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| Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.
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| | Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| | Bright Tongue vs Dark Tongue<br> |
| | *lack of gutturals vs lack of labials ex. bel vs gog |
| | *synthesis vs anathesis |
| | *sounds don't repeat in the syllable ex. Bel |
| | *diphthongs allowed vs diphthongs forbidden |
| | *only sonorants as free coda vs only stops as free coda |
| | *constraints... |
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| | Dark tongues may access /ɥ/ |
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| ==Phonology==
| | ple pel lep elp |
| The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
| | tra tar rat art |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
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| ! Sonorant
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| | l r
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| | n m
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| |-
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| ! Non-Sonorant
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| | ʃ ʒ
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| | f v
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| |}
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| The
| | āmps ambi abe bel ela ilba psā (amba alba) |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
| | ānts andi ade dar era irda tsā (anta arda) |
| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Center
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| |-
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| !
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| | i ɛ
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| | a ae̯
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| |}
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| ===Sound Laws===
| | belep, bellat |
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| *Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
| | K [associated with choking |
| *Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
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| EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alf, alber'' and ''elbi'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
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| *Assimilation:
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| *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
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| *Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
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| m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
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| m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
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| r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
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| r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
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| r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
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| r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
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| */s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
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| EX: The hypothetical ''iridin'' becomes ''eren''
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| *Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
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| This bright tongue calls those processes ''car'' and ''fabel''
| | P [associated with kissing |
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| alba "people" [alf, elbi]
| | In Veno's Dark Tongue |
| arda "things" [arc, irida]
| | ''gog yoguguluk'' "X speaks" |
| alma "high faculties" [a, elmi]
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| arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni]
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| amba "time" [amf, embi]
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| anda "space" [anc, inida]
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| -
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| endar "land", arni "lands"
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| embal "celestial body", ambeli...
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| o
| | ''yo-'' "X" + ''-gu-'' [X] + ''-g-'' [X] +''-ul-'' [X] + ''-uk'' [X] |
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| NA > ni [0], nae [1]
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| alba enir
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| ni, pe, ae
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| MA
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| NA
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| PA
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| TA
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| LA
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| RA
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| -
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| ALBA
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| ARDA
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| AMBA
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| ANDA
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| ALMA
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| ARNA
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| | sebeze paddaen adres nirdasbar vs zhogodosh kaktatona atrosh nurtaskara |
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| aia aio
| | ''ídrā naiaris'' "I was bitten by a serpent", ''siverae aebidis'' "I was bitten by a mosquito" ... |
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| nao aocar i
| | nazil "flower", naevalla "sword" |
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| nua valár
| | belep (nom) bellī (pl) albā (col)<br> |
| | bel (acc) parabel (pl) ambī (col)<br> |
| | elbī (gen) il (pl) pasadarvā (col)<br> |
| | vs |
| | gog, gog-nagog<br> |
| | gogash, gog-nagogash<br> |
| | gogu, gog-nagogu<br> |
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| ni erec alber
| | *Belep vs gog |
| | *Balardemea vs kalaradunga |
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| fla
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| alf
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| *analytic
| | Mixed Breed Dark Tongue: |
| *one article
| | ''gog yoguguluk dash'' /ɠɔɠ ɥoɠuɠuɠuluk daʃ/ |
| *no declension
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| *context and syntax play important role
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| ni arc alber
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| ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf
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| ni irida alber
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| mi irida elbi
| | Pure Breed Dark Tongue: |
| | ''kꜣ̥k yꜣ̥kwkwlwk tsh'' /ƙħ̩ƙ ɥ̊ħ̩ƙʷƙʷlʷƙ tʃ/ |
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| er alf, alber
| | Vocabulary drawn from the Lovecraft Mythos, Tolkien's Legendarium ... |
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| er enc, endar
| | ''rꜣlyẙh khlw̥hllw'' "city", ''kl̥ rꜣ̥k'' "demon", ''ns̥k kw̥l'' "ghost", ''shw̥k nw̥kwrth'' "goat" |
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| er ec, edar
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| mer endar
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| | Laiberim |
| | Ungrauzuru |
| | Trizandir |
| | Naevalla |
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| ird
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| iru er
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| ni, mi
| | If without D-equilibrium: |
| ec, fe
| | *Language rich in consonants and no vowels |
| al, ar
| | *Language rich in vowels and no consonants |
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| | *Language rich in intersegmentals and no metasegmentals |
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| | ''wl̥krꜣn'' /w̥l̩krħn̥/, ''kl̥x'' /kl̩ks/, ''wr̥l'' /w̥r̩l/, ''kr̥kt'' /kr̩kt/, ''tn̥c'' /tn̩ts/, ''tn̥k'' /tn̩k/ ''nẙx'' /n̥ĭks/, ''lw̥kwky'' /l̥ŭkʷkʲ/, ''sꜣ̥t'' /sʕ̩t/. |
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| mi irida ilmini ec
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| iridin
| | /jɪee̞ɛæa īi̯/ |
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| elbi
| | īy ay "the man", ī īnain "the mountain" |
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| ci
| | A pure anathetic language would rather focus on the combinations of words than the words themselves (meaningless individually in this case): In Veno's Dark Tongue, associations strike as grammatical in zodrak hu "dog" versus hu zodrak "cat". |
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| | A pure magis-synthetic language focuses instead on words of a variety of meanings. In Veno's Bright Tongue, elbī is a genitive of "person". |
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| alber
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| Adamic verb
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| rā > ar
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| arú > erec
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| ārú > irida
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| ar ereC iriCV
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| nua sit, askút
| | Anathesis: In Portuguese, ''ca'' alone means nothing, as does ''sa'', yet ''casa'' means "house". Synthesis: In Latin, the particle ''-orum'' means not only [genitive], but also [plural] and [masculine]/[neuter]. Agglutination, on the other hand, is the neutral morphological nature. |
| ni eren
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| ísit ārú
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| ni irida ederen
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| sikt > ren
| | degrees of purity |
| hil > ...
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| | important remark: anathesis is not that the components don't have meaning, but that the composition has a novel meaning because of them |
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| L
| | ==Phonology== |
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| ciren
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| | | ===Sound Laws=== |
| nicae
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| ec
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| icae
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| anu/nua > ni
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| ani/nia > nae
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| ana/nā > na
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| ''Elbi irida ni indili'' = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
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| Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
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| Tua hícal, rī askút
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| hil > ciren?
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| -h-c-l- > indili
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| hácal > andal
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| ni irida andal
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| erec & irida > -c-
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| ni, idae
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| fe, ec
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| ae, cae
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| fe erec > ec
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| ae erec > icae
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| indili (v), andal (p)
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| ciren (n), ederen (v)
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| cilba (n), indili (v)
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| -s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë
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| h/q > n
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| s/z > c
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| k/g > r
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| -
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| t/d > nd
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| h/q>
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| z >
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| g > l
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| d > mb
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| ===Consonants=== | |
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| ===Vowels===
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
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| ni irida eren...
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| From one root, many stems are forged
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| ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...
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| ALMA > ELEME
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| eldar (alba-endar)
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| erbal (arda-elbar)
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| arbelë
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| ilben, ilbini
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| eleben, af
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| lef, felin
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| ilmen, ilmini
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| elemen, am
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| lem, melin
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| irdem, irdimi
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| eredem, erc
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| rec, cerin
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |