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Nawuhu: Difference between revisions

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Indeed, the system itself was built quickly out of necessity by Mark Mii as a way to transliterate ancient Nawuhu writing, and he himself admitted he did not take verbal transcription into account when making the system. Nevertheless, it was the first serious attempt of its time, and thus it was rapidly adopted by most of the Wuhu Island archaeologist community, many members of which were personal friends or acquaintances of Mark Mii himself.
Indeed, the system itself was built quickly out of necessity by Mark Mii as a way to transliterate ancient Nawuhu writing, and he himself admitted he did not take verbal transcription into account when making the system. Nevertheless, it was the first serious attempt of its time, and thus it was rapidly adopted by most of the Wuhu Island archaeologist community, many members of which were personal friends or acquaintances of Mark Mii himself.


Since its establishment as the official romanisation of Nawuhu, some other systems have tried to replace the Mark Mii system. One strong competitor is the ''Apakeaka'' system.  This system, created by an actual native Nawuhu speaker, is quite different from the Mark Mii system; for example, /ɕ ʑ/ are written ⟨sh zh⟩, /ʉ/ is written ⟨ü⟩ and the identical vocalic syllable separation is marked with a [[w:Diaeresis|diaeresis]] on the second vowel with stress generally not being marked unless contrastive , so ''na'a wúhu'' becomes ''naä wuhu''. This system is mostly used by Nawuhu native political exiles, with its creator also being a political exile currently residing in Hawaii due to his opposition towards the Almondrian regime. Thus, this romanisation system is not used officially on the island, though it still appears overseas in research papers of the island.
Since its establishment as the official romanisation of Nawuhu, some other systems have tried to replace the Mark Mii system. One strong competitor is the ''Apakeaka'' system.  This system, created by an actual native Nawuhu speaker, is quite different from the Mark Mii system; for example, /ɕ ʑ/ are written ⟨sh zh⟩, /ʉ/ and /ʉ.ʉ/ are written ⟨ụ⟩ and ⟨ṳ⟩ and the identical vocalic syllable separation is marked with a [[w:Diaeresis|diaeresis]] on the second vowel with stress generally not being marked unless contrastive , so ''na'a wúhu'' becomes ''naä wuhu''. This system is mostly used by Nawuhu native political exiles, with its creator also being a political exile currently residing in Hawaii due to his opposition towards the Almondrian regime. Thus, this romanisation system is not used officially on the island, though it still appears overseas in research papers of the island.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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|-
|-
! Semivowel
! Semivowel
| || || j || w ||
| (ẅ) || || j || w ||
|-
|-
! Lateral
! Lateral
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===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
====Personal====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Singular !! colspan=2 | Dual !! colspan=2 | Paucal !! colspan=2 | Plural
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | First</br>person
! personal
| {{term|ja}} || {{term|jan}} || {{term|jvn}} || {{term|jon}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|jo}} || {{term|janu}} || {{term|jun}} || {{term|jonu}}
|-
|-
! nom. !! gen. !! nom. !! gen. !! nom. !! gen. !! nom. !! gen.
! rowspan=2 | Second</br>person
! personal
| {{term|ádo}} || {{term|ádon}} || {{term|wín}} || {{term|né}}
|-
|-
! First
! possessive
| ''ja'' || ''jo'' || ''jan'' || ''janu'' || ''jvn'' || '' jun'' || ''jon'' || ''jonu''
| {{term|ádu}} || {{term|ádun}} || {{term|ínu}} || {{term|néyu}}
|-
|-
! Second
! rowspan=2 | Third</br>person
| ''ádo'' || ''ádu'' || ''ádon'' || ''ádun'' || ''wín'' || ''ínu'' || ''né'' || ''néyu''
! personal
| {{term|ain}} || {{term|aina}} || {{term|avni}} || {{term|enawe}}
|-
|-
! Third
! possessive
| ''ain'' || ''añu'' || ''aina'' || ''año'' || ''avni'' || ''avñu'' || ''enawe'' || ''enau''
| {{term|añu}} || {{term|año}} || {{term|avñu}} || {{term|enau}}
|}  
|}
There are no gendered third person pronouns in Nawuhu, though some older translations of excavated texts translated the third person pronoun as "he". Today, most translators translate the ''ain'' pronoun as "they".
There are no gendered third person pronouns in Nawuhu, though some older translations of excavated texts translated the third person pronoun as "he". Today, most translators translate the ''ain'' pronoun as "they".


Like adjectives, genitive pronouns are placed after the possessee, so "my car" is ''jido jo'' lit. "car my".
Like adjectives, possessive pronouns are placed after the possessee, so "my car" is ''jido jo'' lit. "car my".


====Demonstrative====
====Demonstrative====
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Interrogative pronouns in Nawuhu are quite distinct from demonstrative and personal pronouns. They do not agree with grammatical number, and instead mostly follow the English pattern of "what, why, who, when and how", although "when" has variations based on tense.
Interrogative pronouns in Nawuhu are quite distinct from demonstrative and personal pronouns. They do not agree with grammatical number, and instead mostly follow the English pattern of "what, why, who, when and how", although "when" has variations based on tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | What !! rowspan=2 | Why !! rowspan=2 | Who !! colspan=4 | When !! rowspan=2 | How
! rowspan=2 | What !! rowspan=2 | Where !! rowspan=2 | Why !! rowspan=2 | Who !! colspan=4 | When !! rowspan=2 | How
|-
|-
! Far Past !! Near Past !! Near Future !! General Future
! Far Past !! Near Past !! Near Future !! General Future
|-
|-
| ''lim'' || ''ley'' || ''lou'' || ''i’ilam'' || ''ilam'' || ''ewil'' || ''ewe’el'' || ''li’i''
| ''lim'' || ''lio'' || ''ley'' || ''lou'' || ''i’ilam'' || ''ilam'' || ''ewil'' || ''ewe’el'' || ''li’i''
|}
|}
Here are some examples on how to use the variations of 'when':
Here are some examples on how to use the variations of 'when':
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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Swadesh list===
===Swadesh list===
{{Swadesh
|language=Nawuhu
|nativename=na’a wúhu
|I=ja
|you (singular)=ádo
|he=ain
|we=jon
|you (plural)=né
|they=enawe
|this=pa
|that=nis
|here=papa
|there=nini
|who=lou
|what=lim
|where=lio
|when=ilam
|how=li’i
|not=ago
|all=ana
|many=ñeñe
|some=ñe
|few=ñago
|other=aya
|one=a
|two=an
|three=míneng
|four=ipo
|five=gámi
|big=di’i
|long=nabuta
|wide=teo
|thick=teote
|heavy=duku
|small=lhí
|short=lhí
|narrow=sisi
|thin=ehe
|woman=boi
|man (adult male)=bowa
|man (human being)=bo
|child=ota
|wife=jeki
|husband=jeki
|mother=mau
|father=hau
|animal=ñv
|fish=sempe
|bird=pina
|dog=bau
|louse=ñe’e
|snake=cangú
|worm=pimká
|tree=cvpa
|forest=cvpao
|stick=buta
|fruit=cvpong
|seed=ken
|leaf=gamá
|root=ñidoa
|bark=petin
|flower=hana
|grass=teca
|rope=iton
|skin=ma’a
|meat=cang
|blood=úsiko
|bone=nubun
|fat=ziza
|egg=zuna
|horn=tukó
|tail=pomo
|feather=sápina
|hair=teca
|head=gebu
|ear=ujebo
|eye=oanga
|nose=baho
|mouth=e’ehi
|tooth=kam
|tongue=nagu
|fingernail=dabáku
|foot=ape
|leg=ape
|knee=apéku
|hand=baga
|wing=pimbaga
|belly=deng
|guts=dengdeng
|neck=kuñu
|back=mihomá
|breast=nene
|heart=sulgi
|liver=omna
|drink=patik
|eat=patik
|bite=kam
|suck=ehi
|spit=kuci
|vomit=gogo
|blow=kvhv
|breathe=kvhv
|laugh=wala
|see=oanga
|hear=ujebo
|know=teke
|think=seke
|smell=bahu
|fear=megu
|sleep=azv
|live=janá
|die=tejá
|kill=tejáku
|fight=kudu
|hunt=maba
|hit=kudu
|cut=sekya
|split=sekya
|stab=ñopa
|scratch=kizi
|dig=bóku
|swim=wahe
|fly=pine
|walk=apá
|come=apá
|lie=azv
|sit=isú
|stand=na
|turn=kené
|fall=hoba
|give=du
|hold=de
|squeeze=dede
|rub=zitu
|wash=basvk
|wipe=vdu
|pull=tohok
|push=hok
|throw=hok
|tie=dede
|sew=zunki
|count=esakv
|say=nana
|sing=nañv
|play=tuku
|float=ogoh
|flow=pukdu
|freeze=lukut
|swell=dibo
|sun=tupi
|moon=píwu
|star=i’iki
|water=wahi
|rain=ihé
|river=waha
|lake=ewa
|sea=yalma
|salt=dozin
|stone=mon
|sand=samak
|dust=samak
|earth=tote
|cloud=nui
|fog=nuñui
|sky=paha
|wind=hez
|snow=lukuhéka
|ice=luku
|smoke=wumu
|fire=wuno
|ash=ho’ó
|burn=wuno
|road=dolo
|mountain=maka
|red=homi
|green=cvpa
|yellow=tupi
|white=haga
|black=kela
|night=kela
|day=tupi
|year=toci
|warm=ono
|cold=luku
|full=tengen
|new=pai
|old=alhá
|good=eme
|bad=doyo
|rotten=ubete
|dirty=beto
|straight=hepí
|round=zoko
|sharp=ceci
|dull=cecago
|smooth=melhao
|wet=wahia
|dry=siuk
|correct=kenelé
|near=papao
|far=nipao
|right=svnga
|left=hvmpopo
|at=o
|in=ya
|with=nuku
|and=te
|if=neá
|because=wa
|name=suhu
}}
===Conversation===
===Conversation===
{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
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