Mirmio: Difference between revisions
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Mirmio can substitute both noun and verb positions with a content clause. Uninflected content clauses are marked with a preclitic (''dl-'' before a vowel, ''dlõ-'' before a consonant) attached to the first word of the content clause. | Mirmio can substitute both noun and verb positions with a content clause. Uninflected content clauses are marked with a preclitic (''dl-'' before a vowel, ''dlõ-'' before a consonant) attached to the first word of the content clause. | ||
In example (1a), ''dl-'' is cliticized onto the animacy marker of the clause ''ácv dja'ukuh | In example (1a), ''dl-'' is cliticized onto the animacy marker of the clause ''ácv dja'ukuh rlòxnj'', allowng the clause to be placed in the initiator positon of “_ qùulkf nji'hu.” | ||
1a) | 1a) | ||
:: '''''Dl'''ácv dja'ukuh | :: '''''Dl'''ácv dja'ukuh rlòxnj qùulkf nji'hu.'' | ||
:: '''Dl='''ácv dja'uku.h rlòx-nj | :: '''Dl='''ácv dja'uku.h rlòx-nj qùul-kf nji'hu | ||
:: '''{{sc|ccm}}='''{{sc|anim}} horse.{{sc|nsd}} run-{{sc|sv | :: '''{{sc|ccm}}='''{{sc|anim}} horse.{{sc|nsd}} run-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}} | ||
:: *I see the horse running itself. | :: *I see the horse running itself. | ||
:: “I see a horse running around.” | :: “I see a horse running around.” | ||
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1b) | 1b) | ||
:: ''Ácv '''dlõ''' ácv dja'ukuh | :: ''Ácv '''dlõ''' ácv dja'ukuh rlòxnj qùulkf nji'hu.'' | ||
:: Ácv '''dlõ''' ácv dja'uku.h rlòx-nj | :: Ácv '''dlõ''' ácv dja'uku.h rlòx-nj qùul-kf nji'hu | ||
:: {{sc|anim}} '''{{sc|ccm}}''' {{sc|anim}} horse.{{sc|nsd}} run-{{sc|sv | :: {{sc|anim}} '''{{sc|ccm}}''' {{sc|anim}} horse.{{sc|nsd}} run-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}} | ||
:: *I see the horse running itself. | :: *I see the horse running itself. | ||
:: “The horse running around draws my attention to it.” | :: “The horse running around draws my attention to it.” | ||
==== Relative Clauses ==== | ==== Relative Clauses ==== | ||
Relative clauses in Mirmio encompass both adjectival and adverbial clauses as they have the same behavior in the language. Although relative clauses can have the same underlying word order as independent clauses, the word that is being modified by the relative clause is | Relative clauses in Mirmio encompass both adjectival and adverbial clauses as they have the same behavior in the language. Although relative clauses can have the same underlying word order as independent clauses, the word that is being modified by the relative clause is not represented inside of the relative clause. | ||
There are two classes of relative marker: continuous and discontinuous, both of which precede the relative clause and connect it back to its modifiee, but the continuous marker appears directly after the modifiee and the discontinuous modifier appears after another, previous relative clause (if present) modifying the same word. Similar to content clauses, inflected markers are complementizers and uninflected markers are clitics, however relative marker clitics are attached to the word preceding the relative clause rather than the first word in the relative clause. | There are two classes of relative marker: continuous and discontinuous, both of which precede the relative clause and connect it back to its modifiee, but the continuous marker appears directly after the modifiee and the discontinuous modifier appears after another, previous relative clause (if present) modifying the same word. Similar to content clauses, inflected markers are complementizers and uninflected markers are clitics, however relative marker clitics are attached to the word preceding the relative clause rather than the first word in the relative clause. | ||
| Line 455: | Line 455: | ||
|lee | |lee | ||
|ge | |ge | ||
| | |ò'k | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Clitic | !Clitic | ||
| -cv | | -cv | ||
| -n | | -n | ||
| - | | -enj | ||
| -(n)ri | | -(n)ri | ||
| -(a)y | | -(a)y | ||
| - | | -ù, -w | ||
|} | |}In the example (2a), the relative clause ''rlòxnjkf'' modifies ''dja'ukuh'', where ''dja'ukuh'' is the clause's initiator. This relationship is marked by the initiator continuous relative clitic -''enj''. | ||
2a) | |||
:: ''Djá'ukuh''''enj''' rlòxnj qùulkf nji'hu.'' | |||
:: Djá'uku.h'''=enj''' rlòx-nj qùul-kf nji'hu | |||
:: horse.{{sc|nsd}}'''={{sc|icr}}''' run-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}} | |||
:: *I see the horse running. | |||
:: “I see a horse that is running.” | |||
Example (2b) shows the complementizer ''kjĩ'ĩ'', instead of the clitic ''-enj'', taking the animacy marker ''ácv'' that corresponds to the modifiee. | |||
2b) | |||
:: ''Djá'ukuh ácv '''kjĩ'ĩ''' rlòxnj qùulkf nji'hu.'' | |||
:: Djá'uku.h ácv '''kjĩ'ĩ''' rlòx-nj qùul-kf nji'hu | |||
:: horse.{{sc|nsd}} {{sc|anim}} '''{{sc|icr}}''' run-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}} | |||
:: *I see the horse running itself. | |||
:: “I see a horse that is running around.” | |||
Example (2c) uses the same sentence as (2b) but with an additional relative clause. The discontinuous clitic (''-n'') is used to mark that the noun ''djá'ukuh'' takes an associate role in the second relative clause ''xjiithnj'', while the ''kjĩ'ĩ'' remains marking the noun as the initiator in the first relative clause ''rlòxnj''. | |||
2c) | |||
:: ''Djá'ukuh ácv kjĩ'ĩ rlòxnj'''n''' xjiithnj qùulkf nji'hu.'' | |||
:: Djá'uku.h ácv kjĩ'ĩ rlòx-nj'''=n''' qùul-kf nji'hu | |||
:: horse.{{sc|nsd}} {{sc|anim}} {{sc|icr}} run-{{sc|sv}}'''={{sc|adr}}''' neigh-{{sc|sv}} see-{{sc|g3 1sg.g3}} | |||
:: *I see the horse running itself neighing. | |||
:: “I see a horse that is running around and neighing.” | |||
==== Merged Clauses ==== | ==== Merged Clauses ==== | ||