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|setting=
|setting=
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|dia1=Nygadsnorsk (Western)
|dia1=[[Nygadsnorsk]] (Western)
|dia2=Jugsnorsk (Eastern)
|dia2=[[Jugsnorsk]] (Eastern)
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
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[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/)
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Húsanorska''; Varhúsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk: [xʊu̯.sɐ.nor.kʰɐ]) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯dj/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:dj/, Jugsnorsk /o̞udʲ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old West Norse /ɑlːr̩/, Old East Norse /ɑlːʀ/)


While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other.
While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to be difficult to communicate between, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be unintelligible. As such, all three will be split into separate articles, this article will focus on Varhúsnorsk, with minimal coverage of the others.
==History==
==History==
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
Line 68: Line 68:


==Development==
==Development==
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.
Húsnorsk's phonological history after Pre-Húsnorsk is deeply understood, though the development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.


The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized..
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized..


===Varhúsnorsk===
===Varhúsnorsk===
*/ar/ to /ɐ/.
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
*/ʀ/ to /j/
*/ʀ/ to /j/
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains.
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains.
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/
*''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)''
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.''
*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.''
*/ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point)
*/ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout''
**''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)''
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)
*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)
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===Nygadsnorsk===
===Nygadsnorsk===
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (eg. /n:/ > /tn/)
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
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*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*/rː/ to /ʒ/
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.
===Jugsnorsk===
*/iu, eu/ > /ju/
*coda geminates shorten
*nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
*''Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s''
*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)
*/ɣ/ to /g/
*/w, v/ merge to /ʋ/ except word initially
*''The widespread use of -ki and -isti as pejorative and laudative suffixes leads to their reduction and development into grammatical forms''
*Vowel shifts:
**Overlong to plain long
**Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals)
**Unstressed shifts:
***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/
**Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/
**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated.
*/Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ]
*initial jV-/wV- assimilation.
**Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger.
*/sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/
at some point after -ðr-/-nn- leveling, both turn nasal vowels into long vowels.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Central
! rowspan=2 | Back
! rowspan=2 | Back
|-
|-
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| i
| i
| y
| y
|
| u
| u
|-
|-
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| e
| e
| ø
| ø
|
| o
| o
|-
|-
! Mid-Low
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| ɛ
|
|  
|  
| ɔ
| ɔ
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ
| ɑ
| ɑ
|-
|-
|}
|}


#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl, yːl/)
#All vowels can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Proto-Norse /uːl, yːl/)


===Nygadsnorsk===
===Nygadsnorsk===
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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
##Proper names form a major exception to this.
#:Proper names form a major exception to this.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
:::Voiceless: "pp, tt, kk" /ʰp, ʰt, ʰk/
:::Voiced: "bb, dd, gg" /v, z, g/




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! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=2 | Front
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Central
! rowspan=2 | Back
! rowspan=2 | Back
|-
|-
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| i
| i
| y
| y
|
| u
| u
|-
|-
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| e
| e
| ø
| ø
|
| o
| o
|-
|-
! Mid-Low
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| ɛ
|
|  
|  
| ɔ
| ɔ
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ
| ɑ
| ɑ
|-
|-
|}
|}


#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, and the round vowels (/u, o, ɔ, y, ø/) can be overlong.
#All vowels can be long and overlong.
 
===Jugsnorsk===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=2 |
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Velar
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|-
! rowspan=3 | Stop
! Unvoiced
| p
|
| t
| k
|-
! Voiced
| b
|
| d
| g
|-
! Aspirated
| pʰ
|
| tʰ
| kʰ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
| f
| θ
| s
| x
|-
! Voiced
|
| ð
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
| ʋ
|
| r², l
| j
|-
|}
 
#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Stressed vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=6 | Front
! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
|-
! colspan=3 | Unround
! colspan=3 | Round
|-
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
|-
! High
| i
| ɪi̯
| iː
| y
| ʏy̯
| yː
| u
| ʊu̯
| uː
|-
! Mid
| e
| e̞i̯
| eː
| ø
| ø̞y̯
| øː
| o
| o̞u̯
| oː
|-
! Low
|
|
|
|
|
|
| a
| ɐu̯
| aː
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Unstressed vowels
|-
! rowspan=3 |
! colspan=6 | Front
! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
|-
! colspan=3 | Unround
! colspan=3 | Round
|-
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
! Short
! Diph.
! Long
|-
! High
| ɪ
| i
| iː
| ʏ
| y
| yː
| ʊ
| u
| uː
|-
! Mid
| ɛ
| e
| eː
| œ
| ø
| øː
| ɔ
| o
| oː
|-
! Low
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ɐ
| a
| aː
|-
|}
 
Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.
 
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=ablj|type=c-a|ty=a|str=y|abl-|obl-|mean= - "hearth"}}




{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|au-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|au-|m= - "awl"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|œ-|v=y|m= - "awl"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|œ-|v=y|m= - "awl"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=ǿ|type=c-i|ty=i|str=y|v=y|al-|ol-|ó-|ǿ-|mean= - "awl"}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
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{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-u|ǫ́s-|ę́s-|ás-|m= - "god"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=ósj|type=c-u|ty=u|str=y|ós-|és-|mean= - "god"}}




{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns c-c|nagl-|nęgl-|nǫgl-|m= - "nail"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns|lem=najlj|type=c-c|ty=consonant|str=y|najl-|nejl-|nojl-|mean= - "nail"}}


=====Neuter patterns=====
=====Neuter patterns=====
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{{Varhúsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mǫ́u-|máu-|m= - "Language"}}
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mǫ́u-|máu-|m= - "Language"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}}
{{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mó-|mól-||m= - "Language"}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s2|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s2|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s2|ljúg-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=lýga|lýg-}}


=====Class 1=====
=====Class 1=====
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{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Varhúsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|m= - "to lie, tell lies"|ljúg-|lǿg-|lyg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|ljúg-}}
{{Húsnorsk verbs s5|pa=y|ljúg-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=geta|pastpart=gát-tj|type=5|get-|1s=gez-|gát-|2t=gáz-|2s=gáz-}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====
Line 849: Line 618:


====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿga|j=y|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
Line 858: Line 626:
{{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}}
{{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}}
{{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}}
{{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}}
{|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=véja|m=|véj-|éj-|vé-|é-}}
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=ǿja|m=|ǿj-|éj-|ǿ-|é-}}
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 904: Line 667:
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
:'''Jugsnorsk''': drø̄́ða mik a drø̄́s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýz
:'''Jugsnorsk''': ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
::alt: drǿmða mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
::[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
::[drøːː.ðɐ mik ɐ drøːːs i nɐu̯t uː : sʏy̯.kɪs ɔ fʏy̯tʰ]


#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
Line 912: Line 674:
'''English''':
'''English''':
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
:literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur


===UDHR Article 1===
===UDHR Article 1===
Line 1,015: Line 778:
| ben
| ben
|-
|-
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun}} (you)
| þú
| þú
| þū
| þū
Line 1,048: Line 811:
|
|
|-
|-
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun}} (I)
| ek
| ek
| iak
| iak
Line 1,183: Line 946:
|
|
|-
|-
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun}} (they)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
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#Not cognate
#Not cognate
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
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