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== Classification ==
== Classification ==
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it's usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate.  
For a long time, Yassi had been seen as one of the languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group. Nowadays it's usually classified as a [[w:Uralic language|Uralic language]], though its exact relationship to the Uralic languages is a matter of debate.  
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme 'three'), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte 'six') and swam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe 'tooth'). However, research has shown that it's often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi swam 'tooth' and Proto-Samoyed *time 'tooth' seem to go back to PU *sewimä 'tooth'. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn 'comb' is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe 'tooth'. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic.  
There are certain words of the basic vocabulary which show a closer relation to the [[w:Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] than to the [[w:Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] subgroup, like nǝk (PS *näk- instead of FU *kolme 'three'), mǝkt (PS *mǝktut instead of FU *kutte 'six') and wam (PS *time instead of FU *piŋe 'tooth'). However, research has shown that it's often not possible to derive these words from mainstream Proto-Samoyed: Rather, both Yassi wam 'tooth' and Proto-Samoyed *time 'tooth' seem to go back to PU *sewimä 'tooth'. Furthermore, Yassi pǝn 'comb' is assumed to be a cognate to FU *piŋe 'tooth'. Therefore, and as the subgrouping of the Uralic languages is still controversial, Yassi must remain classified an independent branch of Proto-Uralic.  
== Dialects ==
== Dialects ==
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley.  
Slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary show that Yassi can be divided in two mutually intelligible dialects. One surrounding the headwaters of River Yas, the other in the lower valley.  
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==== Present indicative ====
==== Present indicative ====
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): '''kas'''
* infinitive (identical to second person singular imperative): '''kaš'''
* first person singular: '''ksam'''
* first person singular: '''kšam'''
* second person singular: '''ksal'''
* second person singular: '''kšal'''
* third person singular: '''kse'''
* third person singular: '''kše'''
* first person plural: '''ksamǝl'''
* first person plural: '''kšamǝl'''
* second person plural: '''ksalǝl'''
* second person plural: '''kšalǝl'''
* third person plural: '''ksel'''
* third person plural: '''kšel'''


== Vocabulary ==
== Vocabulary ==
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*kǝbo: cotton (< PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)
*kǝbo: cotton (< PYassi *kapāsa, cf. Burushaski γupas, Vedic karpāsa)
*pya: pear (< PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)
*pya: pear (< PYassi *pisā, cf. Burushaski pheṣo)
*son: blind (< PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)
*šun: blind (< PYassi *čāna, cf. Burushaski śon, Vedic kāṇa)
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (< PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)
*Yin: a thorp at the well of the Yas River (< PYassi *sina, cf. PYeniseian *siɁn ‘well, spring’)
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.
As more and more researchers think that Burushaski and Yeniseian idioms are genetically related, the last example could prove that (Para-?)Proto-Burushaski still used a cognate to Proto-Yeniseian *siɁn.
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! Numeral !! Inherited <br/> Yassi !! Loan from <br/> Proto-Iranian  
! Numeral !! Inherited <br/> Yassi !! Loan from <br/> Proto-Iranian  
|-
|-
| one || ǝs ||
| one || ǝš ||
|-
|-
| two || kas ||
| two || kaš ||
|-
|-
| three || nǝk ||
| three || naš ||
|-
|-
| four || per ||
| four || per ||
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| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow
| seven || nkorǝ, nkor || ow
|-
|-
| eight || ksorǝy || at
| eight || kšorǝy || at
|-
|-
| nine || sowr, swor || nǝ
| nine || šowr, šwor || nǝ
|-
|-
| ten || kǝswit || las
| ten || kǝšwit || las
|-
|-
| eleven || ||
| eleven || ||
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| ten thousand || || wewar
| ten thousand || || wewar
|}
|}
{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[English language|English]]
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[Proto-Uralic]]
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Yassi language|Yassi]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Baltic-Finnic languages|Finnic]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Sami languages|Sami]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Mari language|Mari]]
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Permic languages|Permic]]
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
! colspan="1" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]
|-
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Võro language|Võro]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Southern Sami|South]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Northern Sami|North]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Kildin Sami language|Kildin]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Erzya language|Erzya]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Komi language|Komi]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Northern
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Kazym
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Vakh
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]
|-
| 'fire'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tuli]]'''
| tər
| tuli<br/>(tule-) || tuli<br/>(tule-) || tuli<br/>(tulõ-)
| dålle<br/>{{IPA|[tollə]}} || dolla || tōll
| tol
| tul
| tɨl- || tɨl
| – <!-- Note: do NOT add Hungarian tűz here because it is not cognate! This and Mansi *tääwət, Khanty *töɣət are an unrelated root for "fire".-->
| –
| –
| –
| tuu
|-
| 'water'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*weti]]'''
| wal
| vesi<br/>(vete-) || vesi<br/>(vee-) || vesi<br/>(vii-)
| – || – || –
| ved´
| wüt
| va || vu
| víz
| wit
| –
| –
| jiʔ
|-
| 'ice'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋi]]'''
| yan
| jää || jää || ijä
| jïenge<br/>{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || īŋŋ
| ej
| i
| ji || jə
| jég
| jaaŋk
| jeŋk
| jeŋk
| –
|-
| 'fish'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]'''
| kar
| kala || kala || kala
| guelie<br/>{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || kūll’
| kal
| kol
| – || –
| hal
| xuul
| xŭɬ
| kul
| xalʲa
|-
| 'nest'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]'''
| pā
| pesä || pesa || pesä
| biesie<br/>{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || piess’
| pize
| pəžaš
| poz
| puz <!--"egg"-->
| fészek
| pitʲi
| –
| pĕl
| pʲidʲa
|-
| 'hand, arm'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käti]]'''
| -
| käsi<br/>(käte-) || käsi<br/>(käe-) || käsi<br/>(käe-)
| gïete<br/>{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || kīdt
| ked´
| kit
| ki || ki
| kéz
| kaat
| –
| köt
| –
|-
| 'eye'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]'''
| sirm
| silmä || silm<br/>(silma-) || silm<br/>(silmä-)
| tjelmie<br/>{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || čall’m
| śeĺme
| šinča
| śin<br/>(śinm-) || śin<br/>(śinm-)
| szem
| sam
| sem
| sem
| sæwə
|-
| 'fathom'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süli]]'''
| –
| syli<br/>(syle-) || süli<br/>(süle-) || –
| sïlle<br/>{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || sē̮ll
| seĺ
| šülö
| sɨl || sul
| öl(el) <!-- "öl" as in "lap", not "kill"; made clear by adding verbal derivative -->
| tal
| ɬăɬ
| lö̆l
| tʲíbʲa
|-
| 'vein / sinew'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sï(x)ni]]'''
| un
| suoni<br/>(suone-) || soon<br/>(soone-) || suuń<br/>(soonõ-)
| soene<br/>{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || sūnn
| san
| šün
| sən || sən
| ín
| taan
| ɬɔn
| lan
| teʔ
|-
| 'bone'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwi]]'''
|-
| luu || luu || luu
| – || – || –
| lovaža
| lu
| lɨ || lɨ
| – <!--Not cognate: csont-->
| luw
| ɬŭw
| lŏγ
| le
|-
| 'blood'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*weri]]'''
|-
| veri || veri || veri
| vïrre<br/>{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || vē̮rr
| veŕ
| wür
| vur || vir
| vér
| wiɣr
| wŭr
| wər
| –
|-
| 'liver'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mïksa]]'''
|-
| maksa || maks<br/>(maksa-) || mass<br/>(massa-)
| mueksie<br/>{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –
| makso
| mokš
| mus || mus<br/>(musk-)
| máj
| maat
| mŏxəɬ
| muγəl
| mudə
|-
| 'urine' /<br/>'to urinate'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kunśi]]'''
|-
| kusi<br/>(kuse-) || kusi<br/>(kuse-) || kusi<br/>(kusõ-)
| gadtjedh<br/>(gadtje-)<br/>{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat<br/>(gožža-) || kōnnče
| –
| kəž
| kudź || kɨź
| húgy
| xuńś-
| xŏs-
| kŏs-
| –
|-
| 'to go'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*meni-]]'''
|-
| mennä<br/>(men-) || minema || minemä
| mïnnedh<br/>{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || mē̮nne
| –
| mija-
| mun-
| mɨn-
| menni
| men-
| măn-
| mĕn-
| mʲin-
|-
| 'to live'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]'''
|-
| elää<br/>(elä-)
| elama<br/>(ela-)
| elämä<br/>(elä-)
| jieledh<br/>{{IPA|[jielə]}}-
| eallit
| jēll’e
| –
| ila-
| ol- || ul-
| él-
| –
| –
| –
| jilʲe-
|-
| 'to die'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*ka(x)li-]]'''
|-
| kuolla<br/>(kuol-) || koolma || kuulma<br/>(kool-)
| – || – || –
| kulo-
| kola-
| kul- || kul-
| hal-
| xool-
| xăɬ-
| kăla-
| xa-
|-
| 'to wash'
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | '''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośki-]]'''
|-
| – <!--Not cognate: pestä-->
| – <!--Not cognate: pesema-->
| mõskma
| – || – || –
| muśke-
| muška-
| mɨśkɨ- || mɨśk-
| mos-
| –
| –
| –
| masø-
|}
Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sami, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.
<!--(based on the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' and Hakkinen 1979)
{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3" class="wikitable IPA"
|-
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[English language|English]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Northern Sami|North Sami]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Mari language|Mari]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Komi language|Komi]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Finno-Ugric reconstruction
|-
| heart
| sydän, ''sydäm''-
| süda, ''südam''-
| –
| šüm
| śələm
| səm
| szív
| *śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))
|-
| louse
| täi
| täi
| dihkki
| tij
| toj
| tögtəm
| tetű
| *täje
|}-->
[[Category:Uralic languages]]
[[Category:Uralic languages]]
Ciray Khan
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