Europic: Difference between revisions

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[[Category: Languages]]

[[Category: Europic]]

* [[:Category: Europic~~|Europic]]~~

* [[:Category: Europic words|Europic words]]

* [[:Category: Europic extragrammatical sets|Europic extragrammatical sets]]

Europic (natively, ''Yevropicu'' /ˌjevroˈpiʃu/), also known as Eulingo (or jocularly as Fauxperanto), is a constructed auxiliary language consisting of mostly Indo-European roots commissioned by the [[European Central Authority|European Central Authority (ECA)]] near the end of the 21st century. It is mainly isolating and analytic, and contains many specific contrasts to Esperanto, though the two are not entirely dissimilar. The language became widely spoken in the 22nd and 23rd centuries, and many variants emerged after the collapse of the ECA and the language’s loss of official status. It is the direct ancestor of [[Iropich]], later known as Proto-Human, ancestor of [[Rupesh]], the language spoken by most humans on [[PlanetX|PlanetX]] after the [[Terran Diaspora]].

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=====Indefinite Pronouns=====

Many of the most common indefinite pronouns can be found as part of the [[~~Contionary:~~ #Correlatives|Correlatives]]. The third person personal pronouns ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' and ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' are frequently compounded to form indefinite pronouns ‘-one’ and ‘-thing’.

Many of the most common indefinite pronouns can be found as part of the [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]]. The third person personal pronouns ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' and ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' are frequently compounded to form indefinite pronouns ‘-one’ and ‘-thing’.

====Nouns====

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====Determiners====

Determiners include demonstratives and other adjectives which identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it. The primary determiners in most languages are the articles (“the,” “a,” “an,” “some”) but Europic (deliberately) lacks both definite and indefinite articles. Numbers and possessives may also be considered determiners, as can all of the adjectival [[~~Contionary:~~ #Correlatives|correlatives]]. The main determiners are:

Determiners include demonstratives and other adjectives which identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it. The primary determiners in most languages are the articles (“the,” “a,” “an,” “some”) but Europic (deliberately) lacks both definite and indefinite articles. Numbers and possessives may also be considered determiners, as can all of the adjectival [[#Correlatives|correlatives]]. The main determiners are:

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====Particles====

“Particle” is a very vague term, even moreso than “adverb”—already the proverbial junk drawer of the parts of speech. Most particles indicate verbal tenses, aspects, and moods, though a few may modify other parts of speech. (The particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', for instance, is probably better classified as an adjective, but here it is—whaddya gonna do about it?) The verbal particles have already been discussed in [[~~Contionary:~~ #Verbs|Verbs]], above; some other particles include:

“Particle” is a very vague term, even moreso than “adverb”—already the proverbial junk drawer of the parts of speech. Most particles indicate verbal tenses, aspects, and moods, though a few may modify other parts of speech. (The particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', for instance, is probably better classified as an adjective, but here it is—whaddya gonna do about it?) The verbal particles have already been discussed in [[#Verbs|Verbs]], above; some other particles include:

* '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘which’ (Creates a relative conjunction from a ''kwa''-correlative.)

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====Commands====

There are two main types of imperatives: Positive and Negative. Both are formed by appending the pronoun (with a hyphen) to the end of the verb. In the case of the negative imperative (a.k.a. the prohibitive), that verb is usually ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’, followed by an infinitive verb. (See also [[~~Contionary:~~ #Mood|the Imperative Mood]].)

There are two main types of imperatives: Positive and Negative. Both are formed by appending the pronoun (with a hyphen) to the end of the verb. In the case of the negative imperative (a.k.a. the prohibitive), that verb is usually ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’, followed by an infinitive verb. (See also [[#Mood|the Imperative Mood]].)

* Go to work! '''''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|Yite]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: labraryu#Europic|labraryu]]!'' (“'''Go-you''' to work-place!”)

* Don’t go yet! '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: sto#Europic|sto]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]!'' (“'''Don’t-you''' already go!”)

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## ''[[Contionary: √al#Europic|-al‑]]'' ‘fraction’ → ''[[Contionary: tcerala#Europic|tcerala]]'' ‘quarter’, ''[[Contionary: duwalu#Europic|duwalu]]'' ‘half’, ''[[Contionary: triyalu#Europic|triyalu]]'' ‘one third’

# Particle roots consist of an onset and any vowel. Particles are usually full words in their own right, often prepositions, conjunctions, and other adverbial particles.

#Short-form roots consist of a single onset only. They consist of verbs, pronouns, and determiners. The verbs almost always have a full-form basic root equivalent which can be used interchangeably when alone; specific rules govern the use of which form to use in compounds. (See [[~~Contionary:~~ #Short-form Verbs|Short-form Verbs]]). Pronouns consist of ''[[Contionary: √m#Europic|m‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √t#Europic|t‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √r#Europic|r‑]]'', and ''[[Contionary: √s#Europic|s‑]]''; determiners can also be made into pronouns, but require an affix to avoid confusion. The determiner roots are most often found as the first element of [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]].

#Short-form roots consist of a single onset only. They consist of verbs, pronouns, and determiners. The verbs almost always have a full-form basic root equivalent which can be used interchangeably when alone; specific rules govern the use of which form to use in compounds. (See [[#Short-form Verbs|Short-form Verbs]]). Pronouns consist of ''[[Contionary: √m#Europic|m‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √t#Europic|t‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √r#Europic|r‑]]'', and ''[[Contionary: √s#Europic|s‑]]''; determiners can also be made into pronouns, but require an affix to avoid confusion. The determiner roots are most often found as the first element of [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]].

=====Root Families=====

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* '''''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muj]]''''' multi-, poly- (‘many’): ''[[Contionary: mujangla#Europic|muj-angla]]'' ‘polygonal’, ''[[Contionary: muja-tranka#Europic|muja-tranka]]'' ‘multi-faceted’

* '''''[[Contionary: pone#Europic|pon]]''''' pon-, pos-, thes- (‘put’): ''[[Contionary: me-ponacu#Europic|me-pon-acu]]'' ‘composition, synthesis’

* '''''[[Contionary: tire#Europic|tir]]''''' -tract, -tire (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: re-tire]]'' ‘retract’, ''[[Contionary: so-tiracu#Europic|so-tir-acu]]'' ‘subtraction’

* '''''[[Contionary: tire#Europic|tir]]''''' -tract, -tire (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: re-tire#Europic|re-tire]]'' ‘retract’, ''[[Contionary: so-tiracu#Europic|so-tir-acu]]'' ‘subtraction’

* '''''[[Contionary: trewe#Europic|trew]]''''' -fide (‘trust’): ''[[Contionary: me-trewe#Europic|me-trewe]]'' ‘confide’, ''[[Contionary: di-trewalya#Europic|di-trew-alya]]'' ‘diffident’

* '''''[[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verp]]''''' -ject (‘throw’): ''[[Contionary: no-verpe#Europic|no-verpe]]'' ‘inject’, ''[[Contionary: kri-verpu#Europic|kri-verpu]]'' ‘environment’

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(I use the awkward but slightly less cumbersome non-gendered terms ''nibling'' for ‘niece or nephew’ and ''auncle'' for ‘aunt or uncle’ – I know, I hate it too, but sometimes you just have to accept the least horrible options. ''Child'' here should be understood as ‘son or daughter’ rather than any random small human.)

There are two distinct types of marriage relationships: The term ''[[Contionary: swekru|swekru]]'' is compounded to refer to relatives of one’s spouse, while compounds with ''[[Contionary: camu|camu]]'' refer to the spouse of one’s relative. In many languages, these terms are conflated, but this allows the distinction between, for example, ''[[Contionary: brata-swekru|brata-swekru]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the brother of one’s spouse’ and ''[[Contionary: brata-camu|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the spouse of one’s brother’. The latter construction is also used to compound “step-”relationships, such as ''[[Contionary: vatra-caminu|vatra-caminu]]'' ‘father’s wife’, i.e. “step-mother.”

There are two distinct types of marriage relationships: The term ''[[Contionary: swekru#Europic|swekru]]'' is compounded to refer to relatives of one’s spouse, while compounds with ''[[Contionary: camu#Europic|camu]]'' refer to the spouse of one’s relative. In many languages, these terms are conflated, but this allows the distinction between, for example, ''[[Contionary: brata-swekru#Europic|brata-swekru]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the brother of one’s spouse’ and ''[[Contionary: brata-camu#Europic|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the spouse of one’s brother’. The latter construction is also used to compound “step-”relationships, such as ''[[Contionary: vatra-caminu#Europic|vatra-caminu]]'' ‘father’s wife’, i.e. “step-mother.”

There are root terms for all direct relationships from grandchildren to grandparents. Further terms can be indicated with prefixes such as ''[[Contionary: go-]]'' ‘great, future generations’ and ''[[Contionary: le-]]'' ‘great, past generations’, e.g. ''[[Contionary: go-niku|go-niku]]'' ‘great-grandchild’ vs. ''[[Contionary: le-nonu|le-nonu]]'' ‘great-grandparent’.

There are root terms for all direct relationships from grandchildren to grandparents. Further terms can be indicated with prefixes such as ''[[Contionary: go-#Europic|go-]]'' ‘great, future generations’ and ''[[Contionary: le-#Europic|le-]]'' ‘great, past generations’, e.g. ''[[Contionary: go-niku#Europic|go-niku]]'' ‘great-grandchild’ vs. ''[[Contionary: le-nonu#Europic|le-nonu]]'' ‘great-grandparent’.

====Lexicon====

* '''[[:Category: Europic words|Complete List of Europic Words]]'''

* '''[[Europic/Swadesh|Swedesh List (Europic only)]]'''

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[Category: Languages]]
 [[Category: Europic]]
-* [[:Category: Europic|Europic]]
+{{Europic/nav}}
-* [[:Category: Europic words|Europic words]]
-* [[:Category: Europic extragrammatical sets|Europic extragrammatical sets]]
 Europic (natively, ''Yevropicu'' /ˌjevroˈpiʃu/), also known as Eulingo (or jocularly as Fauxperanto), is a constructed auxiliary language consisting of mostly Indo-European roots commissioned by the [[European Central Authority|European Central Authority (ECA)]] near the end of the 21st century. It is mainly isolating and analytic, and contains many specific contrasts to Esperanto, though the two are not entirely dissimilar. The language became widely spoken in the 22nd and 23rd centuries, and many variants emerged after the collapse of the ECA and the language’s loss of official status. It is the direct ancestor of [[Iropich]], later known as Proto-Human, ancestor of [[Rupesh]], the language spoken by most humans on [[PlanetX|PlanetX]] after the [[Terran Diaspora]].
@@ Line 926: / Line 924: @@
 =====Indefinite Pronouns=====
-Many of the most common indefinite pronouns can be found as part of the [[Contionary: #Correlatives|Correlatives]]. The third person personal pronouns ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' and ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' are frequently compounded to form indefinite pronouns ‘-one’ and ‘-thing’.
+Many of the most common indefinite pronouns can be found as part of the [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]]. The third person personal pronouns ''[[Contionary: ru#Europic|ru]]'' and ''[[Contionary: su#Europic|su]]'' are frequently compounded to form indefinite pronouns ‘-one’ and ‘-thing’.
 ====Nouns====
@@ Line 1,207: / Line 1,205: @@
 ====Determiners====
-Determiners include demonstratives and other adjectives which identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it. The primary determiners in most languages are the articles (“the,” “a,” “an,” “some”) but Europic (deliberately) lacks both definite and indefinite articles. Numbers and possessives may also be considered determiners, as can all of the adjectival [[Contionary: #Correlatives|correlatives]]. The main determiners are:
+Determiners include demonstratives and other adjectives which identify or distinguish a referent without describing or modifying it. The primary determiners in most languages are the articles (“the,” “a,” “an,” “some”) but Europic (deliberately) lacks both definite and indefinite articles. Numbers and possessives may also be considered determiners, as can all of the adjectival [[#Correlatives|correlatives]]. The main determiners are:
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 |style="vertical-align: top;"|
@@ Line 1,784: / Line 1,782: @@
 ====Particles====
-“Particle” is a very vague term, even moreso than “adverb”—already the proverbial junk drawer of the parts of speech. Most particles indicate verbal tenses, aspects, and moods, though a few may modify other parts of speech. (The particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', for instance, is probably better classified as an adjective, but here it is—whaddya gonna do about it?) The verbal particles have already been discussed in [[Contionary: #Verbs|Verbs]], above; some other particles include:
+“Particle” is a very vague term, even moreso than “adverb”—already the proverbial junk drawer of the parts of speech. Most particles indicate verbal tenses, aspects, and moods, though a few may modify other parts of speech. (The particle ''[[Contionary: ya#Europic|ya]]'', for instance, is probably better classified as an adjective, but here it is—whaddya gonna do about it?) The verbal particles have already been discussed in [[#Verbs|Verbs]], above; some other particles include:
 * '''''[[Contionary: ke#Europic|ke]]''''' ‘which’ (Creates a relative conjunction from a ''kwa''-correlative.)
@@ Line 2,071: / Line 2,069: @@
 ====Commands====
-There are two main types of imperatives: Positive and Negative. Both are formed by appending the pronoun (with a hyphen) to the end of the verb. In the case of the negative imperative (a.k.a. the prohibitive), that verb is usually ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’, followed by an infinitive verb. (See also [[Contionary: #Mood|the Imperative Mood]].)
+There are two main types of imperatives: Positive and Negative. Both are formed by appending the pronoun (with a hyphen) to the end of the verb. In the case of the negative imperative (a.k.a. the prohibitive), that verb is usually ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’, followed by an infinitive verb. (See also [[#Mood|the Imperative Mood]].)
 * Go to work! '''''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|Yite]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: da#Europic|da]] [[Contionary: labraryu#Europic|labraryu]]!'' (“'''Go-you''' to work-place!”)
 * Don’t go yet! '''''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]]''' [[Contionary: sto#Europic|sto]] [[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]!'' (“'''Don’t-you''' already go!”)
@@ Line 2,124: / Line 2,122: @@
 ## ''[[Contionary: √al#Europic|-al‑]]'' ‘fraction’ → ''[[Contionary: tcerala#Europic|tcerala]]'' ‘quarter’, ''[[Contionary: duwalu#Europic|duwalu]]'' ‘half’, ''[[Contionary: triyalu#Europic|triyalu]]'' ‘one third’
 # Particle roots consist of an onset and any vowel. Particles are usually full words in their own right, often prepositions, conjunctions, and other adverbial particles.
-#Short-form roots consist of a single onset only. They consist of verbs, pronouns, and determiners. The verbs almost always have a full-form basic root equivalent which can be used interchangeably when alone; specific rules govern the use of which form to use in compounds. (See [[Contionary: #Short-form Verbs|Short-form Verbs]]). Pronouns consist of ''[[Contionary: √m#Europic|m‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √t#Europic|t‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √r#Europic|r‑]]'', and ''[[Contionary: √s#Europic|s‑]]''; determiners can also be made into pronouns, but require an affix to avoid confusion. The determiner roots are most often found as the first element of [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]].
+#Short-form roots consist of a single onset only. They consist of verbs, pronouns, and determiners. The verbs almost always have a full-form basic root equivalent which can be used interchangeably when alone; specific rules govern the use of which form to use in compounds. (See [[#Short-form Verbs|Short-form Verbs]]). Pronouns consist of ''[[Contionary: √m#Europic|m‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √t#Europic|t‑]]'', ''[[Contionary: √r#Europic|r‑]]'', and ''[[Contionary: √s#Europic|s‑]]''; determiners can also be made into pronouns, but require an affix to avoid confusion. The determiner roots are most often found as the first element of [[#Correlatives|Correlatives]].
 =====Root Families=====
@@ Line 2,171: / Line 2,169: @@
 * '''''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muj]]''''' multi-, poly- (‘many’): ''[[Contionary: mujangla#Europic|muj-angla]]''  ‘polygonal’, ''[[Contionary: muja-tranka#Europic|muja-tranka]]''  ‘multi-faceted’
 * '''''[[Contionary: pone#Europic|pon]]''''' pon-, pos-, thes- (‘put’): ''[[Contionary: me-ponacu#Europic|me-pon-acu]]''  ‘composition, synthesis’
-* '''''[[Contionary: tire#Europic|tir]]''''' -tract, -tire (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: re-tire]]''  ‘retract’, ''[[Contionary: so-tiracu#Europic|so-tir-acu]]''  ‘subtraction’
+* '''''[[Contionary: tire#Europic|tir]]''''' -tract, -tire (‘pull’): ''[[Contionary: re-tire#Europic|re-tire]]''  ‘retract’, ''[[Contionary: so-tiracu#Europic|so-tir-acu]]''  ‘subtraction’
 * '''''[[Contionary: trewe#Europic|trew]]''''' -fide (‘trust’): ''[[Contionary: me-trewe#Europic|me-trewe]]''  ‘confide’, ''[[Contionary: di-trewalya#Europic|di-trew-alya]]''  ‘diffident’
 * '''''[[Contionary: verpe#Europic|verp]]''''' -ject (‘throw’): ''[[Contionary: no-verpe#Europic|no-verpe]]''  ‘inject’, ''[[Contionary: kri-verpu#Europic|kri-verpu]]''  ‘environment’
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 (I use the awkward but slightly less cumbersome non-gendered terms ''nibling'' for ‘niece or nephew’ and ''auncle'' for ‘aunt or uncle’ – I know, I hate it too, but sometimes you just have to accept the least horrible options. ''Child'' here should be understood as ‘son or daughter’ rather than any random small human.)
-There are two distinct types of marriage relationships: The term ''[[Contionary: swekru|swekru]]'' is compounded to refer to relatives of one’s spouse, while compounds with ''[[Contionary: camu|camu]]'' refer to the spouse of one’s relative. In many languages, these terms are conflated, but this allows the distinction between, for example, ''[[Contionary: brata-swekru|brata-swekru]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the brother of one’s spouse’ and ''[[Contionary: brata-camu|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the spouse of one’s brother’. The latter construction is also used to compound “step-”relationships, such as ''[[Contionary: vatra-caminu|vatra-caminu]]'' ‘father’s wife’, i.e. “step-mother.”
+There are two distinct types of marriage relationships: The term ''[[Contionary: swekru#Europic|swekru]]'' is compounded to refer to relatives of one’s spouse, while compounds with ''[[Contionary: camu#Europic|camu]]'' refer to the spouse of one’s relative. In many languages, these terms are conflated, but this allows the distinction between, for example, ''[[Contionary: brata-swekru#Europic|brata-swekru]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the brother of one’s spouse’ and ''[[Contionary: brata-camu#Europic|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law, the spouse of one’s brother’. The latter construction is also used to compound “step-”relationships, such as ''[[Contionary: vatra-caminu#Europic|vatra-caminu]]'' ‘father’s wife’, i.e. “step-mother.”
-There are root terms for all direct relationships from grandchildren to grandparents. Further terms can be indicated with prefixes such as ''[[Contionary: go-]]'' ‘great, future generations’ and ''[[Contionary: le-]]'' ‘great, past generations’, e.g. ''[[Contionary: go-niku|go-niku]]'' ‘great-grandchild’ vs. ''[[Contionary: le-nonu|le-nonu]]'' ‘great-grandparent’.
+There are root terms for all direct relationships from grandchildren to grandparents. Further terms can be indicated with prefixes such as ''[[Contionary: go-#Europic|go-]]'' ‘great, future generations’ and ''[[Contionary: le-#Europic|le-]]'' ‘great, past generations’, e.g. ''[[Contionary: go-niku#Europic|go-niku]]'' ‘great-grandchild’ vs. ''[[Contionary: le-nonu#Europic|le-nonu]]'' ‘great-grandparent’.
 ====Lexicon====
 * '''[[:Category: Europic words|Complete List of Europic Words]]'''
 * '''[[Europic/Swadesh|Swedesh List (Europic only)]]'''