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== Classification == | == Classification == | ||
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it's usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. | For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it's usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate. | ||
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme 'three'), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte 'six') and | There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme 'three'), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte 'six') and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe 'tooth'). However, research has shown that it's often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam 'tooth' and Proto-Samoyed *time 'tooth' seem to go back to PU *sewimä 'tooth'. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn 'comb' is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe 'tooth'. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic. | ||
== Dialects == | == Dialects == | ||
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. | Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley. | ||
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==== Present indicative ==== | ==== Present indicative ==== | ||
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): ''' | * infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): '''kaš''' | ||
* first person singular: ''' | * first person singular: '''kšam''' | ||
* second person singular: ''' | * second person singular: '''kšal''' | ||
* third person singular: ''' | * third person singular: '''kše''' | ||
* first person plural: ''' | * first person plural: '''kšamǝl''' | ||
* second person plural: ''' | * second person plural: '''kšalǝl''' | ||
* third person plural: ''' | * third person plural: '''kšel''' | ||
== Vocabulary == | == Vocabulary == | ||
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*kǝbo: cotton (< PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa) | *kǝbo: cotton (< PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa) | ||
*pya: pear (< PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo) | *pya: pear (< PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo) | ||
* | *šun: blind (< PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa) | ||
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (< PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’) | *Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (< PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’) | ||
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn. | As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn. | ||
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! Numeral !! Inherited <br/> Yassi !! Loan from <br/> Proto-Iranian | ! Numeral !! Inherited <br/> Yassi !! Loan from <br/> Proto-Iranian | ||
|- | |- | ||
| one || | | one || ǝš || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| two || | | two || kaš || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| three || | | three || naš || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| four || per || | | four || per || | ||
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| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow | | seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow | ||
|- | |- | ||
| eight || | | eight || kšorǝy || at | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nine || | | nine || šowr, šwor || nǝ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ten || | | ten || kǝšwit || las | ||
|- | |- | ||
| eleven || || | | eleven || || | ||
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| ten thousand || || wewar | | ten thousand || || wewar | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[English language|English]] | |||
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[Proto-Uralic]] | |||
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Yassi language|Yassi]] | |||
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]] | |||
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Sami languages|Sami]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Mari language|Mari]] | |||
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Permic languages|Permic]] | |||
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | |||
! colspan="1" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Mansi language|Mansi]] | |||
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Khanty language|Khanty]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]] | |||
|- | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Võro language|Võro]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Southern Sami|South]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Northern Sami|North]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Kildin Sami language|Kildin]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Erzya language|Erzya]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Komi language|Komi]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Northern | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Kazym | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Vakh | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]] | |||
|- | |||
| 'fire' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]''' | |||
| tər | |||
| tuli<br/>(tule-) || tuli<br/>(tule-) || tuli<br/>(tulõ-) | |||
| dålle<br/>{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll | |||
| tol | |||
| tul | |||
| tɨl- || tɨl | |||
| – <!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for "fire".--> | |||
| – | |||
| – | |||
| – | |||
| tuu | |||
|- | |||
| 'water' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]''' | |||
| wal | |||
| vesi<br/>(vete-) || vesi<br/>(vee-) || vesi<br/>(vii-) | |||
| – || – || – | |||
| ved´ | |||
| wüt | |||
| va || vu | |||
| víz | |||
| wit | |||
| – | |||
| – | |||
| jiʔ | |||
|- | |||
| 'ice' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]''' | |||
| yan | |||
| jää || jää || ijä | |||
| jïenge<br/>{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ | |||
| ej | |||
| i | |||
| ji || jə | |||
| jég | |||
| jaaŋk | |||
| jeŋk | |||
| jeŋk | |||
| – | |||
|- | |||
| 'fish' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]''' | |||
| kar | |||
| kala || kala || kala | |||
| guelie<br/>{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’ | |||
| kal | |||
| kol | |||
| – || – | |||
| hal | |||
| xuul | |||
| xŭɬ | |||
| kul | |||
| xalʲa | |||
|- | |||
| 'nest' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]''' | |||
| pā | |||
| pesä || pesa || pesä | |||
| biesie<br/>{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’ | |||
| pize | |||
| pəžaš | |||
| poz | |||
| puz <!--"egg"--> | |||
| fészek | |||
| pitʲi | |||
| – | |||
| pĕl | |||
| pʲidʲa | |||
|- | |||
| 'hand, arm' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]''' | |||
| - | |||
| käsi<br/>(käte-) || käsi<br/>(käe-) || käsi<br/>(käe-) | |||
| gïete<br/>{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt | |||
| ked´ | |||
| kit | |||
| ki || ki | |||
| kéz | |||
| kaat | |||
| – | |||
| köt | |||
| – | |||
|- | |||
| 'eye' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]''' | |||
| sirm | |||
| silmä || silm<br/>(silma-) || silm<br/>(silmä-) | |||
| tjelmie<br/>{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m | |||
| śeĺme | |||
| šinča | |||
| śin<br/>(śinm-) || śin<br/>(śinm-) | |||
| szem | |||
| sam | |||
| sem | |||
| sem | |||
| sæwə | |||
|- | |||
| 'fathom' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]''' | |||
| – | |||
| syli<br/>(syle-) || süli<br/>(süle-) || – | |||
| sïlle<br/>{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll | |||
| seĺ | |||
| šülö | |||
| sɨl || sul | |||
| öl(el) <!-- "öl" as in "lap", not "kill"; made clear by adding verbal derivative --> | |||
| tal | |||
| ɬăɬ | |||
| lö̆l | |||
| tʲíbʲa | |||
|- | |||
| 'vein / sinew' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]''' | |||
| un | |||
| suoni<br/>(suone-) || soon<br/>(soone-) || suuń<br/>(soonõ-) | |||
| soene<br/>{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn | |||
| san | |||
| šün | |||
| sən || sən | |||
| ín | |||
| taan | |||
| ɬɔn | |||
| lan | |||
| teʔ | |||
|- | |||
| 'bone' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]''' | |||
|- | |||
| luu || luu || luu | |||
| – || – || – | |||
| lovaža | |||
| lu | |||
| lɨ || lɨ | |||
| – <!--Not cognate: csont--> | |||
| luw | |||
| ɬŭw | |||
| lŏγ | |||
| le | |||
|- | |||
| 'blood' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]''' | |||
|- | |||
| veri || veri || veri | |||
| vïrre<br/>{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr | |||
| veŕ | |||
| wür | |||
| vur || vir | |||
| vér | |||
| wiɣr | |||
| wŭr | |||
| wər | |||
| – | |||
|- | |||
| 'liver' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]''' | |||
|- | |||
| maksa || maks<br/>(maksa-) || mass<br/>(massa-) | |||
| mueksie<br/>{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || – | |||
| makso | |||
| mokš | |||
| mus || mus<br/>(musk-) | |||
| máj | |||
| maat | |||
| mŏxəɬ | |||
| muγəl | |||
| mudə | |||
|- | |||
| 'urine' /<br/>'to urinate' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]''' | |||
|- | |||
| kusi<br/>(kuse-) || kusi<br/>(kuse-) || kusi<br/>(kusõ-) | |||
| gadtjedh<br/>(gadtje-)<br/>{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat<br/>(gožža-) || kōnnče | |||
| – | |||
| kəž | |||
| kudź || kɨź | |||
| húgy | |||
| xuńś- | |||
| xŏs- | |||
| kŏs- | |||
| – | |||
|- | |||
| 'to go' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]''' | |||
|- | |||
| mennä<br/>(men-) || minema || minemä | |||
| mïnnedh<br/>{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne | |||
| – | |||
| mija- | |||
| mun- | |||
| mɨn- | |||
| menni | |||
| men- | |||
| măn- | |||
| mĕn- | |||
| mʲin- | |||
|- | |||
| 'to live' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]''' | |||
|- | |||
| elää<br/>(elä-) | |||
| elama<br/>(ela-) | |||
| elämä<br/>(elä-) | |||
| jieledh<br/>{{IPA|[jielə]}}- | |||
| eallit | |||
| jēll’e | |||
| – | |||
| ila- | |||
| ol- || ul- | |||
| él- | |||
| – | |||
| – | |||
| – | |||
| jilʲe- | |||
|- | |||
| 'to die' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]''' | |||
|- | |||
| kuolla<br/>(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma<br/>(kool-) | |||
| – || – || – | |||
| kulo- | |||
| kola- | |||
| kul- || kul- | |||
| hal- | |||
| xool- | |||
| xăɬ- | |||
| kăla- | |||
| xa- | |||
|- | |||
| 'to wash' | |||
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]''' | |||
|- | |||
| – <!--Not cognate: pestä--> | |||
| – <!--Not cognate: pesema--> | |||
| mõskma | |||
| – || – || – | |||
| muśke- | |||
| muška- | |||
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk- | |||
| mos- | |||
| – | |||
| – | |||
| – | |||
| masø- | |||
|} | |||
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}. | |||
<!--(based on the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' and Hakkinen 1979) | |||
{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3" class="wikitable IPA" | |||
|- | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[English language|English]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Mari language|Mari]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Komi language|Komi]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Khanty language|Khanty]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | |||
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Finno-Ugric reconstruction | |||
|- | |||
| heart | |||
| sydän, ''sydäm''- | |||
| süda, ''südam''- | |||
| – | |||
| šüm | |||
| śələm | |||
| səm | |||
| szív | |||
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ)) | |||
|- | |||
| louse | |||
| täi | |||
| täi | |||
| dihkki | |||
| tij | |||
| toj | |||
| tögtəm | |||
| tetű | |||
| *täje | |||
|}--> | |||
[[Category:Uralic languages]] | [[Category:Uralic languages]] |
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