uvular trill ([ʀ]) or fricative ([ʁ]). In some areas of north-western Europe, it may even become approximant ([ɹ]) before another consonant. | ||
* [[Vulgar European]] - a later dialect of the language spoken after 2250 ᴀᴅ - has both the dental and aspirated consonants as above, and the phonotactics are a bit looser: | * [[Vulgar European]] - a later dialect of the language spoken after 2250 ᴀᴅ - has both the dental and aspirated consonants as above, and the phonotactics are a bit looser: | ||
** Onsets are no longer required (some words can start with vowels, e.g. | ** Onsets are no longer required (some words can start with vowels, e.g. ''[[Contionary: ite#Vulgar European|ite]]'' ‘go’ from earlier ''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'') | ||
** Vowels don’t require a consonant boundary (e.g. | ** Vowels don’t require a consonant boundary (e.g. ''[[Contionary: dua#Vulgar European|dua]]'', ''[[Contionary: tria#Vulgar European|tria]]'' ‘2, 3’ from earlier ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]'', ''[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]'') | ||
** Some diphthongs emerge (mainly /uj/ and /aj/, e.g. | ** Some diphthongs emerge (mainly /uj/ and /aj/, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mui#Vulgar European|mui]]'' ‘we’ from ''[[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|mu-ya]]'', ''[[Contionary: mai#Vulgar European|mai]]'' ‘our’ from ''[[Contionary: ma-ya#Europic|ma-ya]]'') | ||
** Some new consonant clusters emerge, e.g. /str/ | ** Some new consonant clusters emerge, e.g. /str/ ''[[Contionary: vostri#Vulgar European|vostri]]'' ‘eastward’ | ||
====Compounding Strategies==== | ====Compounding Strategies==== | ||
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* Although a grammatical function rather than a phonetic one, I would also include here that the final '''-u''' of noun elements becomes '''-a''' when followed by another noun element, but in essence it is being converted into an adjective. These types of constructions are usually hyphenated. (''La Memetatu'' has flip-flopped on the issue of hyphenation a number of times over the years. Chrysanthi originally proposed that ''all'' complete elements in compounds be hyphenated.) E.g.: | * Although a grammatical function rather than a phonetic one, I would also include here that the final '''-u''' of noun elements becomes '''-a''' when followed by another noun element, but in essence it is being converted into an adjective. These types of constructions are usually hyphenated. (''La Memetatu'' has flip-flopped on the issue of hyphenation a number of times over the years. Chrysanthi originally proposed that ''all'' complete elements in compounds be hyphenated.) E.g.: | ||
** | ** ''[[Contionary: kervu#Europic|kervu]]'' ‘deer’ + ''[[Contionary: klagru#Europic|klagru]]'' ‘meat’ → ''[[Contionary: kerva-klagru#Europic|kerva-klagru]]'' ‘venison’ | ||
** | ** ''[[Contionary: bratu#Europic|bratu]]'' ‘sibling’ + ''[[Contionary: camu#Europic|camu]]'' ‘spouse’ → ''[[Contionary: brata-camu#Europic|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law’ | ||
===Stress & Tone=== | ===Stress & Tone=== | ||
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| a [ä] | | a [ä] | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like A in ''fAther''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like A in ''fAther''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: vaka#Europic|vaka]]'' ‘bovine’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.ka/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.ka/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| b | | b | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like B in ''Boot''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like B in ''Boot''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: bufu#Europic|bufu]]'' ‘toad’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈbu.fu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈbu.fu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ʃ | | ʃ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like SH in ''SHoe''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like SH in ''SHoe''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: capu#Europic|capu]]'' ‘sheep’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʃa.pu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʃa.pu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| d | | d | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like D in ''dog''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like D in ''dog''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' ‘ten’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈde.ka/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈde.ka/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ʤ | | ʤ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like J in ''Joke''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like J in ''Joke''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: djentu#Europic|djentu]]'' ‘person’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʤen.tu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʤen.tu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| e [e̞] | | e [e̞] | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like AY in ''dAY''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like AY in ''dAY''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: megla#Europic|megla]]'' ‘large’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmeg.la/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmeg.la/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| f | | f | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like F in ''Fool''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like F in ''Fool''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: fuku#Europic|fuku]]'' ‘fire’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈfu.ku/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈfu.ku/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ɡ | | ɡ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like G in ''Get'' (never as in ''Gel''). | |style="text-align: left;"| Like G in ''Get'' (never as in ''Gel''). | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: gatu#Europic|gatu]]'' ‘cat’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈɡa.tu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈɡa.tu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| x | | x | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in Scottish ''loCH''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in Scottish ''loCH''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tahi#Europic|tahi]]'' ‘soon’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈta.xi/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈta.xi/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| i | | i | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like EE in ''sEEn''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like EE in ''sEEn''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tci-la#Europic|tci-la]]'' ‘this’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧi.la/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧi.la/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ʒ | | ʒ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''uSual''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''uSual''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muja]]'' ‘much’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmu.ʒa/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmu.ʒa/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| k | | k | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like C in ''Cat''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like C in ''Cat''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: kindu#Europic|kindu]]'' ‘child’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈkin.du/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈkin.du/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| l | | l | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like L in ''Light''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like L in ''Light''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: lingwu#Europic|lingwu]]'' ‘language’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈliŋ.ɡu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈliŋ.ɡu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| m | | m | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like M in ''Moon''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like M in ''Moon''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: miru#Europic|miru]]'' ‘ant’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmi.ru/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmi.ru/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| n | | n | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like N in ''Now''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like N in ''Now''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: niku#Europic|niku]]'' ‘grandchild’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈni.ku/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈni.ku/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| [ŋ] | | [ŋ] | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Before G, like NG in ''fiNGer''.<br />Before K, like NK in ''thiNKer''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Before G, like NG in ''fiNGer''.<br />Before K, like NK in ''thiNKer''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: blanka#Europic|blanka]]'' ‘white’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈblaŋ.ka/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈblaŋ.ka/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| o [o̞] | | o [o̞] | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like O in ''nOpe''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like O in ''nOpe''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: nova#Europic|nova]]'' ‘new’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈno.va/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈno.va/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| p | | p | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like P in ''Peel''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like P in ''Peel''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]'' ‘five’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈpen.ta/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈpen.ta/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| r | | r | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like R in Spanish ''Rojo''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like R in Spanish ''Rojo''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: roda#Europic|roda]]'' ‘red’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈro.da/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈro.da/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| s | | s | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''Sign''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''Sign''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: solu#Europic|solu]]'' ‘sun’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈso.lu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈso.lu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| t | | t | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like T in ''Tank''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like T in ''Tank''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tablu#Europic|tablu]]'' ‘table’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈtab.lu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈtab.lu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ʧ | | ʧ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in ''CHeese''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in ''CHeese''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧce.lu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧce.lu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| u | | u | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like OO in ''fOOd''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like OO in ''fOOd''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: vunklu#Europic|vunklu]]'' ‘auncle’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈvuŋ.klu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈvuŋ.klu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| v | | v | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like V in ''Voice''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like V in ''Voice''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: vatru#Europic|vatru]]'' ‘parent’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.tru/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.tru/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| w | | w | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like W in ''Went''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like W in ''Went''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: wovu#Europic|wovu]]'' ‘egg’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈwo.vu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈwo.vu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| j | | j | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like Y in ''Yellow''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like Y in ''Yellow''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'' ‘go’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈji.te/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈji.te/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| z | | z | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like Z in ''Zebra''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like Z in ''Zebra''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: zebru#Europic|zebru]]'' ‘zebra’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈze.bru/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈze.bru/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
It may be worth briefly discussing Chrysanthi’s approach to the putative parts of speech, as it is tied directly to the morphology of the language. Chrysanthi held that there were essentially only four true parts of speech: Nominals, Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs. (Some of his writings go a step further, and group nominals and adjectives together as “Noun Elements,” and verbs and adverbs together as “Verb Elements.”) The nominals are made up of nouns, proper nouns, and pronouns, and indeed these all end in ''‑u'' in Europic. In addition to the classical descriptors, the adjective class contains determiners and numbers (and according to Chrysanthi, numbers are a sub-type of determiner). All members of the adjective class end in ''‑a''. Verbs end in ''‑e'', and there is nothing particularly interesting about their distribution. Finally the adverb class is a bit of a catch-all for all remaining parts of speech. Deadjectival adverbs end in ''‑i'', but otherwise there are no specific vowel endings assigned to the adverb class: prepositions, particles, and conjunctions may end in any vowel except for a small group of non-pronominal, non-adjectival correlatives which end in ''‑o'' (namely, | It may be worth briefly discussing Chrysanthi’s approach to the putative parts of speech, as it is tied directly to the morphology of the language. Chrysanthi held that there were essentially only four true parts of speech: Nominals, Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs. (Some of his writings go a step further, and group nominals and adjectives together as “Noun Elements,” and verbs and adverbs together as “Verb Elements.”) The nominals are made up of nouns, proper nouns, and pronouns, and indeed these all end in ''‑u'' in Europic. In addition to the classical descriptors, the adjective class contains determiners and numbers (and according to Chrysanthi, numbers are a sub-type of determiner). All members of the adjective class end in ''‑a''. Verbs end in ''‑e'', and there is nothing particularly interesting about their distribution. Finally the adverb class is a bit of a catch-all for all remaining parts of speech. Deadjectival adverbs end in ''‑i'', but otherwise there are no specific vowel endings assigned to the adverb class: prepositions, particles, and conjunctions may end in any vowel except for a small group of non-pronominal, non-adjectival correlatives which end in ''‑o'' (namely, ''[[Contionary: -mo#Europic|‑mo]]'' ‘how’, ''[[Contionary: -no#Europic|‑no]]'' ‘when’, and ''[[Contionary: -vo#Europic|‑vo]]'' ‘where’). And, although he never mentioned them specifically, interjections and exclamations were considered members of the adverb class, almost always ending in ''‑e''. | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
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Personal pronouns have no distinction for gender, but they are the only substantive which has a requisite plural form. There is an animation distinction in the third person. The first person plural has both inclusive and exclusive forms. The possessive of each pronoun is simply the adjectival form of the pronoun, though unlike most adjectives, the possessives are determiners, which precede the noun (phrase) they modify. | Personal pronouns have no distinction for gender, but they are the only substantive which has a requisite plural form. There is an animation distinction in the third person. The first person plural has both inclusive and exclusive forms. The possessive of each pronoun is simply the adjectival form of the pronoun, though unlike most adjectives, the possessives are determiners, which precede the noun (phrase) they modify. | ||
Though recommended usage is to hyphenate the pronouns, this is a little more relaxed in practice than the other compounds, especially for the longer forms, like | Though recommended usage is to hyphenate the pronouns, this is a little more relaxed in practice than the other compounds, especially for the longer forms, like ''[[Contionary: ma-ta-ya-lu#Europic|ma-ta-ya-lu ~ mataya-lu ~ matayalu]]''. | ||
{{Europic personal pronouns}} | {{Europic personal pronouns}} | ||
=====Possessive Pronouns===== | =====Possessive Pronouns===== | ||
The possessive determiners (‘my’, ‘your’, ‘their’, &c) can be converted to pronouns (‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘theirs’, &c) with the addition of the pronominal suffix | The possessive determiners (‘my’, ‘your’, ‘their’, &c) can be converted to pronouns (‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘theirs’, &c) with the addition of the pronominal suffix ''[[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]'', e.g. ''[[Contionary: ta#Europic|ta]]'' ‘your’, ''[[ta-lu#Europic|ta-lu]]'' ‘yours’. | ||
=====Indefinite Pronouns===== | =====Indefinite Pronouns===== | ||
Many of the most common indefinite pronouns can be found as part of the [[ | Many of the most common indefinite pronouns can be found as part of the [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]]. The third person personal pronouns ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' and ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' are frequently compounded to form indefinite pronouns ‘-one’ and ‘-thing’. | ||
====Nouns==== | ====Nouns==== | ||
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====Determiners==== | ====Determiners==== | ||
Determiners include demonstratives and other adjectives which identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it. The primary determiners in most languages are the articles (“the,” “a,” “an,” “some”) but Europic (deliberately) lacks both definite and indefinite articles. Numbers and possessives may also be considered determiners, as can all of the adjectival [[ | Determiners include demonstratives and other adjectives which identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it. The primary determiners in most languages are the articles (“the,” “a,” “an,” “some”) but Europic (deliberately) lacks both definite and indefinite articles. Numbers and possessives may also be considered determiners, as can all of the adjectival [[#Correlatives|correlatives]]. The main determiners are: | ||
{| style="width:75%"| | {| style="width:75%"| | ||
|style="vertical-align: top;"| | |style="vertical-align: top;"| | ||
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** ''[[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|Mandju-ke]]-[[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mutù-ya]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].'' | ** ''[[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|Mandju-ke]]-[[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mutù-ya]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].'' | ||
*** ‘Let’s all of us eat bread.’ | *** ‘Let’s all of us eat bread.’ | ||
* The final mood is the prohibitive (a.k.a. the negative imperative – “Don’t verb!”) which has a construction similar to the imperative. There are a few ways to form the prohibitive, but the most common is as a regular imperative with the verb ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’ followed by an infinitive. (This is a little bit like the verb ''[[ | * The final mood is the prohibitive (a.k.a. the negative imperative – “Don’t verb!”) which has a construction similar to the imperative. There are a few ways to form the prohibitive, but the most common is as a regular imperative with the verb ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’ followed by an infinitive. (This is a little bit like the verb ''[[wikt: peidio#Welsh|peidio]]'' in Welsh, or the Chinese prohibitive particle [[wikt: 別|別]].) | ||
** ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].'' | ** ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].'' | ||
*** ‘Don’t eat bread.’ | *** ‘Don’t eat bread.’ | ||
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====Particles==== | ====Particles==== | ||
“Particle” is a very vague term, even moreso than “adverb”—already the proverbial junk drawer of the parts of speech. Most particles indicate verbal tenses, aspects, and moods, though a few may modify other parts of speech. (The particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', for instance, is probably better classified as an adjective, but here it is—whaddya gonna do about it?) The verbal particles have already been discussed in [[ | “Particle” is a very vague term, even moreso than “adverb”—already the proverbial junk drawer of the parts of speech. Most particles indicate verbal tenses, aspects, and moods, though a few may modify other parts of speech. (The particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', for instance, is probably better classified as an adjective, but here it is—whaddya gonna do about it?) The verbal particles have already been discussed in [[#Verbs|Verbs]], above; some other particles include: | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘which’ (Creates a relative conjunction from a ''kwa''-correlative.) | * '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘which’ (Creates a relative conjunction from a ''kwa''-correlative.) | ||
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====Polar Questions==== | ====Polar Questions==== | ||
Polar questions (also known as yes-no questions, binary questions, or boolean question) are formed by adding the particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'' to the beginning of a clause. (While there is no great English translation for this word, it is directly equivalent to Esperanto ''[[ | Polar questions (also known as yes-no questions, binary questions, or boolean question) are formed by adding the particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'' to the beginning of a clause. (While there is no great English translation for this word, it is directly equivalent to Esperanto ''[[wikt: ĉu#Esperanto|ĉu]]'', Japanese [[wikt: ね|ね]], or Chinese [[wikt: 嗎|嗎]]. If you really wanted to translate this word directly into English, you might think of it as ‘is it (true) that’. It is also directly comparable to the French phrase ''[[wikt: est-ce que|est-ce que]]''.) The word order within the clause does ''not'' change as it does in many European languages. E.g. | ||
* '''''You can''''' come tomorrow. → '''''Can ⇄ you''''' come tomorrow? | * '''''You can''''' come tomorrow. → '''''Can ⇄ you''''' come tomorrow? | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]].'' → '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]]?'' | * '''''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]].'' → '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]]?'' | ||
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====Commands==== | ====Commands==== | ||
There are two main types of imperatives: Positive and Negative. Both are formed by appending the pronoun (with a hyphen) to the end of the verb. In the case of the negative imperative (a.k.a. the prohibitive), that verb is usually ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’, followed by an infinitive verb. (See also [[ | There are two main types of imperatives: Positive and Negative. Both are formed by appending the pronoun (with a hyphen) to the end of the verb. In the case of the negative imperative (a.k.a. the prohibitive), that verb is usually ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’, followed by an infinitive verb. (See also [[#Mood|the Imperative Mood]].) | ||
* Go to work! '''''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|Yite]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: labraryu#Europic|labraryu]]!'' (“'''Go-you''' to work-place!”) | * Go to work! '''''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|Yite]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: labraryu#Europic|labraryu]]!'' (“'''Go-you''' to work-place!”) | ||
* Don’t go yet! '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: sto#Europic|sto]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]!'' (“'''Don’t-you''' already go!”) | * Don’t go yet! '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: sto#Europic|sto]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]!'' (“'''Don’t-you''' already go!”) | ||
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# If there is a common theme throughout multiple European languages that fits Europic phonology, use it. E.g. Romance, Celtic ''trist-'' ‘sad’ → ''[[Contionary: trista#Europic|trista]]''. (Usually these are borrowings from Latin or Greek that have propagated across the continent.) | # If there is a common theme throughout multiple European languages that fits Europic phonology, use it. E.g. Romance, Celtic ''trist-'' ‘sad’ → ''[[Contionary: trista#Europic|trista]]''. (Usually these are borrowings from Latin or Greek that have propagated across the continent.) | ||
# If there is a clear root, but it begins with a vowel, choose an initial consonant (or cluster) from a parallel source: E.g. Romance ''-am-'' ‘love’ + Germanic/Slavic ''liub-' → ''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyam-]]''. | # If there is a clear root, but it begins with a vowel, choose an initial consonant (or cluster) from a parallel source: E.g. Romance ''-am-'' ‘love’ + Germanic/Slavic ''liub-' → ''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyam-]]''. | ||
# If there are two clear roots and one is already used by Esperanto, use the other. E.g. Eo. ''[[ | # If there are two clear roots and one is already used by Esperanto, use the other. E.g. Eo. ''[[wikt: hundo#Esperanto|hundo]]'', ''[[wikt: bovo#Esperanto|bovo]]'', ''[[wikt: ŝnuro#Esperanto|ŝnuro]]'' → Eu. ''[[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]]'', ''[[Contionary: vaku#Europic|vaku]]'', ''[[Contionary: kordu#Europic|kordu]]''. | ||
# If there is a clear root, but it is larger than one syllable, condense it if possible. If it contains illicit consonant clusters, adjust according to the language’s repair strategy. E.g.: ''pastinak-'' ‘parsnips’ → ''[[Contionary: stanku#Europic|stanku]]''. | # If there is a clear root, but it is larger than one syllable, condense it if possible. If it contains illicit consonant clusters, adjust according to the language’s repair strategy. E.g.: ''pastinak-'' ‘parsnips’ → ''[[Contionary: stanku#Europic|stanku]]''. | ||
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## ''[[Contionary: √al#Europic|-al‑]]'' ‘fraction’ → ''[[Contionary: tcerala#Europic|tcerala]]'' ‘quarter’, ''[[Contionary: duwalu#Europic|duwalu]]'' ‘half’, ''[[Contionary: triyalu#Europic|triyalu]]'' ‘one third’ | ## ''[[Contionary: √al#Europic|-al‑]]'' ‘fraction’ → ''[[Contionary: tcerala#Europic|tcerala]]'' ‘quarter’, ''[[Contionary: duwalu#Europic|duwalu]]'' ‘half’, ''[[Contionary: triyalu#Europic|triyalu]]'' ‘one third’ | ||
# Particle roots consist of an onset and any vowel. Particles are usually full words in their own right, often prepositions, conjunctions, and other adverbial particles. | # Particle roots consist of an onset and any vowel. Particles are usually full words in their own right, often prepositions, conjunctions, and other adverbial particles. | ||
#Short-form roots consist of a single onset only. They consist of verbs, pronouns, and determiners. The verbs almost always have a full-form basic root equivalent which can be used interchangeably when alone; specific rules govern the use of which form to use in compounds. (See [[ | #Short-form roots consist of a single onset only. They consist of verbs, pronouns, and determiners. The verbs almost always have a full-form basic root equivalent which can be used interchangeably when alone; specific rules govern the use of which form to use in compounds. (See [[#Short-form Verbs|Short-form Verbs]]). Pronouns consist of ''[[Contionary: √m#Europic|m‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √t#Europic|t‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √r#Europic|r‑]]'', and ''[[Contionary: √s#Europic|s‑]]''; determiners can also be made into pronouns, but require an affix to avoid confusion. The determiner roots are most often found as the first element of [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]]. | ||
=====Root Families===== | =====Root Families===== | ||
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* '''''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muj]]''''' multi-, poly- (‘many’): ''[[Contionary: mujangla#Europic|muj-angla]]'' ‘polygonal’, ''[[Contionary: muja-tranka#Europic|muja-tranka]]'' ‘multi-faceted’ | * '''''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muj]]''''' multi-, poly- (‘many’): ''[[Contionary: mujangla#Europic|muj-angla]]'' ‘polygonal’, ''[[Contionary: muja-tranka#Europic|muja-tranka]]'' ‘multi-faceted’ | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: pone#Europic|pon]]''''' pon-, pos-, thes- (‘put’): ''[[Contionary: me-ponacu#Europic|me-pon-acu]]'' ‘composition, synthesis’ | * '''''[[Contionary: pone#Europic|pon]]''''' pon-, pos-, thes- (‘put’): ''[[Contionary: me-ponacu#Europic|me-pon-acu]]'' ‘composition, synthesis’ | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: tire#Europic|tir]]''''' -tract, -tire (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: re-tire]]'' ‘retract’, ''[[Contionary: so-tiracu#Europic|so-tir-acu]]'' ‘subtraction’ | * '''''[[Contionary: tire#Europic|tir]]''''' -tract, -tire (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: re-tire#Europic|re-tire]]'' ‘retract’, ''[[Contionary: so-tiracu#Europic|so-tir-acu]]'' ‘subtraction’ | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: trewe#Europic|trew]]''''' -fide (‘trust’): ''[[Contionary: me-trewe#Europic|me-trewe]]'' ‘confide’, ''[[Contionary: di-trewalya#Europic|di-trew-alya]]'' ‘diffident’ | * '''''[[Contionary: trewe#Europic|trew]]''''' -fide (‘trust’): ''[[Contionary: me-trewe#Europic|me-trewe]]'' ‘confide’, ''[[Contionary: di-trewalya#Europic|di-trew-alya]]'' ‘diffident’ | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verp]]''''' -ject (‘throw’): ''[[Contionary: no-verpe#Europic|no-verpe]]'' ‘inject’, ''[[Contionary: kri-verpu#Europic|kri-verpu]]'' ‘environment’ | * '''''[[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verp]]''''' -ject (‘throw’): ''[[Contionary: no-verpe#Europic|no-verpe]]'' ‘inject’, ''[[Contionary: kri-verpu#Europic|kri-verpu]]'' ‘environment’ | ||
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¹ <small>NB: ''[[Contionary: -ismu#Europic|-ismu]]'' is calqued from ''-ism'' only for ideologies ''in favour of'' (''pro'') something (e.g. ''pacifism'', ''nationalism'', ''fascism''). An ideology ''in opposition to'' something must be prefixed with ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|to-]]'' (e.g. ''[[Contionary: to-velismu#Europic|to-velismu]]'' ‘ageism’, ''[[Contionary: to-pelaklarvismu#Europic|to-(pela)klarvismu]]'' ‘racism’). ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|To-]]'' also calques ''anti-'' or ''counter''/''contra-'' in terms like ''anti-semitism'' or ''counter-terrorism''. So terms like ‘anti-racism’ take an additional prefix of ''[[Contionary: dru#Europic|dru-]]'' ‘in opposition’ to avoid reduplicating the prefix, e.g. ''[[Contionary: dru-toklarvismu#Europic|dru-toklarvismu]]'' ‘anti-racism’. But that is beyond the scope of calques at this point.</small> | ¹ <small>NB: ''[[Contionary: -ismu#Europic|-ismu]]'' is calqued from ''-ism'' only for ideologies ''in favour of'' (''pro'') something (e.g. ''pacifism'', ''nationalism'', ''fascism''). An ideology ''in opposition to'' something must be prefixed with ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|to-]]'' (e.g. ''[[Contionary: to-velismu#Europic|to-velismu]]'' ‘ageism’, ''[[Contionary: to-pelaklarvismu#Europic|to-(pela)klarvismu]]'' ‘racism’). ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|To-]]'' also calques ''anti-'' or ''counter''/''contra-'' in terms like ''anti-semitism'' or ''counter-terrorism''. So terms like ‘anti-racism’ take an additional prefix of ''[[Contionary: dru#Europic|dru-]]'' ‘in opposition’ to avoid reduplicating the prefix, e.g. ''[[Contionary: dru-toklarvismu#Europic|dru-toklarvismu]]'' ‘anti-racism’. But that is beyond the scope of calques at this point.</small> | ||
Note that some of these calques are more “performative” than accurate. In Latin and Greek, there are often superfluous affixes that don’t contribute directly to the meaning of the word (for example, many words ending in ''-tion'' could be calqued directly to a noun rather than adding the abstract ''[[Contionary: -acu#Europic|-acu]]'' suffix, but it is kept anyway for recognition purposes. Furthermore, some of the calque “blocks” don’t translate their Europic meaning directly; for example, ''de-'' does not faithfully translate ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]'', e.g. ‘de-scend’ → ''[[Contionary: decende#Europic|de-cende]]'': ''de'' here would be more accurately translated with ''[[Contionary: so-tri#Europic|so-tri]]'', though non-calque form ''[[Contionary: sotri-cende#Europic|sotri-cende]]'' exists as a synonym. Another oblique match-up is ''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]]'', which is often better translated as ''[[Contionary: va-tri#Europic|va-tri]]'' ‘forward’, though ''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va]]'' only occurs in calques as an equivalent of ''[[ | Note that some of these calques are more “performative” than accurate. In Latin and Greek, there are often superfluous affixes that don’t contribute directly to the meaning of the word (for example, many words ending in ''-tion'' could be calqued directly to a noun rather than adding the abstract ''[[Contionary: -acu#Europic|-acu]]'' suffix, but it is kept anyway for recognition purposes. Furthermore, some of the calque “blocks” don’t translate their Europic meaning directly; for example, ''de-'' does not faithfully translate ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]'', e.g. ‘de-scend’ → ''[[Contionary: decende#Europic|de-cende]]'': ''de'' here would be more accurately translated with ''[[Contionary: so-tri#Europic|so-tri]]'', though non-calque form ''[[Contionary: sotri-cende#Europic|sotri-cende]]'' exists as a synonym. Another oblique match-up is ''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]]'', which is often better translated as ''[[Contionary: va-tri#Europic|va-tri]]'' ‘forward’, though ''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va]]'' only occurs in calques as an equivalent of ''[[wikt: ante#Latin|ante]]''. | ||
====Hyphenation==== | ====Hyphenation==== | ||
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(I use the awkward but slightly less cumbersome non-gendered terms ''nibling'' for ‘niece or nephew’ and ''auncle'' for ‘aunt or uncle’ – I know, I hate it too, but sometimes you just have to accept the least horrible options. ''Child'' here should be understood as ‘son or daughter’ rather than any random small human.) | (I use the awkward but slightly less cumbersome non-gendered terms ''nibling'' for ‘niece or nephew’ and ''auncle'' for ‘aunt or uncle’ – I know, I hate it too, but sometimes you just have to accept the least horrible options. ''Child'' here should be understood as ‘son or daughter’ rather than any random small human.) | ||
There are two distinct types of marriage relationships: The term ''[[Contionary: swekru|swekru]]'' is compounded to refer to relatives of one’s spouse, while compounds with ''[[Contionary: camu|camu]]'' refer to the spouse of one’s relative. In many languages, these terms are conflated, but this allows the distinction between, for example, ''[[Contionary: brata-swekru|brata-swekru]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the brother of one’s spouse’ and ''[[Contionary: brata-camu|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the spouse of one’s brother’. The latter construction is also used to compound “step-”relationships, such as ''[[Contionary: vatra-caminu|vatra-caminu]]'' ‘father’s wife’, i.e. “step-mother.” | There are two distinct types of marriage relationships: The term ''[[Contionary: swekru#Europic|swekru]]'' is compounded to refer to relatives of one’s spouse, while compounds with ''[[Contionary: camu#Europic|camu]]'' refer to the spouse of one’s relative. In many languages, these terms are conflated, but this allows the distinction between, for example, ''[[Contionary: brata-swekru#Europic|brata-swekru]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the brother of one’s spouse’ and ''[[Contionary: brata-camu#Europic|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the spouse of one’s brother’. The latter construction is also used to compound “step-”relationships, such as ''[[Contionary: vatra-caminu#Europic|vatra-caminu]]'' ‘father’s wife’, i.e. “step-mother.” | ||
There are root terms for all direct relationships from grandchildren to grandparents. Further terms can be indicated with prefixes such as ''[[Contionary: go-]]'' ‘great, future generations’ and ''[[Contionary: le-]]'' ‘great, past generations’, e.g. ''[[Contionary: go-niku|go-niku]]'' ‘great-grandchild’ vs. ''[[Contionary: le-nonu|le-nonu]]'' ‘great-grandparent’. | There are root terms for all direct relationships from grandchildren to grandparents. Further terms can be indicated with prefixes such as ''[[Contionary: go-#Europic|go-]]'' ‘great, future generations’ and ''[[Contionary: le-#Europic|le-]]'' ‘great, past generations’, e.g. ''[[Contionary: go-niku#Europic|go-niku]]'' ‘great-grandchild’ vs. ''[[Contionary: le-nonu#Europic|le-nonu]]'' ‘great-grandparent’. | ||
====Lexicon==== | ====Lexicon==== | ||
* '''[[:Category: Europic words|Complete List of Europic Words]]''' | * '''[[:Category: Europic words|Complete List of Europic Words]]''' | ||
* '''[[Swadesh | * '''[[Europic/Swadesh|Swedesh List (Europic only)]]''' | ||