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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
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| | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively ''Fithid'' /ˈfi{{long}}t{{asp}}ɪð/ or ''losůnaz Fithi'') is a divergent descendant of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Irta British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
| | Move to Spain? |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]
| | Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one |
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| {{Infobox language
| | Make Ancient Knench stage a bit more like Togarmite and less Hebrew |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
| | * ''dobor'' [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "(literary) a thing" |
| |nativename = Kibrið
| | * ''doboraz'' [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing" |
| |image =
| | * ''deberi'' [ðɛˈveːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i) |
| |setting =
| | * ''deberimel'' [ðɛvɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things" |
| |name = Cubrite
| | * ''qhymůr'' [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey" |
| |pronunciation =
| | * ''jůno'' [ˈjyːnʌ] "a pigeon" |
| |region =
| | * ''jůnozů'' [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon" |
| |states =
| | * ''jůnůd'' [ˈjyːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending) |
| |speakers =
| | * ''jůnůdel'' [jʉˈnyːðɛl] "the pigeons" |
| |script = Latin
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| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=Canaanite
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| |fam5=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
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| }}
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| '''Cubrite''' (''Kibrið'' /kɪbɹɪð/ or ''núm Kibr'' /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in an alt-hist timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, a minority in the Balkans. Standard Cubrite is based on the Criadosch (''Krírdox'' /kɹɪəˈdɔɧ/ from ''karyō ħadasō'') dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical Hebrew words and phrases, but its grammar is far more analytic than its ancestor: it was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations, and it is the only Lõisian Semitic language that has lost grammatical gender outside of [[Far East Semitic]]. Most modern Cubrites are Eastern Orthodox; a few are Muslim or Jewish.
| | == Phonology == |
| | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| | === Vowels === |
| | '''a e y i o u ů''' /a~aː ɛ~eː ə~ɨː ɪ~iː ʌ~o̝ː ʊ~u̟ː ʉ~yː/ |
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| Cubrite has many Greek, Turkish, Arabic and Romance loanwords.
| | === Consonants === |
| | * (lost, not written) from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| | * /v/ '''v''' from Old Knench /b/ |
| | * /ɣ/ '''g''' from Old Knench /g/ |
| | * /ð/ '''d''' from Old Knench /d/ |
| | * /0/ '''ḧ''' (often lost) from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * /w/ '''w''' from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * /z/ '''z''' from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * /qʰ/ '''qh''' from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * /t˭/ '''t''' from Old Knench /t{{phar}}/ |
| | * /j/ '''j''' from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * /kʰ/ '''ch''' from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * /l/ '''l''' from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * /m/ '''m''' from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * /n/ '''n''' from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * /s/ '''x''' from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * /ʁ{{tilde}}/ '''ɣ''' from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * /f/ '''f''' from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * /p˭/ '''p''' from Latin/Romance /p/ |
| | * /t{{tiebar}}s˭| '''ç''' from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * /k˭/ '''c''' from Old Knench /q/ |
| | * /ɾ/ '''r''' from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * /s{{ret}}/ '''s''' from Old Knench /s{{ret}}/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * /tʰ/ '''th''' from Old Knench /t/ |
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| It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer. Hrafn Leifsson believes that the similarity between English and Cubrite aesthetics is due to similar Celtic substrates influencing both, English by Brythonic and Cubrite by an old Celtic language of Galatia.
| | '''qh''' is shifting to /x~h/ in Modern Knench. |
| <!--
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | === Mutation === |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | == Morphology == |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
| | === Pronouns === |
| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
| | * 1sg: ''i'' (after consonant), ''ni'' (after vowel) |
| | * 2sg.m: ''tho''; ''-cho tho'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 2sg.f: ''thy''; ''-chyth'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 3sg.m: ''ůj'' (< -ů + ḧi), ''-u/-ů'' |
| | * 3sg.f: ''oj'' (< -o/-oh/-ho + ḧi) |
| | * 1pl: ''nu'' |
| | * 2pl: ''thym''; ''-chym thym, -chythym'' (after prepositions) |
| | * 3pl: <i>'m</i> |
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| -->
| | === Verbs === |
| | The lexical verb is usually in the infinitive form in Knench: |
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| ==History==
| | : ''Re ni byl chilo laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat bread) 'I eat/am eating bread.' |
| Non-rhoticity and the shift to auxiliaries was complete by the 12th century, and Cubrite has had little change since except in vocabulary, accent, and the loss of grammatical mutation.
| | : ''Re ni by chilo i tha laqhm.'' (PRES 1SG PROG eat 1SG FA bread) '(archaic) I eat/am eating bread.' |
| | : ''Chilo laqhmaz!'' 'Eat the bread! (both sg and pl)' |
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| ==TODO==
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited infinitive construct forms (the binyanim are fɣul, yfeɣyl, ythfeɣyl, feɣyl, efɣyl, ysthefɣyl) or from noun patterns. |
| *should be Cypriot? justify the name. Or rename
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| *Swadesh list
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| *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
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| *''biuth'' or ''šą har...'' = when...
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| *Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
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| *''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God])
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| *''šavų'' = week
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| *''mødbár'' = conference
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| *נא becomes a focus marker ''=nr''
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| **question marker ''a ... [FOCUS]=nr''
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| *Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
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| *''Makhin fows ta xett likkori?'' = Why did you have to die?
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| ===Some sound changes=== | | ==Sample texts==<!-- |
| *non-rhoticity, H-dropping
| | === Schleicher === |
| *ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
| | ''Yn kavš w' yn frasi'' |
| *ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
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| *dt, tt > st
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| *-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
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| *ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
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| *OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi
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| *xr > x
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| ==Phonology==
| | ''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.'' |
| ===Consonants===
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| */m n (Philly L) h l w j ɹ~ʋ ɾ/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r rr}}
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| */p b f v t d ʔtʰ~ʔ θ ð k g ʔkʰ/ {{angbr|p b f v t d tt þ ð k g kk}}
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| */s z ts ʃ ž tʃ (voiceless ɹ) h~x/ {{angbr|s z ts š ž č x h}}
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| Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C or pausa.
| | Old Tog.: |
| ====Mutations====
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| Words can undergo initial voicing mutation.
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| ===Vowels===
| | ''An xabše wan φarasīn'' |
| {{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in Lõis:
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| /a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə iː äɤ ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r}}
| | ''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.'' |
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| Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'', or ''ør'' after ''r''.
| | Hebrew: |
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| The following is Hrafn Leifsson's classification of Cubrite vowels:
| | {{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}} |
| *Shva: ø
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| *Short vowels: a e i o u
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| *Long vowels: á é í ó ú
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| *Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
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| *L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
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| *R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur r
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| ===Prosody===
| | {{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}} |
| ====Stress====
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| Stress tends penultimate or final.
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| ====Intonation==== | | ===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul=== |
| | * ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!'' |
| | * ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! '' |
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| ===Phonotactics=== | | ===A biology abstract=== |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Orthography==
| | ''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.'' |
| Modern Cubrite is written in a Latin orthography which is an almost exact relex of an earlier Koine Greek-inspired deep orthography. A notable feature is that b d are always fricatives. <sch> for x?
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| Its orthography is as irregular as English. The orthography used on this page is an academic one devised by Icelandic linguist Hrafn Leifsson, detailed in his work ''A comparative grammar of the Balkan languages''.
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| ==Morphology==
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| {{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
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| Derivational morphology
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| | We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma. |
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| ===Nouns and adjectives=== | | ===Newton's laws of motion=== |
| Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
| | ''I: Re gif byl sbuth by demi, ylů by qhufuz bal-mystheny, chim força b acço ɣaju.'' |
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| {{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' > ''*-ī'' and ''-ōδ''). It also lost grammatical gender and the construct state, although animates still have natural gender.
| | I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it. |
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| Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: ''plą'' 'tree', ''pląrør'' 'trees'.
| | ''II: Re senůdaz ly momentaz ly gif by mathcini lid forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaj gifaz; u re senůdaz by crůd darchom cůaz thecin as forçazů by ɣbur feçyr ɣaju.'' |
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| Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human
| | II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied. |
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| Degree markers:
| | ''III: Jes ly chul acço tha reacço sowo u nyh{{umlaut}}focho.'' |
| *Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough')
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| *Emphatic: ''ro-'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
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| *Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''prið'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite ''pirūðī'' 'when I see')
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| Example: ''kkrú'' 'big', ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ''rogrú'' 'so big; very big indeed', ''kkrúðr'' 'bigger/biggest'
| | III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. |
| | <!-- |
| | ===O how quickly the sculpture of life=== |
| | <poem> |
| | ''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt'' |
| | ''Šaver in demaša zydarder!'' |
| | ''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau'' |
| | ''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.'' |
| | ''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,'' |
| | ''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.'' |
| | ''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;'' |
| | ''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.'' |
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| ===Verbs===
| | O how quickly the sculpture of life |
| Almost all verbs use only one form, the infinitive (usually etymologically the infinitive construct). The infinitive is also used as an imperative: ''ðett lo hi!'' = 'Give it to her!' The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation (e.g. ''bnuð'' 'to build'). Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the relevant triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
| | Shattered into tiny fragments! |
| | The splendor of the king on his throne |
| | Is completely swept away by sea-waves. |
| | Ye who come hither stationed here, |
| | By the grace of God ye are guests on earth. |
| | All of us are judged according to our actions; |
| | Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another. |
| | </poem> |
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| ====Inflected lexical verbs==== | | ===Warming Up To You=== |
| There are only six inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
| | <poem> |
| *''juð'' 'to be'
| | '''Wetyhmem liðak''' |
| *''fluð'' 'to do' (from √ʕśy, with contamination from √pȝl)
| | Kenak at vė mėt in klėt, |
| *''luð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ); ''bu'' is still used as a directional
| | Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak, |
| *''laht'' 'to go'
| | Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut, |
| *''kaht'' 'to take'
| | Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy; |
| *''ðett'' 'to give'
| | Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt |
| | Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr. |
| | </poem> |
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| The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
| | ===Stairway To Heaven=== |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| | <poem> |
| |+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
| | '''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit''' |
| ! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
| | Iš volt žė hi šur |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
| | Køl žė nėher že žahav |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
| | Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
| | </poem> |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite/plural)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
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| ! | Non-pronominal
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''juð''
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| ! future
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| | ''é ni''
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| | ''þé ta''
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| | ''þí te''
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| | ''jé u''
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| | ''þé hi''
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| | ''né nu''
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| | ''þú tem''
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| | ''jú'm''
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| | ''jé/þé''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''ið i''
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| | ''is ta''
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| | ''is te''
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| | ''jo u''
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| | ''ðo hi''
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| | ''in nu''
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| | ''is tem''
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| | ''ju'm''
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| | ''jo/ðo''
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''fluð''
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| ! future
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| | ''ąf i''
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| | ''þąf ta''
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| | ''þąf te''
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| | ''jąf u''
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| | ''þąf hi''
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| | ''nąf nu''
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| | ''þąflu tem''
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| | ''jąflu'm''
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| | ''jąf/þąf''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''fowð i''
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| | ''fows ta''
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| | ''fows te''
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| | ''fow u''
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| | ''fól hi''
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| | ''fown nu''
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| | ''fows tem''
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| | ''flu'm''
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| | ''fow/fól''
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''luð''
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| ! future
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| | ''eð i''
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| | ''þes ta''
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| | ''þes te''
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| | ''jeð u''
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| | ''þeð hi''
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| | ''neð nu''
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| | ''þeðu tem''
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| | ''jeðu'm''
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| | ''jeð/þeð''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''powð i''
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| | ''pows ta''
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| | ''pows te''
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| | ''pow u''
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| | ''pól hi''
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| | ''pown nu''
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| | ''pows tem''
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| | ''pu'm''
| |
| | ''pow/pól''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''laht''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''lej ni''
| |
| | ''tlej ta''
| |
| | ''tlej te''
| |
| | ''len u''
| |
| | ''tlen hi''
| |
| | ''lej nu''
| |
| | ''tlew tem''
| |
| | ''lew'm''
| |
| | ''lej/tlej''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''laht i''
| |
| | ''laht ta''
| |
| | ''laht te''
| |
| | ''law u''
| |
| | ''lál hi''
| |
| | ''lajn nu''
| |
| | ''laht tem''
| |
| | ''lølu'm''
| |
| | ''law/lál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''kaht''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''kej ni''
| |
| | ''tkej ta''
| |
| | ''tkej te''
| |
| | ''ken u''
| |
| | ''tken hi''
| |
| | ''kej nu''
| |
| | ''tkew tem''
| |
| | ''kew'm''
| |
| | ''kej/tkej''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''kaht i''
| |
| | ''kaht ta''
| |
| | ''kaht te''
| |
| | ''kaw u''
| |
| | ''kál hi''
| |
| | ''kajn nu''
| |
| | ''kaht tem''
| |
| | ''kalu'm''
| |
| | ''kaw/kál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| ''ðett''
| |
| ! future
| |
| | ''nej ni''
| |
| | ''tnej ta''
| |
| | ''tnej te''
| |
| | ''nen u''
| |
| | ''tnen hi''
| |
| | ''nej nu''
| |
| | ''tnew tem''
| |
| | ''new'm''
| |
| | ''nen/tnen''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! past
| |
| | ''naht i''
| |
| | ''naht ta''
| |
| | ''naht te''
| |
| | ''naw u''
| |
| | ''nál hi''
| |
| | ''najn nu''
| |
| | ''naht tem''
| |
| | ''nølu'm''
| |
| | ''naw/nál''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Non-pronominal forms agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural ''nominal'' subjects, the masculine singular form is used.
| | ===UDHR=== |
| | ''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.'' |
|
| |
|
| ====Regular pa3al verbs====
| | --> |
| The regular pattern is *(li)CCuC.
| |
| | |
| ====-t verbs====
| |
| Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
| |
| *laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go by foot
| |
| *kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
| |
| *šaht /ʃaxt/ = to go back
| |
| *šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
| |
| *ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
| |
| *lost /lɔst/ = to be born
| |
| *rost /ɹɔst/ = to go down
| |
| *xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
| |
| *tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
| |
| *šątt /ʃãːʔt/ = to go by vehicle
| |
| *gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
| |
| *dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
| |
| *tątt /tãːʔt/ = to farm, to grow (plants)
| |
| | |
| ====Regular nif3al====
| |
| The regular pattern is *(li)CoCiC where the first C is not voiced. The L appears when the first consonant is a guttural or a semivowel.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular pi3el====
| |
| The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not voiced.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular hif3il====
| |
| The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
| |
| | |
| ====Regular hithpa3el====
| |
| The regular pattern is *liδCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
| |
| | |
| ====Other verbs====
| |
| Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
| |
| | |
| ===Auxiliaries===
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
| |
| | |
| ''Re'' is not used in subordinate clauses:
| |
| *''Re Davíð ław šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
| |
| *''Pið Davíð ław šun, u mul bø hapuð uras.'' = When David is about to sleep, he doesn't turn off the lights.
| |
| | |
| ''ha/he/hem'' may be found instead of ''ta/te/tem'' in some dialects.
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
| |
| ! | Non-pronominal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present (''re, r' '', from ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
| |
| | ''i, ni''
| |
| | ''ta''
| |
| | ''te''
| |
| | ''u''
| |
| | ''hi''
| |
| | ''nu''
| |
| | ''tem''
| |
| | ''rem''
| |
| | ''re'', ''r' '' before V
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
| |
| | ''łud i''
| |
| | ''łud ta''
| |
| | ''łud te''
| |
| | ''łuden u''
| |
| | ''łuden hi''
| |
| | ''łud nu''
| |
| | ''łud tem''
| |
| | ''łud em''
| |
| | ''ngud''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)
| |
| | ''am ni, am i''
| |
| | ''am ta''
| |
| | ''am te''
| |
| | ''am u''
| |
| | ''am hi''
| |
| | ''am nu''
| |
| | ''am tem''
| |
| | ''am em''
| |
| | ''am''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''ur ni, ur i''
| |
| | ''þur ta''
| |
| | ''þri te''
| |
| | ''jur u''
| |
| | ''þur hi''
| |
| | ''nur nu''
| |
| | ''þru tem''
| |
| | ''ru'm''
| |
| | ''jur/þur''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''bar ni, bar i, bart i''
| |
| | ''bart ta''
| |
| | ''bart te''
| |
| | ''bar u''
| |
| | ''bro hi''
| |
| | ''barn nu''
| |
| | ''bart tem''
| |
| | ''bru'm''
| |
| | ''bar/bro''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''siv i''
| |
| | ''tsiv ta''
| |
| | ''tsiv te''
| |
| | ''isiv u''
| |
| | ''tsiv hi''
| |
| | ''nusiv nu''
| |
| | ''tsiv tem''
| |
| | ''isivu'm''
| |
| | ''isiv/tsiv/isivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''seft i''
| |
| | ''seft ta''
| |
| | ''seft te''
| |
| | ''sev u''
| |
| | ''sivø hi''
| |
| | ''sev nu''
| |
| | ''seft tem''
| |
| | ''sivu'm''
| |
| | ''siv/sivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| |
| | ''zum i''
| |
| | ''tøzum ta''
| |
| | ''tøzum te''
| |
| | ''zum u''
| |
| | ''tøzum hi''
| |
| | ''nøzum nu''
| |
| | ''tøzmu tem''
| |
| | ''zmu'm''
| |
| | ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| |
| | ''atteb i''
| |
| | ''tatteb ta''
| |
| | ''tattbi te''
| |
| | ''jatteb u''
| |
| | ''tatteb hi''
| |
| | ''natteb nu''
| |
| | ''tatteb tem''
| |
| | ''yattebu'm''
| |
| | ''yatteb/tatteb/yattebu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| |
| | ''ettebt i''
| |
| | ''ettebt ta''
| |
| | ''ettebt te''
| |
| | ''etteb u''
| |
| | ''ettibø hi''
| |
| | ''etteb nu''
| |
| | ''ettebt tem''
| |
| | ''ettebu'm''
| |
| | ''etteb''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ''kaht'' 'to take' is used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB'.
| |
| | |
| The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
| |
| * warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' sąras ða luð fu hol łeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' þafkestas mul juð kabų hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
| |
| * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lah ta mul jedą ma '''zum''' i fluð lah ta!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
| |
| | |
| example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', men 'from' are inflected similarly
| |
| *1sg: li, li ni
| |
| *2sg.m: lah ta
| |
| *2sg.f: lah te
| |
| *3sg.m: lomu hu
| |
| *3sg.f: lo hi
| |
| *1pl. lon nu
| |
| *2pl. lahøm tem
| |
| *3pl. low'm
| |
| | |
| Other prepositions:
| |
| *''túb lø'' = for
| |
| *''ján'' = because of (also "reason")
| |
| *''łøj'' = on, above
| |
| *''jax, jaxøm'' = with (both inst. and com.)
| |
| *''pøłé'' = inside, within
| |
| **sim. ''løłé, møłé'' 'into, out of'
| |
| *''pølip'' = amidst
| |
| *''wén'' = without
| |
| *''møné'' = before, in front of
| |
| *''kkorrm'' = before (temporally)
| |
| *''xár'' = after
| |
| *''møłál'' = above
| |
| *''møþál'' = below
| |
| *''þaht'' = instead of
| |
| *''til'' = like, as
| |
| *''xakr'' = until
| |
| *''gu'' = up to
| |
| | |
| === Numbers ===
| |
| | |
| Danish system?
| |
| | |
| 0-10: zero, xóð (inanimate)/xáð (animate), šném/šné (attributive), šluš, arvą, xomi, šeš, šebą, šmún, þeš, łax
| |
| | |
| 11-20: štąx, šnająx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, łexi
| |
| | |
| 21-30: łexi xóð, łexi šném, ... łexi łax
| |
| | |
| 31-40: łexi łax štąx, ..., šné łexi
| |
| | |
| 41, 42, ...: šné łexi xóð/xáð, šné łexi šném, ...
| |
| | |
| 60: šluš łexi
| |
| | |
| ...
| |
| | |
| 100: mír
| |
| | |
| 1000: awv
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
| |
| | |
| :'''''R'išas bø hél ablas.'''''
| |
| :''The man is eating the apple.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Re béð u bø degrú til stadi.'''''
| |
| :''His house is as big as a stadium.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Fól hi ða fluð halkkbéð hi bø ro-múxr.'''''
| |
| :''She did her homework too late.''
| |
| | |
| The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mahumō lū'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
| |
| | |
| ===Faulty accusative===
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '' (from Ancient Cubrite ''jūδ ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads.
| |
| | |
| It's also used in a ''ba'' construction of sorts:
| |
| | |
| :Fow Móše prah ða hél.
| |
| :PST.3SG.M Moshe meat ÐA eat.INF
| |
| :It's meat that Moshe ate.
| |
| | |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| Both nouns and adjectives inflect for definiteness, as follows:
| |
| *Singular: -as (after C) or -sr (after V)
| |
| *Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
| |
| Examples:
| |
| *''xadr'' = a room
| |
| *''xadras'' = the room
| |
| *''xadrør'' = rooms
| |
| *''xadril'' = the rooms
| |
| *''xadr grú'' = a big room
| |
| *''xadras grú'' = the big room
| |
| *''botr grulr'' = big houses
| |
| *''botil grulr'' = the big houses
| |
| | |
| There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''šem mawkas'' = the king's name.
| |
| | |
| To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-as fu'' and ''X-as feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
| |
| | |
| The abstract demonstrative is ''suð''.
| |
| | |
| ===Words for yes and no===
| |
| *''ens'' (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = present 'yes'
| |
| *''aj'' (from ajjē "where?") = present 'no'
| |
| *''ríð'' (from rahīδī "I saw") = past 'yes'
| |
| *''lu fow'' (from lū 3aśā inflected) = past 'no'
| |
| *''jąf'' (from ja3śē, inflected) = future 'yes'
| |
| *''lu jąf'' (inflected) = future 'no'
| |
| *''aw'' (from hal "don't!") = imperative 'no'
| |
| | |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ====VN constructions====
| |
| *''re Parm '''pø''' laht'' = Parm is going, goes
| |
| *''re Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
| |
| *''re Parm '''hár''' laht'' = Parm has gone
| |
| *''re Parm '''hár juð pø''' laht'' = Parm has been going
| |
| *''re Parm '''døš''' laht'' = Parm just went
| |
| *''re Parm '''wén''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
| |
| *'''''fól''' Parm laht'' = Parm went
| |
| *'''''þąf''' Parm laht'' = Parm will go
| |
| *''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
| |
| *'''''Púþnu''' laht!'' = Let's go!
| |
| | |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Complementizer===
| |
| There is a complementizer ''mur'' /mo/ (from ''lēmūr'') or ''jið'' /əð/ (from conflation of ''hajūδ'' 'to be' and ''jūδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
| |
| | |
| ===Relativizer===
| |
| Relative clauses use the relativizer ''har'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir'').
| |
| | |
| *{{gentium|''I bø hél ablas har pø xadr i.''}} = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
| |
| | |
| === Serial verb construction ===
| |
| Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Ancient Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).
| |
| | |
| : Pow Móše kaht él prah. / Fow Móše luð kaht él prah.
| |
| : come.PST.3SG.M Moshe take.INF eat.INF meat / PST.3SG.M Moshe come.INF take.INF eat.INF meat
| |
| :Moshe came, took, and ate the meat.
| |
| | |
| Directionals derived from verbs, such as ''laht'' 'hence', ''bu'' 'hither' and ''kub'' 'with a person' are also common and may replace pronouns.
| |
| | |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Cubrite has the following vocabulary layers:
| |
| | |
| # Most of the common words are inherited from Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''šłúd'' 'a lot' comes from ''saȝudō'' 'feast'.
| |
| # Celtic substrates
| |
| # Ancient Greek, Aramaic
| |
| # Latin, Romance, Arabic, Turkic and Modern Greek
| |
| | |
| Although it is attested in Ancient Cubrite, the *CaCīCō verbal noun pattern is not as productive as the corresponding pattern in Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew.
| |
| | |
| Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
| |
| *''ambin'' 'brick' from ''*ʔabanē binyan'' 'building stones'
| |
| *''søvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šapk dam'' 'spilling of blood'
| |
| *''łénøm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
| |
| *''xeppin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ pin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
| |
| *''xettném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes'
| |
| *''klalib'' 'conscience' from ''*qūl hal-lēbb'' lit. 'voice of the heart'
| |
| | |
| Some productive affixes are:
| |
| *pen-/ple- = agentive
| |
| ** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen har 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb''
| |
| *peδ- = place noun
| |
| *pəd-/pd-/pl- = singulative of a collective noun
| |
| **''plą'' = tree, from *pett ya3r 'daughter of forest'
| |
| *-əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
| |
| | |
| ==Example texts==
| |
| ===UDHR, Article 1===
| |
| :'''''Hol plenšil bru'm lost bø xor e bø šow łøj akšoprepil e ðičomatil. Bru'm fkuð jax režún e glalib, e rem bø xett liðaléh jaxøm šúv pø nøšóm axwr.'''''
| |
| :all human/PL-DEF.PL PASS.PRES-3PL be_born PRED free and PRED equal on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES should behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
| |
| :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
| |
| | |
| ===Tower of Babel===
| |
| | |
| {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
| |
| ! Cubrite !! Masoretic Hebrew (translit.)
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| # ''Bar pø þó law þebwas súðu xóv ða dapr e fow súðu núm ða lúl.''
| |
| # ''Wini pið em bø laht me mikkarrm, flu'm vrikk meštaxas Šinłar e ližešib feni.''
| |
| # ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lúl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
| |
| # ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu bnuð krír lon nu e piri pø ze, jąf ruš u ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ða nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir łøj þó law þebwas."''
| |
| # ''Wini fow Kižas rost bu, há jąf u xettném el kríras e pirisr har ju plenšil bø bnuð.''
| |
| # ''Fow Kižas mur: "Łeðr flu'm laxel fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, hé mú mihšul mul el mádovr har jąflu'm zúm fluð!''
| |
| # ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbil núm em, oz jąflu'm mul lábin šúv."''
| |
| # ''E me feni fow Kižas vasir em łøj þó law þebwas, e flu'm látul bnuð kríras.''
| |
| # ''Me jánas fu har kríras xár kaht šemas Babel -- šom fow Kižas bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fow Kižas vasir em łøj þó law þebwas.''
| |
| ||
| |
| #Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
| |
| #Vayehi bnos'am mikedem vayyimtse'u vik'a b'erets Shin'ar vayyeshvu sham.
| |
| #Vayyomru ish el-re'ehu hava nilbena lvenim venisrefa lisrefa vatehi lahem hallvena l'aven vehakhemar haya lahem lakhomer.
| |
| #Vayyomru hava nivne-lanu ir umigdal verosho vashamayim vena'ase-lanu shem pen-nafuts al-pnei khol-ha'arets.
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| #Vayyered Adonai lir'ot et-ha'ir ve'et-hammigdal asher banu bnei ha'adam.
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| #Vayyomer Adonai hen am ekhad vesafa akhat lekhullam veze hakhillam la'asot ve'ata lo-yibatser mehem kol asher yazmu la'asot.
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| #Hava nerda vnovla sham sfatam asher lo yishme'u ish sfat re'ehu.
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| #Vayyafets Adonai otam misham al-pnei khol-ha'arets vayyakhdelu livnot ha'ir.
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| #Al-ken kara shmah bavel ki-sham balal Adonai sfat kol-ha'arets umisham hefitsam Adonai al-pnei kol-ha'arets.
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| |}
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| ===Schleicher's Fable===
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| ==Phrasebook==
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| When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.
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| *''Šoløm!'' = Hello! / Goodbye!
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| *''Xakr!'' = See you!
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| *''Ebí Tem!'' = Welcome!
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| *''Parg el Tem!'' = Thank you!
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| *''imtsøhém Tem'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
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| **also ''plíz'' [pli:z] (from English)
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| *''łeð tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
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| * ''Ajmen šemas tkej to?'' = What's your name?
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| *''Kej ni ða šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Lõis]]
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
| [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
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