Lanikel orthography: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
Suqi (talk | contribs)
Bots
218 edits
Suqi (talk | contribs)
Bots
218 edits
(13 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:


=== Basic Phonemes ===
=== Basic Phonemes ===
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
Line 20: Line 21:
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_nasal|n]] '''n'''
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ñ'''
|[[w:Voiced_palatal_nasal|ɲ]] '''ny, ñ'''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng'''
|[[w:Voiced_velar_nasal|ŋ]] '''ng, ŋ'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 29: Line 30:
|
|
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive|t]] '''t'''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch'''
|[[w:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate|t͡ʃ]] '''ch, č'''
|
|
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] '''k'''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''c'''
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]] '''q'''
|-
|-
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|[[w:IPA_b|b]] '''b'''
|
|
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz'''
|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_affricate|d͡z]] '''dz, ẑ'''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|[[w:Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate|d͡ʒ]] '''j'''
|
|
Line 46: Line 47:
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
![[w:voicelessness|Voiceless]]
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|[[w:IPA_f|f]] '''f'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th'''
|[[w:voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] '''th, þ'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:IPA_s|s]] '''s'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh'''
|[[w:voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʃ]] '''sh, š'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''hl'''
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative|ʎ̝̊]] '''lh, ç'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_x|x]] '''x'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
|[[w:IPA_h|h]] '''h'''
Line 55: Line 56:
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
![[w:Voicedness|Voiced]]
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|[[w:IPA_v|v]] '''v'''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''dh'''
|[[w:voiced_dental_fricative|ð]] '''d'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:IPA_z|z]] '''z'''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh'''
|[[w:voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative|ʒ]] '''zh, ž'''
|
|
|
|
Line 73: Line 74:
|-
|-
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
![[w:nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''ňw'''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|w̃]] '''wň, ṽ'''
|
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''ňl'''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|l̃]] '''lň, ł'''
|
|
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''ňy'''
|[[w:nasalized_consonant|j̃]] '''yň,''' '''ỹ'''
|
|
|
|
Line 87: Line 88:
|
|
|
|
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr'''
|[[w:voiced_uvular_trill|ʀ]] '''rr, ř'''
|
|
|-
|-
Line 93: Line 94:
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
![[w:nasal_click|Nasal]]
|
|
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''dn'''
|[[w:dental_nasal_click|ŋ͡ʇ]] '''cn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''qn'''
|[[w:nasal_alveolar_click|ŋ͡ǃ¡]] '''clň, ċn'''
|
|
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''qñ'''
|[[w:nasal_palatal_click|ŋ͡ǂ]] '''cñ, ĉn'''
|
|
|
|
Line 102: Line 103:
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
![[w:tenuis_consonant|Tenuis]]
|
|
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''d'''
|[[w:tenuis_dental_click|k͡ʇ]] '''c'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''ql'''
|[[w:tenuis_alveolar_click|k͡ǃ¡]] '''cl, ċ'''
|
|
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''q'''
|[[w:tenuis_palatal_click|k͡ǂ]] '''cy, ĉ'''
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
Vowel digraphs can be written as such or with an ogonek on their initial vowel instead.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
Line 118: Line 120:
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:IPA_i|i]] '''i'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie'''
|[[w:near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel|ɪ]] '''ie, į'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo'''
|[[w:near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel|ʊ]] '''uo, ų'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|[[w:IPA_u|u]] '''u'''
|-
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:IPA_e|e]] '''e'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo'''
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]] '''eo, ę'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe'''
|[[w:open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel|ʌ]] '''oe, ǫ'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|[[w:IPA_o|o]] '''o'''
|-
|-
Line 132: Line 134:
|
|
|
|
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao'''
|[[w:open_back_unrounded_vowel|ɑ]] '''ao, ą'''
|}
 
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ẏ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ẉň'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ḷň'''
|j̩̃ '''ẏň'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
 
=== Tones ===
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).
 
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).
 
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
 
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
 
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |[[w:Front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Front_vowel|Near-Front]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Near-Back_vowel|Near-Back]]
! colspan="3" |[[w:Back_vowel|Back]]
|-
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|High]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Mid]]
![[w:tone_(linguistics)|Low]]
|-
![[w:Close_vowel|Close]]
|í '''í'''
|ī '''ì'''
|ì '''<nowiki/>'i'''
|ɪ́ '''íe, į́'''
|ɪ̄ '''ìe, į̀'''
|ɪ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ie, 'į'''
|ʊ́ '''úo, ų́'''
|ʊ̄ '''ùo, ų̀'''
|ʊ̀ '''<nowiki/>'uo, 'ų'''
|ú '''ú'''
|ū '''ù'''
|ù '''<nowiki/>'u'''
|-
![[w:Mid_vowel|Mid]]
|é '''é'''
|ē '''è'''
|è '''<nowiki/>'e'''
|ə́ '''éo, ę́'''
|ə̄ '''èo, ę̀'''
|ə̀ '''<nowiki/>'eo, 'ę'''
|ʌ́ '''óe, ǫ́'''
|ʌ̄ '''òe, ǫ̀'''
|ʌ̀ '''<nowiki/>'oe, 'ǫ'''
|ó '''ó'''
|ō '''ò'''
|ò '''<nowiki/>'o'''
|-
![[w:Open_vowel|Open]]
|á '''á'''
|ā '''à'''
|à '''<nowiki/>'a'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɑ́ '''áo, ą́'''
|ɑ̄ '''ào, ą̀'''
|ɑ̀ '''<nowiki/>'ao, 'ą'''
|}
High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
 
Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ÿ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ẃň'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ẇň'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉň'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ĺň'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ŀň'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷň'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ýň'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ÿň'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẏň'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩ː˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩ː˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩ː˩'''<nowiki/>''' '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
|}


=== Gemination ===
=== Gemination ===
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.  
Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.  
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="21" |Geminate Romanization
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Occlusive
! rowspan="6" |Consonant
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!ɱː
!ɱː
Line 162: Line 400:
!k͡ǂː
!k͡ǂː
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''mm''
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''nyy''
|''ngg''
|''ngg''
|''pp''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''tt''
|''chh''
|''cch''
|''kk''
|''kk''
|''cc''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''bb''
|''ddz''
|''ddz''
|''jj''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''gg''
|''dnn''
|''cnn''
|''qnn''
|''clňň''
|''qññ''
|''cññ''
|''dd''
|''cc''
|''qql''
|''ccl''
|''ccy''
|-
|''mm''
|''nn''
|''ññ''
|''ŋŋ''
|''pp''
|''tt''
|''čč''
|''kk''
|''qq''
|''qq''
|''bb''
|''ẑẑ''
|''jj''
|''gg''
|''cnn''
|''ċnn''
|''ĉnn''
|''cc''
|''ċċ''
|''ĉĉ''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Continuant
! rowspan="3" |Continuant
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!fː
!fː
Line 203: Line 461:
!j̃ː
!j̃ː
!ʀː
!ʀː
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ff''
|''ff''
|''thh''
|''thh''
|''ss''
|''ss''
|''shh''
|''shh''
|''hll''
|''lhh''
|''xx''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''vv''
|''dhh''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''zz''
|''zhh''
|''zhh''
Line 220: Line 478:
|''ll''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''yy''
|''ww'''
|''wwň''
|''ll'''
|''llň''
|''yy'''
|''yyň''
|''rrr''
|''rrr''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Vowel
|''ff''
|''þþ''
|''ss''
|''šš''
|''çç''
|''xx''
|''hh''
|''vv''
|''dd''
|''zz''
|''žž''
|''ww''
|''ll''
|''yy''
|''ṽṽ''
|''łł''
|''ỹỹ''
|''řř''
|-
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː
!n̩ː
!ɲ̩ː
!ŋ̩ː
!v̩ː
!ð̩ː
!z̩ː
!ʒ̍ː
!w̩ː
!l̩ː
!j̍ː
!w̩̃ː
!l̩̃ː
!j̩̃ː
!ʀ̩ː
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" |
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṃṃ''
|''ṇṇ''
|''ṇṇy''
|''ṇṇg''
|''ṿṿ''
|''ḍḍ''
|''ẓẓ''
|''ẓẓh''
|''ẉẉ''
|''ḷḷ''
|''ẏẏ''
|''ẉẉň''
|''ḷḷň''
|''ẏẏň''
|''ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˥
!n̩ː˥
!ɲ̩ː˥
!ŋ̩ː˥
!v̩ː˥
!ð̩ː˥
!z̩ː˥
!ʒ̍ː˥
!w̩ː˥
!l̩ː˥
!j̍ː˥
!w̩̃ː˥
!l̩̃ː˥
!j̩̃ː˥
!ʀ̩ː˥
|-
!Grapheme
|''ḿḿ''
|''ńń''
|''ńńy''
|''ńńg''
|''ŵŵ''
|''ðð''
|''źź''
|''źźh''
|''ẃẃ''
|''ĺĺ''
|''ýý''
|''ẃẃň''
|''ĺĺň''
|''ýýň''
|''ŕŕ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˧
!n̩ː˧
!ɲ̩ː˧
!ŋ̩ː˧
!v̩ː˧
!ð̩ː˧
!z̩ː˧
!ʒ̍ː˧
!w̩ː˧
!l̩ː˧
!j̍ː˧
!w̩̃ː˧
!l̩̃ː˧
!j̩̃ː˧
!ʀ̩ː˧
|-
!Grapheme
|''ṁṁ''
|''ṅṅ''
|''ṅṅy''
|''ṅṅg''
|''ẅẅ''
|''ḋḋ''
|''żż''
|''żżh''
|''ẇẇ''
|''ŀŀ''
|''ÿÿ''
|''ẇẇň''
|''ŀŀň''
|''ÿÿň''
|''ṙṙ''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!ɱ̩ː˩
!n̩ː˩
!ɲ̩ː˩
!ŋ̩ː˩
!v̩ː˩
!ð̩ː˩
!z̩ː˩
!ʒ̍ː˩
!w̩ː˩
!l̩ː˩
!j̍ː˩
!w̩̃ː˩
!l̩̃ː˩
!j̩̃ː˩
!ʀ̩ː˩
|-
!Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg''
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ''
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉň''
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷň''
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏň''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ''
|-
! rowspan="12" |Vowel
! rowspan="3" |Toneless
!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!iː
!iː
Line 231: Line 651:
!ʊː
!ʊː
!uː
!uː
!e
!eː
!əː
!əː
!ʌː
!ʌː
Line 237: Line 657:
!aː
!aː
!ɑː
!ɑː
! colspan="9" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="9" rowspan="12" |
|-
|-
!Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ī''
|''ī''
|''īe''
|''īe''
Line 250: Line 670:
|''ā''
|''ā''
|''āo''
|''āo''
|-
|''ī''
|''į̄''
|''ų̄''
|''ū''
|''ē''
|''ę̄''
|''ǭ''
|''ō''
|''ā''
|''ą̄''
|-
! rowspan="3" |High Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˥
!ɪː˥
!ʊː˥
!uː˥
!eː˥
!əː˥
!ʌː˥
!oː˥
!aː˥
!ɑː˥
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''î''
|''îe''
|''ûo''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''êo''
|''ôe''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''âo''
|-
|''î''
|''į̂''
|''ų̂''
|''û''
|''ê''
|''ę̂''
|''ǫ̂''
|''ô''
|''â''
|''ą̂''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Mid Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˧
!ɪː˧
!ʊː˧
!uː˧
!eː˧
!əː˧
!ʌː˧
!oː˧
!aː˧
!ɑː˧
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''ǐ''
|''ǐe''
|''ǔo''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ěo''
|''ǒe''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ǎo''
|-
|''ǐ''
|''į̌''
|''ų̌''
|''ǔ''
|''ě''
|''ę̌''
|''ǫ̌''
|''ǒ''
|''ǎ''
|''ą̌''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Low Tone
!Phoneme
!iː˩
!ɪː˩
!ʊː˩
!uː˩
!eː˩
!əː˩
!ʌː˩
!oː˩
!aː˩
!ɑː˩
|-
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'īe''
|''<nowiki/>'ūo''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ēo''
|''<nowiki/>'ōe''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'āo''
|-
|''<nowiki/>'ī''
|''<nowiki/>'į̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ų̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ū''
|''<nowiki/>'ē''
|''<nowiki/>'ę̄''
|''<nowiki/>'ǭ''
|''<nowiki/>'ō''
|''<nowiki/>'ā''
|''<nowiki/>'ą̄''
|}
|}
=== Disambiguation ===
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster. When using digraph notation, all of the combinations in the chart below are necessary to use, except those with the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩. When using diacritic notation, only the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩ combinations are necessary to use.
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
When there are two adjacent vowels with an overdot, both overdots are omitted. For example, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.


=== Multigraph Disambiguation ===
The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.  
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster.
Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g.  /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
! colspan="12" |Multigraph Disambiguation (Short Phonemes)
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="6" |Consonants
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants
! colspan="6" |Vowels
! colspan="6" |Vowels
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Trigraph
! colspan="3" |Short Digraph
! colspan="3" |Digraph
! colspan="3" |Long Digraph
! colspan="3" |Short Vowel Multigraph
! colspan="3" |Long Vowel Multigraph
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! colspan="2" |Grapheme
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
Line 275: Line 822:
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes
|-
|-
!Base
!Distinction
!Base
!Base
!Distinction
!Distinction
Line 284: Line 833:
!Distinction
!Distinction
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ch
! rowspan="2" |cl
|''ch''
|''cl''
|/t͡ʃ/
|/k͡!¡/
! rowspan="3" |chh
! rowspan="3" |ccl
|''chh''
|''ccl''
|/t͡ʃː/
|/k͡!¡/
! rowspan="2" |ṇy
|''ṇy''
|/ɲ̩/
! rowspan="3" |ie
! rowspan="3" |ie
|''ie''
|''ie''
Line 297: Line 849:
|/ɪː/
|/ɪː/
|-
|-
|''c'h''
|''c'l''
|/ʔh/
|/k͡ʇl/
|''ch'h''
|''c'cl''
|/t͡ʃh/
|/k͡ʇk͡!¡/
|''ṇ'y''
|/n̩j/
|''iė''
|''iė''
|/ie̯/
|/ie̯/
Line 307: Line 861:
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''c'hh''
|''cc'l''
|/ʔhː/
|/k͡ʇːl/
! rowspan="2" |ńy
|''ńy''
|/ɲ̩˥/
|''ië''
|''ië''
|/i.e/
|/i.e/
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dh
! rowspan="2" |ch
|''dh''
|''ch''
|/ð/
|/t͡ʃ/
! rowspan="3" |dhh
! rowspan="3" |chh
|''dhh''
|''chh''
|/ðː/
|/t͡ʃː/
|''ń'y''
|/n̩˥j/
! rowspan="3" |uo
! rowspan="3" |uo
|''uo''
|''uo''
Line 326: Line 885:
|/ʊː/
|/ʊː/
|-
|-
|''d'h''
|''c'h''
|/k͡ʇh/
|/k͡ʇh/
|''dh'h''
|''ch'h''
|/ðh/
|/t͡ʃh/
! rowspan="2" |ṅy
|''ṅy''
|/ɲ̩˧/
|''uȯ''
|''uȯ''
|/uo̯/
|/uo̯/
Line 336: Line 898:
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|''d'hh''
|''c'hh''
|/k͡ʇhː/
|/k͡ʇhː/
|''ṅ'y''
|/n̩˧j/
|''uö''
|''uö''
|/u.o/
|/u.o/
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dn
! rowspan="2" |cn
|''dn''
|''cn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="3" |dnn
! rowspan="2" |ccn
|''dnn''
|''ccn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
|/k͡ʇːn/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɲ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
! rowspan="3" |eo
! rowspan="3" |eo
|''eo''
|''eo''
Line 355: Line 922:
|/əː/
|/əː/
|-
|-
|''d'n''
|''c'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|/k͡ʇn/
|''dn'n''
|''c'cn''
|/ŋ͡ʇh/
|/k͡ʇŋ͡ʇ/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''j/
|''eȯ''
|''eȯ''
|/eo̯/
|/eo̯/
Line 364: Line 933:
|/eː.o/
|/eː.o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |cñ
|''d'nn''
|''cñ''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="2" |ccñ
|''ccñ''
|/k͡ʇːɲ/
! rowspan="2" |ṇg
|''ṇg''
|/ŋ̩/
|''eö''
|''eö''
|/e.o/
|/e.o/
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |dz
|''c'ñ''
|''dz''
|/k͡ʇɲ/
|/d͡z/
|''c'cñ''
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|/k͡ʇŋ͡ǂ/
|''ddz''
|''ṇ'g''
|/d͡zː/
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="3" |oe
! rowspan="3" |oe
|''oe''
|''oe''
Line 384: Line 959:
|/ʌː/
|/ʌː/
|-
|-
|''d'z''
! rowspan="2" |clň
|/k͡ʇz/
|''clň''
|''d'dz''
|/ŋ͡!¡/
|/k͡ʇd͡z/
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |ńg
|''ńg''
|/ŋ̩˥/
|''oė''
|''oė''
|/oe̯/
|/oe̯/
Line 393: Line 971:
|/oː.e/
|/oː.e/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''c'lň''
|''dd'z''
|/k͡ʇl̃/
|/k͡ʇːz/
|''ń'g''
|/n̩˥ɡ/
|''oë''
|''oë''
|/o.e/
|/o.e/
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |hl
! rowspan="2" |cy
|''hl''
|''cy''
|/ʎ̝̊/
|/k͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |hll
! rowspan="3" |ccy
|''hll''
|''ccy''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|/k͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṅg
|''ṅg''
|/ŋ̩˧/
! rowspan="3" |ao
! rowspan="3" |ao
|''ao''
|''ao''
Line 413: Line 995:
|/ɑː/
|/ɑː/
|-
|-
|''h'l''
|''c'y''
|/hl/
|/k͡ʇj/
|''hl'l''
|''c'cy''
|/ʎ̝̊l/
|/k͡ʇk͡ǂ/
|''ṅ'g''
|/n̩˧ɡ/
|''aȯ''
|''aȯ''
|/ao̯/
|/ao̯/
Line 422: Line 1,006:
|/aː.o/
|/aː.o/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="7" |
|''h'll''
|''cc'y''
|/hlː/
|/k͡ʇːj/
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ŋ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''aö''
|''aö''
|/a.o/
|/a.o/
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="3" |
|-
! rowspan="3" |cnn
|''cnn''
|/ŋ͡ʇː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/n̩ɡ/
! rowspan="8" |ieo (''example'')
|''ieo''
|/ie̯o̯/
! colspan="3" rowspan="40" |
|-
|''cn'n''
|/ŋ͡ʇn/
! rowspan="2" |ẓh
|''ẓh''
|/ʒ̍/
|''iėo''
|/iə̯/
|-
|''c'nn''
|/k͡ʇnː/
|''ẓ'h''
|/z̩h/
|''ieȯ''
|/ɪo̯/
|-
! rowspan="3" |cññ
|''cññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |źh
|''źh''
|/ʒ̍˥/
|''iëo''
|/i.ə/
|-
|''cñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|''ź'h''
|/z̩˥h/
|''ieö''
|/ɪ.o/
|-
|''c'ññ''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
! rowspan="2" |żh
|''żh''
|/ʒ̍˧/
|''iëö''
|/i.e.o/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ċn
|''ċn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |ċċn
|''ċċn''
|/k͡!¡ːn/
|''ż'h''
|/z̩˧h/
|''iëȯ''
|/i.eo̯/
|-
|''ċ'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|''ċ'ċn''
|/k͡!¡ŋ͡!¡/
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʒ̍˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|''iėö''
|/ie̯.o/
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |ċnn
|''ċnn''
|/ŋ͡!¡ː/
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/z̩˩h/
! rowspan="4" |oua (''example'')
|''oua''
|/ou̯a̯/
|-
|''ċn'n''
|/ŋ͡!¡n/
! rowspan="2" |ṛr
|''ṛr''
|/ʀ̩/
|''oüa''
|/o.ua̯/
|-
|''ċ'nn''
|/k͡!¡nː/
|''ṛ'r''
|/ɾ̩ɾ/
|''ouä''
|/ou̯.a/
|-
! rowspan="2" |ĉn
|''ĉn''
|/ŋ͡ʇ/
! rowspan="2" |ĉĉn
|''ĉĉn''
|/k͡ǂːn/
! rowspan="2" |ŕr
|''ŕr''
|/ʀ̩˥/
|''oüä''
|/o.u.a/
|-
|''ĉ'n''
|/k͡ʇn/
|''ĉ'ĉn''
|/k͡ǂŋ͡ǂ/
|''ŕ'r''
|/ɾ̩˥ɾ/
! colspan="3" rowspan="28" |
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |ĉnn
|''ĉnn''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
! rowspan="2" |ṙr
|''ṙr''
|/ʀ̩˧/
|-
|''ĉn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǂn/
|''ṙ'r''
|/ɾ̩˧ɾ/
|-
|''ĉ'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
! rowspan="2" |'ṛr'''<nowiki/>'''
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ʀ̩˩'''<nowiki/>'''/
|-
! rowspan="2" |dz
|''dz''
|/d͡z/
! rowspan="3" |ddz
|''ddz''
|/d͡zː/
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'r'''''<nowiki/>'''
|/ɾ̩˩ɾ/
|-
|''d'z''
|/ðz/
|''d'dz''
|/ðd͡z/
! colspan="3" rowspan="23" |
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''dd'z''
|/ðːz/
|-
! rowspan="2" |lh
|lh
|/ʎ̝̊/
! rowspan="3" |lhh
|''lhh''
|/ʎ̝̊ː/
|-
|''l'h''
|/lh/
|''lh'h''
|/ʎ̝̊h/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''l'hh''
|/lhː/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ng
! rowspan="2" |ng
Line 433: Line 1,189:
|/ŋ/
|/ŋ/
! rowspan="3" |ngg
! rowspan="3" |ngg
|''ng''
|''ngg''
|/ŋː/
|/ŋː/
! colspan="6" rowspan="24" |
|-
|-
|''n'g''
|''n'g''
Line 442: Line 1,197:
|/ŋɡ/
|/ŋɡ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" |
|
|
|
|''n'gg''
|''n'gg''
|/nɡː/
|/nɡː/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |ql
! rowspan="2" |ny
|''ql''
|''ny''
|/k͡ǃ¡/
|/ɲ/
! rowspan="3" |qql
! rowspan="3" |nyy
|''ql''
|''nyy''
|/k͡ǃ¡ː/
|/ɲː/
|-
|-
|''q'l''
|''n'y''
|/k͡ǂl/
|/nj/
|''q'ql''
|''ny'y''
|/k͡ǂk͡ǃ¡/
|/ɲj/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''qq'l''
|/k͡ǂːl/
|-
! rowspan="2" |qn
|''qn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡/
! rowspan="3" |qnn
|''qnn''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡ː/
|-
|''q'n''
|/k͡ǂn/
|''qn'n''
|/ŋ͡ǃ¡n/
|-
| colspan="3" |
|''q'nn''
|/k͡ǂnː/
|-
! rowspan="2" |qñ
|''qñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂ/
! rowspan="3" |qññ
|''qññ''
|/ŋ͡ǂː/
|-
|''q'ñ''
|/k͡ǂɲ/
|''qñ'ñ''
|/ŋ͡ǂɲ/
|-
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" |
|''q'ññ''
|''n'yy''
|/k͡ǂɲː/
|/njː/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |rrr
! rowspan="3" |rrr
Line 551: Line 1,276:
|''z'hh''
|''z'hh''
|/zhː/
|/zhː/
|}
=== Syllabic Consonants ===
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). For the syllabic palatal nasal, the ⟨ñ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ny⟩, upon which the underdot can be placed ⟨ṇy⟩. Syllabic /ð̩/ is written with ⟨d⟩ instead of ⟨dh⟩, and so receives the underdot as ⟨ḍ⟩. Geminated syllabic consonants are only marked for syllabicity/tone on the final letter. The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ÿ⟩.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Dorsal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩ '''ṃ'''
|
|n̩ '''ṇ'''
|ɲ̩ '''ṇy'''
|ŋ̩ '''ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩ '''ṿ'''
|ð̩ '''ḍ'''
|z̩ '''ẓ'''
|ʒ̍ '''ẓh'''
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩ '''ẉ'''
|
|l̩ '''ḷ'''
|j̍ '''ÿ'''
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃ '''ňẉ'''
|
|l̩̃ '''ňḷ'''
|j̩̃ '''ňÿ'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|ɾ̩ '''ṛ'''
|
|ʀ̩ '''ṛr'''
|}
=== Tones ===
High tone is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩). High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.
Mid tone is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩). Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄/, however, is written ⟨ẅ⟩.
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
! colspan="3" |Palatal
! colspan="3" |Dorsal
|-
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
!High
!Mid
!Low
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|ɱ̩˥ '''ḿ'''
|ɱ̩˧ '''ṁ'''
|ɱ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṃ'''
|
|
|
|n̩˥ '''ń'''
|n̩˧ '''ṅ'''
|n̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇ'''
|ɲ̩˥ '''ńy'''
|ɲ̩˧ '''ṅy'''
|ɲ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇy'''
|ŋ̩˥ '''ńg'''
|ŋ̩˧ '''ṅg'''
|ŋ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṇg'''
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|v̩˥ '''ŵ'''
|v̩˧ '''ẅ'''
|v̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṿ'''
|ð̩́˥ '''ð'''
|ð̩˧ '''ḋ'''
|ð̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḍ'''
|z̩˥ '''ź'''
|z̩˧ '''ż'''
|z̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓ'''
|ʒ̍˥ '''źh'''
|ʒ̍˧ '''żh'''
|ʒ̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẓh'''
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Oral
|w̩˥ '''ẃ'''
|w̩˧ '''ẇ'''
|w̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩˥ '''ĺ'''
|l̩˧ '''ŀ'''
|l̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ḷ'''
|j̍˥ '''ý'''
|j̍˧ '''ẏ'''
|j̍˩ '''<nowiki/>'ÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
!Nasal
|w̩̃˥ '''ňẃ'''
|w̩̃˧ '''ňẇ'''
|w̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ẉ'''
|
|
|
|l̩̃˥ '''ňĺ'''
|l̩̃˧ '''ňŀ'''
|l̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňḷ'''
|j̩̃˥ '''ňý'''
|j̩̃˧ '''ňẏ'''
|j̩̃˩ '''<nowiki/>'ňÿ'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Vibrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ̩˥ '''ŕ'''
|ɾ̩˧ '''ṙ'''
|ɾ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛ'''
|
|
|
|ʀ̩˥ '''ŕr'''
|ʀ̩˧ '''ṙr'''
|ʀ̩˩ '''<nowiki/>'ṛr'''
|}
|}

Revision as of 18:48, 11 April 2026

Lanikel is a dialect of Iskel which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script.

Romanization

Basic Phonemes

Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however.

Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Dorsal Glottal
Nasal ɱ m n n ɲ ny, ñ ŋ ng, ŋ
Stop Voiceless p p t t t͡ʃ ch, č k k ʔ q
Voiced b b d͡z dz, ẑ d͡ʒ j ɡ g
Fricative Voiceless f f θ th, þ s s ʃ sh, š ʎ̝̊ lh, ç x x h h
Voiced v v ð d z z ʒ zh, ž
Approximant Oral w w l l j y
Nasal w̃ wň, ṽ l̃ lň, ł j̃ yň, ỹ
Vibrant ɾ r ʀ rr, ř
Click Nasal ŋ͡ʇ cn ŋ͡ǃ¡ clň, ċn ŋ͡ǂ cñ, ĉn
Tenuis k͡ʇ c k͡ǃ¡ cl, ċ k͡ǂ cy, ĉ

Vowel digraphs can be written as such or with an ogonek on their initial vowel instead.

Front Near-Front Near-Back Back
Close i i ɪ ie, į ʊ uo, ų u u
Mid e e ə eo, ę ʌ oe, ǫ o o
Open a a ɑ ao, ą

Syllabic Consonants

Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ŋ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonant /j̍/ is instead written ⟨ẏ⟩.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Dorsal
Nasal ɱ̩ ṃ n̩ ṇ ɲ̩ ṇy ŋ̩ ṇg
Fricative v̩ ṿ ð̩ ḍ z̩ ẓ ʒ̍ ẓh
Approximant Oral w̩ ẉ l̩ ḷ j̍ ẏ
Nasal w̩̃ ẉň l̩̃ ḷň j̩̃ ẏň
Vibrant ɾ̩ ṛ ʀ̩ ṛr

Tones

High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a circumflex (e.g. /í íː/ are ⟨í î⟩).

Mid tone on vowels is marked with a grave accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a macron (denoting length), the macron is replaced with a caron (e.g. /ī īː/ are ⟨ì ǐ⟩).

Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus.

Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone.

For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) and length are always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone or length diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels.

Front Near-Front Near-Back Back
High Mid Low High Mid Low High Mid Low High Mid Low
Close í í ī ì ì 'i ɪ́ íe, į́ ɪ̄ ìe, į̀ ɪ̀ 'ie, 'į ʊ́ úo, ų́ ʊ̄ ùo, ų̀ ʊ̀ 'uo, 'ų ú ú ū ù ù 'u
Mid é é ē è è 'e ə́ éo, ę́ ə̄ èo, ę̀ ə̀ 'eo, 'ę ʌ́ óe, ǫ́ ʌ̄ òe, ǫ̀ ʌ̀ 'oe, 'ǫ ó ó ō ò ò 'o
Open á á ā à à 'a ɑ́ áo, ą́ ɑ̄ ào, ą̀ ɑ̀ 'ao, 'ą

High tone syllabic consonants /ɱ̩́ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ŋ̩́ ź̩ ʒ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ź źh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /v̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩.

Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /v̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Dorsal
High Mid Low High Mid Low High Mid Low High Mid Low High Mid Low
Nasal ɱ̩˥ ḿ ɱ̩˧ ṁ ɱ̩˩ 'ṃ n̩˥ ń n̩˧ ṅ n̩˩ 'ṇ ɲ̩˥ ńy ɲ̩˧ ṅy ɲ̩˩ 'ṇy ŋ̩˥ ńg ŋ̩˧ ṅg ŋ̩˩ 'ṇg
Fricative v̩˥ ŵ v̩˧ ẅ v̩˩ 'ṿ ð̩́˥ ð ð̩˧ ḋ ð̩˩ 'ḍ z̩˥ ź z̩˧ ż z̩˩ 'ẓ ʒ̍˥ źh ʒ̍˧ żh ʒ̍˩ 'ẓh
Approximant Oral w̩˥ ẃ w̩˧ ẇ w̩˩ 'ẉ l̩˥ ĺ l̩˧ ŀ l̩˩ 'ḷ j̍˥ ý j̍˧ ÿ j̍˩ 'ẏ
Nasal w̩̃˥ ẃň w̩̃˧ ẇň w̩̃˩ 'ẉň l̩̃˥ ĺň l̩̃˧ ŀň l̩̃˩ 'ḷň j̩̃˥ ýň j̩̃˧ ÿň j̩̃˩ 'ẏň
Vibrant ɾ̩ː˥ ŕ ɾ̩ː˧ ṙ ɾ̩ː˩ 'ṛ ʀ̩˥ ŕr ʀ̩˧ ṙr ʀ̩˩ 'ṛr

Gemination

Long vowels are written with a macron over the first letter. Geminated single-letter consonants are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphic oral clicks and affricates are written by doubling their first letter, and the other geminated digraphic consonants are written by doubling their last letter.

Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one.

Geminate Romanization
Consonant Occlusive Phoneme ɱː nː ɲː ŋː pː tː t͡ʃː kː ʔː bː d͡zː d͡ʒː ɡː ŋ͡ʇː ŋ͡ǃ¡ː ŋ͡ǂː k͡ʇː k͡ǃ¡ː k͡ǂː
Grapheme mm nn nyy ngg pp tt cch kk qq bb ddz jj gg cnn clňň cññ cc ccl ccy
mm nn ññ ŋŋ pp tt čč kk qq bb ẑẑ jj gg cnn ċnn ĉnn cc ċċ ĉĉ
Continuant Phoneme fː θː sː ʃː ʎ̝̊ː xː hː vː ðː zː ʒː wː lː jː w̃ː l̃ː j̃ː ʀː
Grapheme ff thh ss shh lhh xx hh vv dd zz zhh ww ll yy wwň llň yyň rrr
ff þþ ss šš çç xx hh vv dd zz žž ww ll yy ṽṽ łł ỹỹ řř
Syllabic Consonant Toneless Phoneme ɱ̩ː n̩ː ɲ̩ː ŋ̩ː v̩ː ð̩ː z̩ː ʒ̍ː w̩ː l̩ː j̍ː w̩̃ː l̩̃ː j̩̃ː ʀ̩ː
Grapheme ṃṃ ṇṇ ṇṇy ṇṇg ṿṿ ḍḍ ẓẓ ẓẓh ẉẉ ḷḷ ẏẏ ẉẉň ḷḷň ẏẏň ṛṛ
High Tone Phoneme ɱ̩ː˥ n̩ː˥ ɲ̩ː˥ ŋ̩ː˥ v̩ː˥ ð̩ː˥ z̩ː˥ ʒ̍ː˥ w̩ː˥ l̩ː˥ j̍ː˥ w̩̃ː˥ l̩̃ː˥ j̩̃ː˥ ʀ̩ː˥
Grapheme ḿḿ ńń ńńy ńńg ŵŵ ðð źź źźh ẃẃ ĺĺ ýý ẃẃň ĺĺň ýýň ŕŕ
Mid Tone Phoneme ɱ̩ː˧ n̩ː˧ ɲ̩ː˧ ŋ̩ː˧ v̩ː˧ ð̩ː˧ z̩ː˧ ʒ̍ː˧ w̩ː˧ l̩ː˧ j̍ː˧ w̩̃ː˧ l̩̃ː˧ j̩̃ː˧ ʀ̩ː˧
Grapheme ṁṁ ṅṅ ṅṅy ṅṅg ẅẅ ḋḋ żż żżh ẇẇ ŀŀ ÿÿ ẇẇň ŀŀň ÿÿň ṙṙ
Low Tone Phoneme ɱ̩ː˩ n̩ː˩ ɲ̩ː˩ ŋ̩ː˩ v̩ː˩ ð̩ː˩ z̩ː˩ ʒ̍ː˩ w̩ː˩ l̩ː˩ j̍ː˩ w̩̃ː˩ l̩̃ː˩ j̩̃ː˩ ʀ̩ː˩
Grapheme 'ṃṃ 'ṇṇ 'ṇṇy 'ṇṇg 'ṿṿ 'ḍḍ 'ẓẓ 'ẓẓh 'ẉẉ 'ḷḷ 'ẏẏ 'ẉẉň 'ḷḷň 'ẏẏň 'ṛṛ
Vowel Toneless Phoneme iː ɪː ʊː uː eː əː ʌː oː aː ɑː
Grapheme ī īe ūo ū ē ēo ōe ō ā āo
ī į̄ ų̄ ū ē ę̄ ǭ ō ā ą̄
High Tone Phoneme iː˥ ɪː˥ ʊː˥ uː˥ eː˥ əː˥ ʌː˥ oː˥ aː˥ ɑː˥
Grapheme î îe ûo û ê êo ôe ô â âo
î į̂ ų̂ û ê ę̂ ǫ̂ ô â ą̂
Mid Tone Phoneme iː˧ ɪː˧ ʊː˧ uː˧ eː˧ əː˧ ʌː˧ oː˧ aː˧ ɑː˧
Grapheme ǐ ǐe ǔo ǔ ě ěo ǒe ǒ ǎ ǎo
ǐ į̌ ų̌ ǔ ě ę̌ ǫ̌ ǒ ǎ ą̌
Low Tone Phoneme iː˩ ɪː˩ ʊː˩ uː˩ eː˩ əː˩ ʌː˩ oː˩ aː˩ ɑː˩
Grapheme 'ī 'īe 'ūo 'ū 'ē 'ēo 'ōe 'ō 'ā 'āo
'ī 'į̄ 'ų̄ 'ū 'ē 'ę̄ 'ǭ 'ō 'ā 'ą̄

Disambiguation

Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster. When using digraph notation, all of the combinations in the chart below are necessary to use, except those with the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩. When using diacritic notation, only the base ⟨cn ċn ĉn⟩ combinations are necessary to use.

Polyphthongs are mostly written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together, but in cases with vowels that use digraphs, an overdot is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of a diphthong to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i͡e/ are ⟨ie iė⟩, and /a͡ʌ ɑ͡e a͡o͡e/ are ⟨aȯe aoė *aȯė⟩). Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them (e.g. /ɪ i.e/ are ⟨ie ië⟩, and /a.ʌ ɑ.e a.o.e/ are ⟨aöe aoë aöë⟩).

When there are two adjacent vowels with an overdot, both overdots are omitted. For example, ⟨aoe⟩ must always be read as /ao̯e̯/, and not rewritten as ⟨aȯė⟩.

The following chart provides the correct phonemic readings of all ambiguous digraphs, all ambiguous non-syllabic consonant trigraphs, and two exmaple vowel trigraphs.

Multigraph Disambiguation
Consonants Syllabic Consonants Vowels
Digraph Trigraph Digraph Short Vowel Multigraph Long Vowel Multigraph
Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes Grapheme Phonemes
Base Distinction Base Distinction Base Distinction Base Distinction Base Distinction
cl cl /k͡!¡/ ccl ccl /k͡!¡/ ṇy ṇy /ɲ̩/ ie ie /ɪ/ īe īe /ɪː/
c'l /k͡ʇl/ c'cl /k͡ʇk͡!¡/ ṇ'y /n̩j/ iė /ie̯/ īë /iː.e/
cc'l /k͡ʇːl/ ńy ńy /ɲ̩˥/ ië /i.e/
ch ch /t͡ʃ/ chh chh /t͡ʃː/ ń'y /n̩˥j/ uo uo /ʊ/ ūo ūo /ʊː/
c'h /k͡ʇh/ ch'h /t͡ʃh/ ṅy ṅy /ɲ̩˧/ uȯ /uo̯/ ūö /uː.o/
c'hh /k͡ʇhː/ ṅ'y /n̩˧j/ uö /u.o/
cn cn /ŋ͡ʇ/ ccn ccn /k͡ʇːn/ 'ṇy 'ṇy /ɲ̩˩/ eo eo /ə/ ēo ēo /əː/
c'n /k͡ʇn/ c'cn /k͡ʇŋ͡ʇ/ 'ṇ'y /n̩˩j/ eȯ /eo̯/ ēö /eː.o/
cñ cñ /ŋ͡ǂ/ ccñ ccñ /k͡ʇːɲ/ ṇg ṇg /ŋ̩/ eö /e.o/
c'ñ /k͡ʇɲ/ c'cñ /k͡ʇŋ͡ǂ/ ṇ'g /n̩ɡ/ oe oe /ʌ/ ōe ōe /ʌː/
clň clň /ŋ͡!¡/ ńg ńg /ŋ̩˥/ oė /oe̯/ ōë /oː.e/
c'lň /k͡ʇl̃/ ń'g /n̩˥ɡ/ oë /o.e/
cy cy /k͡ǂ/ ccy ccy /k͡ǂː/ ṅg ṅg /ŋ̩˧/ ao ao /ɑ/ āo āo /ɑː/
c'y /k͡ʇj/ c'cy /k͡ʇk͡ǂ/ ṅ'g /n̩˧ɡ/ aȯ /ao̯/ āö /aː.o/
cc'y /k͡ʇːj/ 'ṇg 'ṇg /ŋ̩˩/ aö /a.o/
cnn cnn /ŋ͡ʇː/ 'ṇ'g /n̩ɡ/ ieo (example) ieo /ie̯o̯/
cn'n /ŋ͡ʇn/ ẓh ẓh /ʒ̍/ iėo /iə̯/
c'nn /k͡ʇnː/ ẓ'h /z̩h/ ieȯ /ɪo̯/
cññ cññ /ŋ͡ǂː/ źh źh /ʒ̍˥/ iëo /i.ə/
cñ'ñ /ŋ͡ǂɲ/ ź'h /z̩˥h/ ieö /ɪ.o/
c'ññ /k͡ǂɲː/ żh żh /ʒ̍˧/ iëö /i.e.o/
ċn ċn /ŋ͡ʇ/ ċċn ċċn /k͡!¡ːn/ ż'h /z̩˧h/ iëȯ /i.eo̯/
ċ'n /k͡ʇn/ ċ'ċn /k͡!¡ŋ͡!¡/ 'ẓh 'ẓh /ʒ̍˩/ iėö /ie̯.o/
ċnn ċnn /ŋ͡!¡ː/ 'ẓ'h /z̩˩h/ oua (example) oua /ou̯a̯/
ċn'n /ŋ͡!¡n/ ṛr ṛr /ʀ̩/ oüa /o.ua̯/
ċ'nn /k͡!¡nː/ ṛ'r /ɾ̩ɾ/ ouä /ou̯.a/
ĉn ĉn /ŋ͡ʇ/ ĉĉn ĉĉn /k͡ǂːn/ ŕr ŕr /ʀ̩˥/ oüä /o.u.a/
ĉ'n /k͡ʇn/ ĉ'ĉn /k͡ǂŋ͡ǂ/ ŕ'r /ɾ̩˥ɾ/
ĉnn ĉnn /ŋ͡ǂː/ ṙr ṙr /ʀ̩˧/
ĉn'n /ŋ͡ǂn/ ṙ'r /ɾ̩˧ɾ/
ĉ'nn /k͡ǂnː/ 'ṛr 'ṛr /ʀ̩˩/
dz dz /d͡z/ ddz ddz /d͡zː/ 'ṛ'r /ɾ̩˩ɾ/
d'z /ðz/ d'dz /ðd͡z/
dd'z /ðːz/
lh lh /ʎ̝̊/ lhh lhh /ʎ̝̊ː/
l'h /lh/ lh'h /ʎ̝̊h/
l'hh /lhː/
ng ng /ŋ/ ngg ngg /ŋː/
n'g /nɡ/ ng'g /ŋɡ/
n'gg /nɡː/
ny ny /ɲ/ nyy nyy /ɲː/
n'y /nj/ ny'y /ɲj/
n'yy /njː/
rrr rrr /ʀː/
rr'r /ʀɾ/
r'rr /ɾʀ/
sh sh /ʃ/ shh shh /ʃː/
s'h /sh/ sh'h /ʃh/
s'hh /shː/
th th /θ/ thh thh /θː/
t'h /th/ th'h /θh/
t'hh /thː/
zh zh /ʒ/ zhh zhh /ʒː/
z'h /zh/ zh'h /ʒh/
z'hh /zhː/
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lanikel_orthography&oldid=493687"