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Proto-Antarctican: Difference between revisions
Started section on sound changes
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*Thai /ɨa/ split into two syllables, becoming /uɥa/ e.g. Thai /rɨa/ - boat -> P.A. /zuɥa/. | *Thai /ɨa/ split into two syllables, becoming /uɥa/ e.g. Thai /rɨa/ - boat -> P.A. /zuɥa/. | ||
*Thai /iau/ split into two syllables, becoming /ijau/ e.g. Thai /tʰiau/ - go out / go on holiday -> P.A. /txijau/. | *Thai /iau/ split into two syllables, becoming /ijau/ e.g. Thai /tʰiau/ - go out / go on holiday -> P.A. /txijau/. | ||
*Thai /uai/ split into two syllables, becoming /uwai/ e.g. Thai /tuasuai/ - | *Thai /uai/ split into two syllables, becoming /uwai/ e.g. Thai /tuasuai/ - jinx -> P.A. /tuwasuwai/. | ||
*Thai /ɨai/ split into two syllables, becoming /uɥai/ e.g. Thai /pɨai/ - falling apart -> P.A. /puɥai/. | *Thai /ɨai/ split into two syllables, becoming /uɥai/ e.g. Thai /pɨai/ - falling apart -> P.A. /puɥai/. | ||
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===Taiwanese=== | ===Taiwanese=== | ||
Most of the refugees who came to Antarctica were from Taiwan rather than the mainland. Therefore, Taiwanese has influenced Proto-Antarctican far more than Mandarin. Aspirated consonants generally behaved like those from Burmese. Syllable final stops were pronounced voiced in words with tone 4, and voiceless in words with tone 8. Vowels in words with tones 1, 2, 5 and 6 were pronounced long, otherwise they were short. Taiwanese unaspirated /t/ and voiced /d/ became /ts/ and /z/ before /u/. | Most of the refugees who came to Antarctica were from Taiwan rather than the mainland. Therefore, Taiwanese has influenced Proto-Antarctican far more than Mandarin. Aspirated consonants generally behaved like those from Burmese. Syllable final stops were pronounced voiced in words with tone 4, and voiceless in words with tone 8. Vowels in words with tones 1, 2, 5 and 6 were pronounced long, otherwise they were short. Taiwanese unaspirated /t/ and voiced /d/ became /ts/ and /z/ before /u/. | ||
==Evolution into Antarctican== | |||
Proto-Antarctican further evolved into Antarctican, with several sound changes having a large effect on the language. These sound changes happened in a number of stages: | |||
===Development of Velar and Palatal Nasals=== | |||
*If a glottal stop was preceded by a nasal vowel, it changed to a prestopped velar nasal /kŋ/, with denasalisation of the preceding vowel e.g. /wãʔaːtʲçit/ - Sunday -> /wakŋaːtʲçit/. | |||
*If /g/ was preceded by an oral vowel, and followed by another vowel, then it changed to /ŋ/ e.g. /doʎaːgõ/ - dragon -> /doʎaːŋõ/. | |||
*The palatalised alveolar nasals (both plain and prestopped) became palatal nasals. | |||
===Origin of Glottal Codas=== | |||
*Clusters which ended in a non-alveolar fricative were broken up by inserting an epenthetic /a/ e.g. /pxõːu/ - dust -> /paxõʲu/, or /ʔaːtʲçit/ - week -> /ʔaːtʲaçit/ | |||
*Voiceless consonants that were not followed by a vowel became a glottal stop e.g. /seinaptʲiːt/ - general -> /seinaʔtʲiːʔ/. Note that this did not affect prestopped nasals, since they counted as a single consonant. | |||
*Voiceless geminate consonants became sequences of glottal stop + consonant e.g. /kucːik/ - a female given name -> /kuʔciʔ/ (the above sound change also applies, changing the final /k/ into a glottal stop. | |||
*Voiced consonants that were not followed by a vowel became a glottal fricative /ɦ/ e.g. /zbõ/ - pants -> /ɦbõ/, or /saːg/ - pestle -> /saːɦ/ | |||
*Voiced geminate consonants became sequences of /ɦ/ + consonant e.g. /ɫedːo/ - red -> /ɫeɦdo/. | |||
===Tonogenesis=== | |||
The next step was for /ʔ/ and /ɦ/ to influence the pitch and phonation of the preceding vowels. | |||
====Breathy Phonation=== | |||
*/ɦ/ put breathy voice on the vowel that preceded it, and lowered the pitch e.g. | |||
/kaːɦ/ - membership card (the final /d/ had debuccalised to /ɦ/) -> /kàːɦ/ | |||
*This breathy voice would spread through voiced consonants to affect multiple syllables e.g. /ʔunaɦ/ - eel (the final /ɟ had debuccalised to /ɦ/) -> /ʔùnàɦ/. | |||
*If the breathy voice would "spread" through an initial consonant, then that word acquired floating phonation e.g. /ɫeɦdo/ - red -> /`ɫèɦdo/. | |||
*Word initial clusters beginning with /ɦ/ also created floating phonation e.g. /ɦbõ/ - pants (the initial /z/ had debuccalised to /ɦ/) -> /`ɦbõ/. | |||
====Tense Phonation==== | |||
*Similarly, the glottal stop put tense voice on the vowel and raised the pitch e.g. /webːoʔ/ (the final /s/ had debuccalised to a glottal stop) - eggs -> /webːóʔ/. | |||
*In some cases, this tense voice spread through consonants and affect multiple vowels. Consonants that permitted this spreading were voiced sonorants and voiceless stops (other than the glottal stop) e.g. /ʔameɫaiʔ/ - hunt (the final /k/ had debuccalised to a glottal stop) -> /ʔáméɫáiʔ/. | |||
*If the tense voice would "spread" through an initial consonant, then that word acquired floating phonation e.g. /te~ʔ/ - weather (the final /kʲ/ had debuccalised to a glottal stop) -> /'té~ʔ/. | |||
*Word initial clusters beginning with glottal stops also created floating phonation e.g. /'ʔcidáʔ/ - drawers (from /çcidasʲ/). | |||
===Vowel Changes=== | |||
After vowel phonation became phonemic, a series of major changes occurred to the vowels of Proto-Antarctican: | |||
====Chain Shifts==== | |||
While Antarctican has a great deal more vowel phonemes than Proto-Antarctican, the first vowel shifts to occur actually took the language in the other direction, causing the loss of /o/. What happened depended on whether or not the vowel was preceded by /j/ or a palatalised consonant. | |||
=====After /j/ or a Palatalised Consonant===== | |||
This chain shift began with the fronting of /a/ to /e/ after /j/ or a palatalised consonant e.g. /'máʎájáːʔ/ - manners -> /'máʎéjéːʔ/ (notice how the first /a/ was unaffected, since it was preceded by /m/). | |||
In the same situation, /jo/ and /ʲa/ lowered to /jo/ and /ʲa/ respectively. | |||
=====After a Non-Palatalised Consonant===== | |||
After this, a second, anti-clockwise chain shift began with the fronting of short /u/ to /i/ e.g. /tuwasuwai/ - jinx -> /tiwasiwai/ The diphthong /ui/ became long /iː/ e.g. /pmui/ - cold (weather) -> /pmiː/ (note that these never created any new homophones because previously /i/ had only occurred before /j/ or a palatalised cononant.). Short /o/ was then raised to /u/ e.g. /doko/ - where -> /duku/. Sometimes a word might be affected by more than one of these sound changes at once e.g. /sáʔtozuː/ - enemy -> /sáʔtuzii/. | |||
Finally, /oi/ and /oːi/ shifted to /ui/ and /uːi/ respectively e.g. /kamoːi/ - thief -> /kamuːi/, or /ʔazoi/ - tasty -> /ʔazui/. | |||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Antarctican]] | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Proto-languages]][[Category:Antarctican]] | ||