Pokht: Difference between revisions
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| name = Pokht | | name = Pokht | ||
| nativename = bokhtjoeğ | | nativename = bokhtjoeğ | ||
| pronunciation = ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːw]<br>[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːj | | pronunciation = ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːw]</br>[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːj | ||
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Pokht | |||
| creator = User:Jukethatbox | | creator = User:Jukethatbox | ||
| created = 2024 | | created = 2024 | ||
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| ancestor4 = [[Old Izhkut]] | | ancestor4 = [[Old Izhkut]] | ||
| minority = [[Ingdikh]] | | minority = [[Ingdikh]] | ||
| dia1 = Western<br> | | dia1 = Western</br> | ||
** Nağtjur | ** Nağtjur | ||
** Vizhnall | ** Vizhnall | ||
| dia2 = Southern<br> | | dia2 = Southern</br> | ||
** Yamuzeğ | ** Yamuzeğ | ||
** Fasnakhi | ** Fasnakhi | ||
| dia3 = Eastern †<br> | | dia3 = Eastern †</br> | ||
** [[Mokhtjen]] † | ** [[Mokhtjen]] † | ||
| agency = Bokhtjoesrenyeğ (''unofficial'') | | agency = Bokhtjoesrenyeğ (''unofficial'') | ||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Pokht''' (Pokht: ''bokhtjoeğ'', <small>pronounced | '''Pokht''' (Pokht: ''bokhtjoeğ'', <small>pronounced</small> [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːw, ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːj]]]; [[Izhkut]]: ''jënn pokht'') is a [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] language or group of languages spoken by various Pokht peoples in the region of Pokhtreg, namely in southern [[Izhkut|Izhkutrëa]] and parts of northern [[Ingdikh]]. It is also spoken by a significant [[w:Diaspora|diasporic]] community on the island of [[Etzeá|Etzeán]], especially in [[Néekh]] territories such as Arkhûz and the greater Tûznam Basin. | ||
Linguistically, Pokht is a descendant of [[Old Izhkut]], making it a sister language of [[Izhkut]] and the now-extinct [[Ilyod]] language. However, unlike other Old Izhkut descendants and its ancestor itself, Pokht is much more [[w:Inflectional language|inflectional]] than the more [[w:Isolating language|isolating]] [[Izhkut]], and incorporates a rich verbal paradigm that conjugates on [[w:Grammatical person|person]], [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] and [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspect]] | Linguistically, Pokht is a descendant of [[Old Izhkut]], making it a sister language of [[Izhkut]] and the now-extinct [[Ilyod]] language. However, unlike other Old Izhkut descendants and its ancestor itself, Pokht is much more [[w:Inflectional language|inflectional]] than the more [[w:Isolating language|isolating]] [[Izhkut]], and incorporates a rich verbal paradigm that conjugates on [[w:Grammatical person|person]], [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] and [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspect]]. | ||
==Dialectology== | ==Dialectology== | ||
Pokht varieties historically constitute a [[w:Dialect continuum|dialect continuum]], which once encompassed the entire Pokhtreg; the notion of a singular Pokht language was primarily introduced by [[Izhkut]] colonial segregatory practices which distinguished the Pokht peoples(hitherto not recognised as a single people) as different from the supposedly superior Izhkut. As such, the contemporary classification of Pokht is incredibly controversial among the Pokht peoples, as its classification as one language evokes the lingering effects of Izhkut colonialism but also contradictingly evokes the antithetical Pokht independence movement, which has advocated for unity among Pokht peoples against a common Izhkut aggressor. | Pokht varieties historically constitute a [[w:Dialect continuum|dialect continuum]], which once encompassed the entire Pokhtreg; the notion of a singular Pokht language was primarily introduced by [[Izhkut]] colonial segregatory practices which distinguished the Pokht peoples(hitherto not recognised as a single people) as different from the supposedly superior Izhkut. As such, the contemporary classification of Pokht is incredibly controversial among the Pokht peoples, as its classification as one language evokes the lingering effects of Izhkut colonialism but also contradictingly evokes the antithetical Pokht independence movement, which has advocated for unity among Pokht peoples against a common Izhkut aggressor. | ||
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/f v/ vary between [[w:Bilabial fricative|bilabial]] and [[w:Labiodental fricative|labiodental]] depending on the dialect. | /f v/ vary between [[w:Bilabial fricative|bilabial]] and [[w:Labiodental fricative|labiodental]] depending on the dialect. | ||
/j w ɣ/ are all allophones of the phoneme /ɣ/; its pronunciation varies on position. After vowels /u | /j w ɣ/ are all allophones of the phoneme /ɣ/; its pronunciation varies on position. After vowels /u ɔ ø/ at the end of a word, it extends the vowel and alternates between /j~w/ depending on the speaker, as in ''bokhtjoe'''ğ'''''. In the medial position of a compound word, it typically only extends the vowel and is unwritten, as in ''bokhtj'''oe'''srenyeğ'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥ɔxddʒøːˌsɽeɲə]]]. After word-final /e/, it simply turns /e/ into /ə/, as in ''srenye'''ğ''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈsɽeɲə]]], though in some dialects it may also be pronounced with a /w/, hence the preservation of the letter. Before voiceless plosives it becomes /k/; before voiced, it becomes /g/. In either way, it is written ⟨g⟩. In all other places, it is pronounced as [[w:Voiced velar fricative|velar fricative]] /ɣ/. | ||
/dʒ/ is devoiced in word-initial and word-final positions, such as '''''tj'''oell'' [[ | /dʒ/ is devoiced in word-initial and word-final positions, such as '''''tj'''oell'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈtʃøɫ]]] "blue" or ''mala'''tj''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈmɑlɑtʃ]]] "gourd". In word-medial places, it is always voiced and additionally typically geminated, specifically after [[w:Velar consonant|velar]] [[w:Obstruent consonant|obstruents]] /k g x ɣ/ and the nasal /n/ (which is always palatalised before /c dʒ/), such as in ''brihṇdag'''tj'''eğ'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥ɽihn̩dɑgddʒə(w)]]] "euphemistic" and ''bin'''tj'''im'' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈb̥iɲddʒim]]] "he hops". | ||
/l ɫ/ are contrastive everywhere except initial positions where only /l/ occurs, so ''tjoe'''l''''' [[ | /l ɫ/ are contrastive everywhere except initial positions where only /l/ occurs, so ''tjoe'''l''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈtʃøl]]] "while" contrasts with ''tjoe'''ll''''' [[IPA for Pokht|[ˈtʃøɫ]]] "blue". | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Pokht preserved all Old Izhkut vowels apart from /ɛ/, which merged with /e/. Additionally the originally close-mid /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ of Old Izhkut was lowered to an open-mid /[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]/. | Pokht preserved all Old Izhkut vowels apart from /ɛ/, which merged with /e/. Additionally the originally close-mid /[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]/ of Old Izhkut was lowered to an open-mid /[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]/. | ||
==Grammar== | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Almost all Pokht verbs behave the same way across a regular verbal paradigm, depending on whether the root ends in a consonant, open/mid or close vowel. The lemma or citation form is always the [[w:Imperative mood|imperative]] in Pokht. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! Indicative !! Continuous !! Conditional !! Potential | |||
|- | |||
! Present | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Pokht]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Radael]] [[Category:Taskaric languages]] | [[Category:Pokht]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Radael]] [[Category:Taskaric languages]] | ||