Nousuerian: Difference between revisions

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*''lòn'''kt''' vi'' (long life)
*''lòn'''kt''' vi'' (long life)
*''nuvo'''ia''' templen'' (new temples)
*''nuvo'''ia''' templen'' (new temples)
===Verbs===
In Nousuerian there is only one form of the verb for all persons, singular and plural and in each of the various tenses of the verb.
Nousuerian has no continuous form of the verb but, like English, employs auxiliary verbs to help form the future, perfect and pluperfect tenses.
====Type I Conjugation====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Present || ''-r''
|-
| Past || ''-de''
|-
| Supine || ''-t''
|-
| Past Participle (Common) || ''-d''
|-
| Past Participle (Neuter) || ''-t''
|-
| Past Participle (Plural/Definite) || ''-de''
|}
Example:
''puvua'' - can, to be able to
*present - ''puvua'''r'''''
*past - ''puvua'''de'''''
*supine - ''puvua'''t'''''
*past participles - ''puvua'''d''', puvua'''t''', puvua'''de'''''
====Type II Conjugation====
Type II verbs are not as straightforward as Types I and III. However, Type II's are fairly simple once you know the rules.
There are two types of Type II verbs. Type IIA consists of verbs whose stem ends in a voiced consonant, while Type IIB is made up of verbs whose stem end in a voiceless consonant or ''n''.
=====Type IIA=====
For the present tense, ''a'' is deleted after final ''l'' or ''r''. Then ''er'' is added to the end of the word, if the verb does not already end in ''l'' or ''r''. If it does, then there is no ending added.
The past tense is formed by first changing the final ''a'' to ''de'' at the end of a word. If there is a ''j'' following ''l,n'' or ''r'' immediately preceding the ''de'' at the end of a word, then the ''j'' is deleted.
Supine is made by first changing the ''a'' at the end into a ''t''. Any ''d'' immediately before a ''t'' is deleted and ''j'' is deleted if it follows ''l,n'' or ''r'' before final ''t''. There are some vowel changes also; ''è'' become ''a'', ''eu'' become ''o'' and ''y'' becomes ''u'' before final ''lt, rt'' or ''nt''.
Finally, the past participles are made like the supine; except that the supine ends in ''t'' while the past participle common, plural and definite aren't. Change ''a'' to ''d'' at the end of a word. Then delete ''j'' between ''l,n,r'' and final ''d''. Lastly, if necessary, change ''è'' to ''a'', ''eu'' to ''o'' and ''y'' to u'' before final ''ld,rd'' and ''nd''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Present || ''-er''
|-
| Past || ''-de''
|-
| Supine || ''-t''
|-
| Past Participle (Common) || ''-d''
|-
| Past Participle (Neuter) || ''-t''
|-
| Past Participle (Plural/Definite) || ''-da''
|}
Example:
''regarda'' - look, watch
*present - ''regard'''er'''''
*past - ''regar'''de'''''
*supine - ''regar'''t'''''
*past participles - ''regar'''d''', regar'''t''', regar'''da'''''
=====Type IIB=====
Type IIB verbs are the easiest of the Type II verbs to conjugate. They are generally very straightforward. The only thing you should remember is that the final ''a'' of the infinitive is deleted before adding the endings.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Present || ''-er''
|-
| Past || ''-te''
|-
| Supine || ''-t''
|-
| Past Participle (Common) || ''-t''
|-
| Past Participle (Neuter) || ''-t''
|-
| Past Participle (Plural/Definite) || ''-ta''
|}
Example:
''steka'' - fry
*present - ''stek'''er'''''
*past - ''stek'''te'''''
*supine - ''stek'''t'''''
*past participles - ''stek'''t''', stek'''t''', stek'''ta'''''
====Type III Conjugations====
Type III verbs are those whose stem does not end in ''a''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Present || ''-r''
|-
| Past || ''-de''
|-
| Supine || ''-t''
|-
| Past Participle (Common) || ''-d''
|-
| Past Participle (Neuter) || ''-t''
|-
| Past Participle (Plural/Definite) || ''-da''
|}
Example:
''fini'' - end, finish
*present - ''fini'''r'''''
*past - ''fini'''de'''''
*supine - ''fini'''t'''''
*past participles - ''fini'''d''', fini'''t''', fini'''da'''''
====Type IV Conjugations====
Type IV verbs are considered strong, in that they usually have a vowel change in the past tense. It should be noted, however, that this only applies to certain vowels.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Present || ''-er''
|-
| Past || (see vowel charts)
|-
| Supine || ''-it''
|-
| Past Participle (Common) || ''-en''
|-
| Past Participle (Neuter) || ''-et''
|-
| Past Participle (Plural/Definite) || ''-na''
|}
Example:
''truva'' - find
*present - ''truv'''er'''''
*past - ''truv''
*supine - ''truv'''it'''''
*past participles - ''truv'''en''', truv'''et''', truv'''na'''''
Like Type IIB verbs, Type III verbs delete the final ''a'' before the endings.
=====Vowel Charts=====
'''PAST VOWEL CHANGE'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! From !! To !! Before Single/Double Final Consonant
|-
| ''a'' || ''o'' || single
|-
| ''è'' || ''a'' || single
|-
| ''i'' || ''e'' || single
|-
| ''y, u'' || ''eu'' || single
|-
| ''i'' || ''a'' || double
|}
'''SUPINE  & PAST PARTICIPLE VOWEL CHANGE'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! From !! To !! Before Single/Double Final Consonant
| ''è'' || ''u'' || single
|-
| ''y'' || ''u'' || single
|-
| ''i'' || ''u'' || double
|}
====Present Participles====
All verbs add ''nde'' to end of the infinitive to form the present participle.
====Use of Supines & Participles====
=====Supine=====
The supine is used with ''har/hade'' to form the perfect and pluperfect tenses, respectively. No other verbs are used before the supine.
=====Past Participle=====
The past participles is used as an adjective and inflects.
=====Present Participle=====
The present participles are only rarely used in Nousuerian like the English ‘-ing’ forms, notable after the verbs ''veni, ala, bli'' and verbs of motion:
*''Dom venir kurande''. (They come running.)
Normally, the present participle is used as an adjective, noun, adverb or preposition.
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
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