Nawuhu: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

| name = {{PAGENAME}}

| altname = Nauhu~~, Wuhu~~

| altname = Wuhu / Nauhu / Naufu

| image = WuhuIslandFlag.png

| imagecaption = Flag of the Wuhu Autonomous Zone

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| notice = ipa

}}

'''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', ~~<small>Nawuhu:</small>~~ [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''~~Nauhu~~''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island (''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.

'''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''', '''Nauhu''' or '''Naufu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island (''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.

==Phonology==

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|-

! colspan=2 |Semivowel

| w || || j || ||

| || || j || w ||

|-

! colspan=2 |Lateral

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/ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions (between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.

====Glottalisation====

Though glottal stops do not occur phonemically in Nawuhu, some consonants are pre-glottalised at the beginning of a word, usually /n/, /m/ and /ŋ/. This glottalisation is not marked, mainly because Mark Mii, the creator of the Mark Mii romanisation system, never actually noticed the phonemic pre-glottalisation when researching the language. However, subsequent studies that interrogated actual native speakers did note the phonemic difference, with one research paper noting that one participant reportedly joked that a foreigner they had met greeted them with ''yenita’a ngala!'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.~~a ŋala~~]]], meaning "Give the spider!", instead of what the participant believed the foreigner wanted to say, ''yenita’a *ngala!'' (The asterisk is a common unofficial way to note pre-glottalisation) [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ˀŋala]]], meaning "Welcome [to my home]!".

Though glottal stops do not occur phonemically in Nawuhu, some consonants are pre-glottalised at the beginning of a word, usually /n/, /m/ and /ŋ/. This glottalisation is not marked, mainly because Mark Mii, the creator of the Mark Mii romanisation system, never actually noticed the phonemic pre-glottalisation when researching the language. However, subsequent studies that interrogated actual native speakers did note the phonemic difference, with one research paper noting that one participant reportedly joked that a foreigner they had met greeted them with ''yenita’a (a)ngala!'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a‿ŋala]]], meaning "Give the spider!", instead of what the participant believed the foreigner wanted to say, ''yenita’a *ngala!'' (The asterisk is a common unofficial way to note pre-glottalisation) [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ˀŋala]]], meaning "Welcome [to my home]!".

===Vowels===

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===Negation===

The word for "no" in Nawuhu is ''agó''. When negating a verb, ''-ago'' is added at the end of the word. Thus, "I don't do that" would be ''ja nis kubuago'', or simply ''nis kubuago''.

The word for "no" in Nawuhu is ''agó''. When negating a verb, ''-ago'' is added at the end of the word. Thus, "I don't do that" would be ''ja nis kubuago'', or simply ''nis kubuago''. The negative copula is also simply ''ago''.

===Nouns===

====Number====

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 {{Infobox language
 | name = {{PAGENAME}}
-| altname = Nauhu, Wuhu
+| altname = Wuhu / Nauhu / Naufu
 | image = WuhuIslandFlag.png
 | imagecaption = Flag of the Wuhu Autonomous Zone
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 | notice = ipa
 }}
-'''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', <small>Nawuhu:</small> [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''' or '''Nauhu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island (''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.
+'''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ˀna.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''', '''Nauhu''' or '''Naufu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island (''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 |-
 ! colspan=2 |Semivowel
-| w || || j || ||
+| || || j || w ||
 |-
 ! colspan=2 |Lateral
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 /ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions (between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.
 ====Glottalisation====
-Though glottal stops do not occur phonemically in Nawuhu, some consonants are pre-glottalised at the beginning of a word, usually /n/, /m/ and /ŋ/. This glottalisation is not marked, mainly because Mark Mii, the creator of the Mark Mii romanisation system, never actually noticed the phonemic pre-glottalisation when researching the language. However, subsequent studies that interrogated actual native speakers did note the phonemic difference, with one research paper noting that one participant reportedly joked that a foreigner they had met greeted them with ''yenita’a ngala!'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ŋala]]], meaning "Give the spider!", instead of what the participant believed the foreigner wanted to say, ''yenita’a *ngala!'' (The asterisk is a common unofficial way to note pre-glottalisation) [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ˀŋala]]], meaning "Welcome [to my home]!".
+Though glottal stops do not occur phonemically in Nawuhu, some consonants are pre-glottalised at the beginning of a word, usually /n/, /m/ and /ŋ/. This glottalisation is not marked, mainly because Mark Mii, the creator of the Mark Mii romanisation system, never actually noticed the phonemic pre-glottalisation when researching the language. However, subsequent studies that interrogated actual native speakers did note the phonemic difference, with one research paper noting that one participant reportedly joked that a foreigner they had met greeted them with ''yenita’a (a)ngala!'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a‿ŋala]]], meaning "Give the spider!", instead of what the participant believed the foreigner wanted to say, ''yenita’a *ngala!'' (The asterisk is a common unofficial way to note pre-glottalisation) [[IPA for Nawuhu|[jenita.a ˀŋala]]], meaning "Welcome [to my home]!".
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 ===Negation===
-The word for "no" in Nawuhu is ''agó''. When negating a verb, ''-ago'' is added at the end of the word. Thus, "I don't do that" would be ''ja nis kubuago'', or simply ''nis kubuago''.
+The word for "no" in Nawuhu is ''agó''. When negating a verb, ''-ago'' is added at the end of the word. Thus, "I don't do that" would be ''ja nis kubuago'', or simply ''nis kubuago''. The negative copula is also simply ''ago''.
 ===Nouns===
 ====Number====