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===''Kriyal''=== | ===''Kriyal''=== | ||
''[[Contionary:kriyal|Kriyal]]'' ([[IPA for Bemé|[kɹ̥ijal]]], [[IPA for Bemé|[tɹ̥ijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé|[tʃɹ̥ijal]]]) is a less commonly used term, and is derived from | ''[[Contionary:kriyal|Kriyal]]'' ([[IPA for Bemé|[kɹ̥ijal]]], [[IPA for Bemé|[tɹ̥ijal]]] or [[IPA for Bemé|[tʃɹ̥ijal]]]) is a less commonly used term, and is derived from {{mn|en|Creole}}, originally from {{mn|pt|crioulo}} and ultimately derived from {{mn|la|creō}}. Although originally referring to the entire language in the same manner as ''Bemé''/''Bemeh'', nowadays it is mostly used to refer to [[w:Basilect|basilectal]] varieties of the language, though older speakers may still refer to the language as a whole as ''kriyal''. | ||
The word ''kriyal'' (sometimes spelt ''kriyel'' in [[Columbé|Columban]]) is also used by [[Columbé]] and [[Bijun Creole]] speakers to refer to their own varieties of Bemé. | The word ''kriyal'' (sometimes spelt ''kriyel'' in [[Columbé|Columban]]) is also used by [[Columbé]] and [[Bijun Creole]] speakers to refer to their own varieties of Bemé. | ||
==History== | |||
===Portuguese-Kabao Pidgin=== | |||
The [[w:Portuguese colonial empire|Portuguese]] under [[w:Goa|Goan]] explorer Custódio Cortes initially attempted to colonise the Poccasin Archipelago between 1775 and 1783. On the island of Kabao, native to the [[Kabao]] people, the Portuguese established the colony of '''Santa Maria Cheia de Graça''' at Cape Cristo, and built two churches, the Egreja d'Oeste de Santa Maria Cheia de Graça and the Egreja d'Este de Santa Maria Cheia de Graça; the former would eventually give its name to the Cassim Po ''colonia'' of Westchurch. Initial relations with the indigenous Kabao were tetchy, culminating in a disastrous expedition known as the Death March of the Thousand (''A Marcha da Morte dos Mil'') where Cortes and an an army of 1,000 colonists attempted to route a group of Kabao raiders further north on the island, but ended up in unmapped rainforest and were ambushed, losing about 700 in the process through disease, starvation and violence. After this, relations cooled and Cortes was reassigned to establish new colonies, one of them eventually becoming the city of Patria on [[Saint Columban]]. The expanding Santa Maria Cheia de Graça colony occasionally still came into conflict with the Kabao, but otherwise the two sides were peaceful and regularly exchanged items, which catalysed the development of a '''Portuguese-Kabao pidgin''', the first predecessor of modern Bemé. | |||
A manuscript penned by a colonist only known by the name of "António Filipe" details a vocabulary list of this pidgin, probably spoken between 1780-1799: | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! Pidginised Kabao glossary !! Modern Kabao !! Portuguese glossary !! Bemé translation !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''Isecutato'' || ''Darwgiza'' || ''Escutá'' || ''Lis eh'' || Listen | |||
|- | |||
| ''Babó'' || ''Badbo'' || ''Quanto custa'' || ''Wa pis dis'' || How much is that | |||
|- | |||
| ''amãga'' || ''amanga'' / ''baribwa'' || {{l|pt|manga}} || {{l|beme|menga}} || mango | |||
|- | |||
| ''lima'' || ''lima'' || {{l|pt|lima}} || {{l|beme|lima}} || lime | |||
|- | |||
| ''bako'', ''bakoko'' || ''bako'' || {{l|pt|coco}} || {{l|beme|bakoko}} || coconut | |||
|} | |||
==''Tak'' vs ''kriyal''== | ==''Tak'' vs ''kriyal''== | ||
Bemé incorporates a [[w:Post-creole continuum|creole continuum]], but unlike other creole continua such as that of [[w:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]], Bemé speakers do not consider the continuum to have '''mesolectal''' levels, instead only distinguishing between acrolectal ''tak'' and basilectal ''kriyal''. ''Tak'' is often described as the official government Bemé, used on street signs, government buildings and in most Bemé literature, while ''kriyal'' is often described as the vernacular forms of Bemé spoken outside of the contexts of ''Tak''. For example, the vernacular Bemé of young people can be considered ''kriyal''; but the use of Bemé by older, illiterate speakers may also be considered ''kriyal''. | Bemé incorporates a [[w:Post-creole continuum|creole continuum]], but unlike other creole continua such as that of [[w:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]], Bemé speakers do not consider the continuum to have '''mesolectal''' levels, instead only distinguishing between acrolectal ''tak'' and basilectal ''kriyal''. ''Tak'' is often described as the official government Bemé, used on street signs, government buildings and in most Bemé literature, while ''kriyal'' is often described as the vernacular forms of Bemé spoken outside of the contexts of ''Tak''. For example, the vernacular Bemé of young people can be considered ''kriyal''; but the use of Bemé by older, illiterate speakers may also be considered ''kriyal''. | ||
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: Vincent: ''Ah, so kas dat risun, ey pok dan ab gud peson, im grag eh bi deti edag.'' | : Vincent: ''Ah, so kas dat risun, ey pok dan ab gud peson, im grag eh bi deti edag.'' | ||
: Jules: ''Eh, wi la mos takin eh wan neys teting pok, yameh, im mos bi teng tey pro neys den dat Arnold ni Green Acres!'' | : Jules: ''Eh, wi la mos takin eh wan neys teting pok, yameh, im mos bi teng tey pro neys den dat Arnold ni Green Acres!'' | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[:Category:Bemé | * [[:Category:Bemé lemmas]] | ||
* [[Caine orthography]] | * [[Caine orthography]] | ||
[[Category:Bemé]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Creole languages]] | [[Category:Bemé language]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Creole languages]] | ||