Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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The '''Talmic''' languages are a relatively isolated subbranch of the [[Quame languages|Quame]] language family. They are descended from '''Proto-Talmic''' ('''PTal''').
{{construction}}
==Pre-Talmic sound changes==
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|{{PAGENAME}}-English lexicon]]<br/>
===Vowel shift===
[[{{PAGENAME}}/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch]]


===Laryngeal reflexes===
{{Infobox language
====*h====
|image =  
*ihi ihu iha ihə > ī ū ē ī
|imagesize =  
*ahi ahu aha ahə > ē ō ā ā
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
*uhi uhu uha uhə > ī ū wa ū
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
*əhi əhu əha əhə > i u a e
|nativename = ''θensārimem''
*ihC uhC ahC əhC > īC ūC āC eC
|pronunciation= /θensaːrimem/
*Chi Chu Cha Chə > Ci Cu Ca Ce
|region = Talmy
*hi- hu- ha- hə- > i- u- a- e-
|extinct = 220 v.T.
*-ih -uh -ah -əh > -ī -ū -ā -ē
|familycolor=PfK
*ChC > CeC
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|iso3=qth
|notice=IPA
}}


====*xʷ====
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is the the ancestor of all living [[Talmic languages]]. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.
*ixʷi ixʷu ixʷa ixʷə > ī yu yo yu
*axʷi axʷu axʷa axʷə > oy ow ō ō
*uxʷi uxʷu uxʷa uxʷə > ī ū ō ō
*əxʷi əxʷu əxʷa əxʷə > e u a o
*ixʷC axʷC uxʷC əxʷC > ēC ōC ōC oC
*Cxʷi Cxʷu Cxʷa Cxʷə > Ce Cu Ca Co
*xʷi- xʷu- xʷa- xʷə- > e- u- a- o-
*ixʷC axʷC uxʷC əxʷC > ēC ōC ōC oC
*ixʷC axʷC uxʷC əxʷC > -ē -ō -ō -ō
*CxʷC > CoC


====*x̌====
==Todo==
*ix̌i ix̌u ix̌a ix̌ə > ē ō ē ē
*PQ ''a'' > Thn. ''o'' (?)
*ax̌i ax̌u ax̌a ax̌ə > ay aw ā ā
*ux̌i ux̌u ux̌a ux̌ə > ē ō ō ō
*əx̌i əx̌a əx̌u əx̌ə > e a o a
*ix̌C ux̌C ax̌C əx̌C > ēC ōC āC aC
*Cx̌i Cx̌u Cx̌a Cx̌ə > Ce Co Ca Ca
*x̌i- x̌a- x̌u- x̌ə- > e- a- o- a-
*-ix̌ -ux̌ -ax̌ -əx̌ > -ē -ō -ā -ā
*Cx̌C > CaC


====*x̌ʷ====
==Notes on notation==
*ix̌ʷi ix̌ʷu ix̌ʷa ix̌ʷə > ye yo ē yo
===Glossary===
*ax̌ʷi ax̌ʷu ax̌ʷa ax̌ʷə > ay aw ō ō
*<sup>CLF</sup>: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential)
*ux̌ʷi ux̌ʷu ux̌ʷa ux̌ʷə > oy ow ō ō
*''H'': vowel hiatus with next syllable
*əx̌ʷi əx̌ʷu əx̌ʷa əx̌ʷə > e u a o
*''N'': denotes a homorganic nasal
*ix̌ʷC ax̌ʷC ux̌ʷC əx̌ʷC > ēC ōC ōC oC
*''Z'': denotes ''r'' before a vowel or voiced C, ''s'' before a voiceless C, null before ''z''
*Cx̌ʷi Cx̌ʷa Cx̌ʷu Cx̌ʷə > Ce Ca Cu Co
*''~'': cognate to
*x̌ʷi- x̌ʷu- x̌ʷa- x̌ʷə- > e- u- a- o-
 
*-ix̌ʷ -ax̌ʷ -ux̌ʷ -əx̌ʷ > -ē -ō -ō -ō
==Background==
*Cx̌ʷC > CoC
:''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum]].''
 
The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/θɛmˈsɑɹiən/) '''language''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''gaθuem θensārimem'' "the {{PAGENAME}} throat") is a language classified into an [[Talmic languages|isolated subbranch]] of the [[Raxo-Talmic languages|Raxo-Talmic]] language family, along with other para-{{PAGENAME}} languages which are/were natively spoken in the peninsula of Tálsym in the northwestern part of the Gameda subcontinent. The language remains clearly related to its continental relatives such as [[Naquian]] (It is often said that {{PAGENAME}} uses the same affixes as Raxic with different meanings); however, due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence (the substrate is sometimes speculated to have been a head-initial polysynthetic language), {{PAGENAME}} was a typological and lexical outlier in the larger family, within which it was distinguished by its heavily head-marking inflection in both clauses and possessive NPs as well as its strongly head-initial syntax and and its verb system approaching polysynthetic languages in complexity. The name of the {{PAGENAME}} language comes from the Thensár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the Andaegōr Empire. This elevated register/lect existed in a state of diglossia with the vernacular "dialects", diverse and often mutually unintelligible but still quite similar at this time. The prestige language described in this article, called Noble {{PAGENAME}} (''themsārimem ħentem''), was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220 v.c., and was continued to be used as an important literary, academic and religious language on the peninsula and surrounding mainland areas.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
Classical {{PAGENAME}} used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="2" |Denti-alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
|-
! |<small>central</small>
! |<small>lateral</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>labialized</small>
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| *m
| *n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
| *p
| *t
|
|
| *k
| *kʷ
| *q
| *qʷ
| *ʔ
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *d
|
|
| *g
| *gʷ
| *ɢ
| *ɢʷ
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| *pʼ
| *tʼ
|
|
| *kʼ
| *kʷʼ
| *qʼ
| *qʷʼ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| *s
| *ł
|
|
|
|
|
| *h
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| *z
| *λ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" |Affricate
! |<small>plain</small>
|
| *c
| *ƛ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| *cʼ
| *ƛʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|
| *y
|
| *w
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Liquid
|
| *r
| *l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
a e i o u
 
ā ē ī ō ū
 
ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy
 
āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy
 
[[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages|Q]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages|Q]]
 
==Proto-Talmic phonology==
*qʷ ɢʷ qʷ' > q ɢ q'
*p' t' c' ƛ' k' kʷ' q' qʷ' > f þ s ł x xʷ χ χ
*s > h
*c > s
*ƛ > t
*z > r / V_
===Consonant inventory===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="10"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Guānitzhūtł)
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
!  |Labiovelar
!  |Radical
!  |Uvular
!  |Glottal
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| *m
| '''m''' /m/
| *n
|colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|  
|  
| <span style="color:gray;">'''n''' [ŋ]</span>
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 225: Line 60:
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *p
| '''p''' /p/
| *t
|colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
|
| '''c''' /k/
| '''ȝ''' /ʡ/
|  
|  
|
| *k
| *kʷ
| *q
| *ʔ
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| '''b''' /b/
| *d
|colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
|  
|
|  
| '''g''' /g/
| *g
|
| *gʷ
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
| '''f''' /f/
| *s, *θ
| '''θ''' /θ/
|
| '''s''' /s/
|  
|  
| *x
| '''χ''' /x/
| *xʷ
| '''ħ''' /ħ~ʜ/
|
|rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h~ɦ/
| *h
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
|  
|  
| *z, *ð
| '''δ''' /ð/
| '''z''' /z/
|  
|  
| '''γ''' /ɣ/
| <span style="color:gray;">'''ȝ''' [ʕ~ʢ]</span>
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
| '''r''' /r/
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|  
|  
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|  
|  
|  
|  
| *l
| *j
|  
|  
| *w
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| '''v''' /w~ʋ/
| *r
| '''l''' /l/
|  
|
|  
|  
| '''j''' /j/
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 285: Line 112:
|}
|}


===Vocalic inventory===
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
;Notes
! style="width: 90px; "|
*Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated.
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
*/r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
*/l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
 
====Conditioned allophony====
Allophony in {{PAGENAME}} is limited.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme
! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone
! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s)
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
|rowspan="2"| /n/
| *i *ī
| [ŋ]
|  
| _C[+velar, +plosive]
| *u *ū
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
| [ɱ]
| *e *ē
| _C[+labiodental]
|
| *o *ō
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
| C[+obstruent, ±voiced]
|  
| C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]
| *a *ā
| _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]
|
|}
|}


Diphthongs:
===Vowels===
*ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou
Classical {{PAGENAME}} has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic ''i/y'' which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae. <!--
*āi ēi ōi ūi āu ēu īu ōu
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">


==Proto-Talmic morphology==
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
===Nominal morphology===
|-
Nouns and adjectives had retained from Proto-Zachydic 6 cases (nominative, accusative, genitive/prepositional, allative, ablative, locative/instrumental), 3 numbers, 2 genders (masculine, feminine), and additionally possessive inflection for nouns. Like its daughter languages as well as Proto-Zachydic, Common Talmic is thought to have been a [[w:differential object marking|differential object marking]] language; only definite or specific direct objects were marked with the accusative case.
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|


The essive case (''*-ēri'') was marginal, and was only used adverbially (cf. Th. ''-ēr'' adverbial suffix).
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ʉ̜</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>


Some nouns took the "thematic" suffix/clitic ''*-ʔ'' with an uncertain meaning, a holdover from the classifier system in Proto-Zachydic.
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>


===Pronominal morphology===
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
Proto-Talmic free pronouns can be reconstructed with less confidence because all case marking except as clitics and suffixes was eliminated.
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
====Full personal pronouns====
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>


====Possessive suffixes====
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">e̞</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;">o̞</div>


===Verbal morphology===
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
====Tense====
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
The Proto-Talmic verbal system has converted the pre-existing aspect-based perfective/imperfective dichotomy into a time-based one (past/non-past). The irregularity of the past system is probably a result of conflation of many different parent aspect systems.
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
====Aspect====
The following aspect suffixes can be reconstructed:  
*prospective ''*-eh-''
*inceptive ''*-lʁa-''
*cessative ''*-mbe-''


====Mood====
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
Proto-Talmic has kept many moods intact (imperative, desiderative, hortative, optative). The negative imperative used the prohibitive particle along with the hortative form, as in Proto-Zachydic. The moods are frequently collapsed by its progeny (e.g. jussive in Themsaran).
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>


====Thematic suffixes====
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
Proto-Talmic saw the development of thematic vowels from derivational suffixes. Thematic vowels are found in many Talmic languages, but modern languages often generalize the ''a''-paradigm to the expense of the others.
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
*''*-īn'': basic verbs
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
*''*-a-īn'': denominative or transitive verbs
*''*-e-īn'': dynamic or reflexive verbs


====TAM/subject affix paradigm====
|}
Todo: rederive past tense... they don't look like they could (all) be perfective suffixes.
</div></div>
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Subject affixes
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Present/Non-past
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.ex
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|''-īn''
|''-dir''
|''-mī''
|-
|-
!|1.in
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|''-''
|''-ʁ-sē''
|''-n-sē''
|-
|-
!|2
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|''-r''
|}-->
|''-r-sē''
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div>
|''-l-sē''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
!|3.m
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
|''-m''
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-''
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
|''-ʁih''
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
|-
!|3.f
! style="" |Close
|''-isi''
| '''i''' /i/
|''-tih''
| '''ī''' /iː/
| '''y''' /ÿ/
| '''ȳ''' /ÿː/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ū''' /uː/
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | Simple past
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ē''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ō''' /oː/
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
! style="" |Open
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
|
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
|  
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
| '''a''' /a/
|-
| '''ā''' /aː/
!|1.ex
|
|''-nʔe''
|  
|''-sid''
|''-mā''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁʔā'', ''-tar''
|''-nʔā'', ''-taq''
|-
!|2
|''-rʔe''
|''-rʔā''
|''-lʔā''
|-
!|3.m
|''-ā(-m)''
|rowspan="2"|''-ā-iri''
|''-ā-ʁih''
|-
!|3.f
|''-ā-isi''
|''-ā-tih''
|-
!colspan="4" | Prospective
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-eh-īn''
|''-eh-dir''
|''-eh-mī''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-eh-ʁsē''
|''-eh-nsē''
|-
!|2
|''-eh-r''
|''-eh-rsē''
|''-eh-lsē''
|-
!|3.m
|''-eh-m''
|rowspan="2"|''-eh-iri-''
|''-eh-ʁēj''
|-
!|3.f
|''-eh-isi''
|''-eh-tēj''
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsi''
|''-nsi''
|-
!|2
|''-h''
|''-rsi''
|''-lsi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Hortative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ti''
|''-dis-ti''
|''-mī-ti''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-ti''
|''-ns-ti''
|-
!|2
|''-ti''
|''-rs-ti''
|''-ls-ti''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ti''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ti''
|''-ʁih-ti''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ti''
|''-tih-ti''
|-
!colspan="4" | Desiderative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-ʔi''
|''-dir-ʔi''
|''-mī-ʔi''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁsē-ʔi''
|''-nsē-ʔi''
|-
!|2
|''-r-ʔi''
|''-rsē-ʔi''
|''-lsē-ʔi''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-ʔi''
|rowspan="2"|''-iri-ʔ''
|''-ʁih-ʔi''
|-
!|3.f
|''-isi-ʔi''
|''-tih-ʔi''
|-
!colspan="4" | Optative
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''-īn-aʔ''
|''-dir-aʔ''
|''-mī-aʔ''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ʁs-aʔ''
|''-ns-aʔ''
|-
!|2
|''-r-aʔ''
|''-rs-aʔ''
|''-ls-aʔ''
|-
!|3.m
|''-m-aʔ''
|rowspan="2"|''-ir-aʔ''
|''-ʁ-aʔ''
|-
!|3.f
|''-is-aʔ''
|''-t-aʔ''
|}
|}


===Other verbal affixes===
Diphthongs: '''ae au ui'''
Other reconstructible affixes include:
 
;Notes


*''*-pe-'' potential (e.g. Thm. ''tacvéi'' 'know (a fact)' < ''tak-pe-īn'' 'be able to say')
*/ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
*''*-re-'' passive
*/e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.
*''*-ina-'' causative, i.e. supply sb with sth to [verb]/a patient of [verb]
*''*-ska-'' causative
*''*az-'', "towards" directional prefix.
*the memory evidential prefix ''*ʔṇʔ-''.


==Proto-Talmic syntax==
===Suprasegmentals===
Basic word order was most likely SVO, as evinced by the order {{sc|verb-object suffix}} in all daughter languages.


==Sound changes to Proto-Talmic==
===Phonotactics===


==Sound changes from Proto-Talmic==<!--
===Syllable structure and morphophonology===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
! rowspan=2 | 1st Consonant
! colspan=20| Last Consonant
|-
! m
! n
! p
! t
! k
! b
! d
! g
! s
! š
! tl
! ts
! tš
! h
! x
! w
! ǧ
! y
! l
! r
|-
! m
| mm
| mb
| mb
| nd
| ng
| mb
| nd
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| mm
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| ny
| lm
| ndr
|-
! n
| nd
| nn
| mb
| nd
| ng
| mb
| nd
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| nn
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| nn
| lm
| ndr
|-
! p
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|}
 
===Phonological diachronics===
====Simple consonant correspondences====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''Talmic consonant correspondences'''
! PTal
! PTal||[[Themsaran|Thm]]||[[Low Themsaran|LThm]]||[[Tizian|Tiz]]||[[Snaħħian|Sn]]||[[Qelorian|Qel]]
! {{recon|m}}
! {{recon|p}}
! {{recon|b}}
! {{recon|ɸ}}
! {{recon|n}}
! {{recon|t}}
! {{recon|d}}
! {{recon|s}}
! {{recon|z}}
! {{recon|r}}
! {{recon|θ}}
! {{recon|ł}}
! {{recon|λ}}
! {{recon|l}}
! {{recon|j}}
! {{recon|k}}
! {{recon|g}}
! {{recon|x}}
! {{recon|kʷ}}
! {{recon|gʷ}}
! {{recon|xʷ}}
! {{recon|w}}
! {{recon|q}}
! {{recon|χ}}
! {{recon|ʁ}}
! {{recon|ʔ}}
! {{recon|h}}
|-
|-
| '''*m'''  || ''m'' || /m/ || /m/ || /m/ || /m/
! Thm.
|-
| ''m''
| '''*p''' || ''p'' || /p/, /b/|| ||    || /p/
| ''p''
|-
| ''b''
| '''*b''' || ''b'' || /b/ ||    ||    || /b/
| ''f''
|-
| ''n''
| '''*pʰ''' || ''f'' || /h/ ||    ||    || /p/
| ''t''
|-
| ''d''
| '''*n'''  || ''n'' || /n/ ||    ||    || /n/
| ''s''
|-
| ''z'', ''-r-''
| '''*t'''  || ''t'' || /t/, /d/ ||    || || /t/
| ''r''
|-
| ''θ''
| '''*d'''  || ''d'' || /j/ ||    ||    || /d/
| ''θ''
|-
| ''δ''
| '''*tʰ''' || ''th'' || /f/ || || /ħ/    || /t/
| ''l''
|-
| ''j''
| '''*s'''  || ''s'' || /s~ʃ/ ||  ||    /s/ || /s/
| ''c''
|-
| ''g''
| '''*z'''  || ''z'', ''r'' || /z~ʒ/, /ɾ/ ||  || /z/ || /z/
| ''χ''
|-
| ''c''
| '''*ł''' || ''th'', ''ch'' || /f/ || /ʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /ʃ/ || /x/
| ''v''
|-
| ''f''
| '''''' || ''ð'', ''ch'' || /v/ || /ʒ/, /dʒʱ/ || /ʒ/ || Ø
| ''v''
|-
| ''ʒ''
| '''''' || ''ŧ'' || /ts~tʃ/  || /tʃ/, /tʃʰ/ || /tʃ/  || /ts/
| ''ħ''
|-
| ''γ''
| '''*k''' || ''c'', ''ch'' || /k/, /g/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/  || /k/, /kʰ/ || || /k/
| 0-
|-
| ''h-''
| '''*g''' || ''g'', ''ch'' || /g/, /ʒ/, /w/ || /g/, /gʱ/ || || /g/
|}
|-
 
| '''*kʰ''' || ''ch'', ''c'' || /x/, /ʃ/ || /x/, /kxʰ/ || || /k/
====Consonant clusters====
|-
*''tp, tb, tk, tg'' > ''rp, rb, rc, rg''?
| '''*q''' || ''q'', ''ħ'' || /ɴ/, /h/ || /ʡ/, /ʡʰ/ || /ŋ~ɴ/ || /ʕ/
 
|-
====Vowel reflexes====
| '''''' || ''ħ'', ''v'' || /h/, /w/ || /w/, /ʍ/ || /ʁ/ || /ħ/
Usually:
|-
*{{recon|''a''}} > ''o''
| '''*qʰ''' || ''ħ'' || /h/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/, /ħ/ || /ʕ/
*{{recon|''ə''}} > ''e''
|-
*{{recon|''i''}} > ''i''
| '''*l''' || ''l'' || /l/ ||    || || /l/
*{{recon|''u''}} > ''u'' (or ''o'' if {{recon|''a''}} should > ''a'')
|-
*{{recon|''ay''}} > ''ȳ''
| '''*r''' || ''r'' || /ɾ/ ||    || /ʁ/ || /r/
*{{recon|''əy''}} > ''ae''
|-
*{{recon|''uy''}} > ''ū''
| '''*w''' || ''v'' || /v/ ||    || /f/ || /v/
*{{recon|''iy, , ix''}} > ''ī''
|-
*{{recon|''aw''}} > ''au''
| '''*j''' || ''ı'' || /j/ ||    ||  || Ø
*{{recon|''əw''}} > ''''
|-
*{{recon|''iw''}} > ''''
| '''*h''' || ''h'' || /h/ ||    ||  || Ø
*{{recon|''uw''}} > ''ū''
|-
*{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > ''Ca''
| '''''' || Ø || Ø ||    ||  || Ø
*{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > ''Co''
|}-->
*{{recon|''Cx''}} > ''Cy''
<!--
*{{recon|''əx, ix̌''}} > ''ē''
===to Snaħħian===
**or {{recon|''ix̌''}} > ''/ia/ea''?
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ç *ɟ *ŧ > /ʃ ʒ tʃ/
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > ''ō'' for sure
*{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > ''au''?
*{{recon|''ix̌ʷ''}} > ''''?
*{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > ''ō''?
*{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''iā''


/ts dz/ > /st zd/
==Orthography==
[[Image:Ŧā́thimā́ script.jpg|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}} runic script.|240px]]


/ʁ/ > /ʁ/
The standardized {{PAGENAME}} alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.


/h/ > /ʔ/
The alphabetical order is as follows:
#'''R:'''
#'''D:'''
#'''Z:'''
#'''I:'''
#'''Γ:'''
#'''A:'''
#'''Ħ:'''
#'''F:'''
#'''M:'''
#'''L:'''
#'''G:'''
#'''C:'''
#'''H:'''
#'''B:'''
#'''S:'''
#'''V:'''
#'''O:'''
#'''J:'''
#'''Ȝ:'''
#'''Δ:'''
#'''Y:'''
#'''Χ:'''
#'''T:'''
#'''N:'''
#'''Θ:'''
#'''P:'''
#'''E:'''
#'''U:'''


/ʃ ʒ tʃ/ > /s z ts/
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:


/k g x ts dz s/ > /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ/ _V[+front]
#switch-reference marker
#applicative or derivational prefixes
#object prefix
#(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
#'''STEM'''
#voice suffix
#TAM + subject
#emphatic suffix ''-is''


/b d g/
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
*> [β ð ɣ] / V_V, V_#
*> [m n ŋ] / C[+nasal, +homorganic]_


/p t t͡s k/ > /b d d͡z g/ / V_V, V_#, C[+nasal]_
====TAM + subject markers====
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.


/pp tt tt͡s kk/ > /p t t͡s k/
*Consonant stems: (-y-)
*Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
=====Present=====
*1sg ''-n(is)''
*2sg ''-r(is)''
*3sg.m ''-m(is)''
*3sg.f ''-si(s)''
*3sg.n ''-((i)s)''?
*1ex ''-maeχ(is)''
*1in ''-nte(s)''
*2pl ''-sce(s)''
*3pl ''-ti(s)''


[ð ɣ]
=====Preterite=====
*> /j/ / _V[+front], _#
*1sg: ''-nno(s)''
*> [ɦ] / _V[-front]
*2sg: ''-rȳ(s)''
*3sg.m: ''-smi(s)''
*3pl.f: ''-ssi(s)''?
*3sg.n: ''-so(s)''?
*1ex: ''-mer(is)''
*1in: ''-ter(is)''
*3pl: ''-scer(is)''
*3pl: ''-ster(is)''


[β]
=====Future=====
*> [ɦ] / _V[+front]
*1sg ''-tēn(is)''
*> /ɸ~β/ / _V[-front], _#
*2sg ''-tēr(is)''
*3sg.m ''-tēm(is)''
*3sg.f ''-tēsi(s)''
*3sg.n ''-tē(s)''?
*1ex ''-tēmaeχ(is)''
*1in ''-tēnt(is)''
*2pl ''-tēsce(s)''
*3pl ''-tēti(s)''


<nowiki>*</nowiki>zd, *žd > *dz, *
=====Subjunctive=====
*1sg: ''-nae(s)''
*2sg: ''-rae(s)''
*3sg.m: ''-mior(is)''
*3sg.f: ''-sior(is)''
*3sg.n: ''-ior(is)''
*1ex: ''-nχae(s)''
*1in: ''-ntae(s)''
*2pl: ''-scae(s)''
*3pl: ''-tior(is)''


/l/ > /w/ / _C
=====Optative=====
*1sg ''-von(is)''?
*2sg ''-vor(is)''
*3sg.m ''-vom(is)''
*3sg.f ''-vosi(s)''
*3sg.n ''-vo((i)s)''
*1ex ''-vomaeχ(is)''
*1in ''-vunt(is)''
*2pl ''-vosce(s)''
*3pl ''-voti(s)''


===to Tizian===
=====Imperative=====
*/w/ > /v/
*2sg: ''-e(s)''/''-(is)''
*/ʁ/
*1pl.in: ''-ntē(s)''
**> /w/ _C[-velar],
*2pl: ''-scē(s)''
**> /ʕ/ otherwise
*/n/ > /ː/ _C[-glide]
*/l/ > /r/ _C[-glide]
*/z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]
*/sŧ, šŧ/ > /št/
*Stress accent develops from initial stress.
*/aː/ > /o/
*/eː oː/ > /e˞ o˞/ <ee oo>
*/iː uː ʉː/ > /iɚ uɚ ʉɚ/ medially.
*/ai ei/ > /ei i/
*/ç ʝ/
**> /ʃ ʒ/
*/p t ŧ k b d g/ > /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/
**_V[+high tone]
**_C[+fricative]#
-->


==Vocabulary==
==Syntax==
*{{recon|''az-''}} telic
Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).
**Thm. ''ar-''/''as-''
===Constituent order===
***Núr. ''ar-'' superlative, intensive; ''s-'' telic
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->


[[Category:Proto-languages|T]][[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages|T]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:{{PAGENAME}}|*]][[Category:Hussmauch]]

Revision as of 07:02, 30 June 2016

Eta-Talmic-English lexicon
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Eta-Talmic
θensārimem
Pronunciation[/θensaːrimem/]
Created byIlL
Extinct220 v.T.
Quihum
Language codes
ISO 639-3qth
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Eta-Talmic is the the ancestor of all living Talmic languages. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Todo

  • PQ a > Thn. o (?)

Notes on notation

Glossary

  • CLF: classifier tone pattern (non-desinential or desinential)
  • H: vowel hiatus with next syllable
  • N: denotes a homorganic nasal
  • Z: denotes r before a vowel or voiced C, s before a voiceless C, null before z
  • ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Eta-Talmic/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum.

The Eta-Talmic (/θɛmˈsɑɹiən/) language (Eta-Talmic: gaθuem θensārimem "the Eta-Talmic throat") is a language classified into an isolated subbranch of the Raxo-Talmic language family, along with other para-Eta-Talmic languages which are/were natively spoken in the peninsula of Tálsym in the northwestern part of the Gameda subcontinent. The language remains clearly related to its continental relatives such as Naquian (It is often said that Eta-Talmic uses the same affixes as Raxic with different meanings); however, due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence (the substrate is sometimes speculated to have been a head-initial polysynthetic language), Eta-Talmic was a typological and lexical outlier in the larger family, within which it was distinguished by its heavily head-marking inflection in both clauses and possessive NPs as well as its strongly head-initial syntax and and its verb system approaching polysynthetic languages in complexity. The name of the Eta-Talmic language comes from the Thensár region, from whose dialect arose the prestige language of the Andaegōr Empire. This elevated register/lect existed in a state of diglossia with the vernacular "dialects", diverse and often mutually unintelligible but still quite similar at this time. The prestige language described in this article, called Noble Eta-Talmic (themsārimem ħentem), was used as a living language by the ruling class for a period spanning 600 years until its demise in the year ca. 220 v.c., and was continued to be used as an important literary, academic and religious language on the peninsula and surrounding mainland areas.

Phonology

Consonants

Classical Eta-Talmic used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Radical Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ n [ŋ]
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t/ c /k/ ȝ /ʡ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricative voiceless f /f/ θ /θ/ s /s/ χ /x/ ħ /ħ~ʜ/ h /h~ɦ/
voiced δ /ð/ z /z/ γ /ɣ/ ȝ [ʕ~ʢ]
Trill r /r/
Approximant v /w~ʋ/ l /l/ j /j/


Notes
  • Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are lightly aspirated.
  • /r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
  • /l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].

Conditioned allophony

Allophony in Eta-Talmic is limited.

Phoneme Allophone Condition(s)
/n/ [ŋ] _C[+velar, +plosive]
[ɱ] _C[+labiodental]
C[+obstruent, ±voiced] C[+obstruent, ∓voiced] _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]

Vowels

Classical Eta-Talmic has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic i/y which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae.

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /i/ ī /iː/ y /ÿ/ ȳ /ÿː/ u /u/ ū /uː/
Mid e /e/ ē /eː/ o /o/ ō /oː/
Open a /a/ ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae au ui

Notes
  • /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
  • /e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.

Suprasegmentals

Phonotactics

Syllable structure and morphophonology

1st Consonant Last Consonant
m n p t k b d g s š tl ts h x w ǧ y l r
m mm mb mb nd ng mb nd ng ss šš ndr ns mm mm ny lm ndr
n nd nn mb nd ng mb nd ng ss šš ndr ns nn mm nn lm ndr
p
t
k
b
d
g
s
š
tl
ts
h
x
w
y
l
r

Phonological diachronics

Simple consonant correspondences

PTal *m *p *b *n *t *d *s *z *r *l *j *k *g *x *kʷ *gʷ *xʷ *w *q *h
Thm. m p b f n t d s z, -r- r θ θ δ l j c g χ c v f v ʒ ħ γ 0- h-

Consonant clusters

  • tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg?

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

  • *a > o
  • *ə > e
  • *i > i
  • *u > u (or o if *a should > a)
  • *ay > ȳ
  • *əy > ae
  • *uy > ū
  • *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
  • *aw > au
  • *əw >
  • *iw >
  • *uw > ū
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co
  • *Cx > Cy
  • *əx, ix̌ > ē
    • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō for sure
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > au?
  • *ix̌ʷ > ?
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō?
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ >

Orthography

Eta-Talmic runic script.

The standardized Eta-Talmic alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

  1. R:
  2. D:
  3. Z:
  4. I:
  5. Γ:
  6. A:
  7. Ħ:
  8. F:
  9. M:
  10. L:
  11. G:
  12. C:
  13. H:
  14. B:
  15. S:
  16. V:
  17. O:
  18. J:
  19. Ȝ:
  20. Δ:
  21. Y:
  22. Χ:
  23. T:
  24. N:
  25. Θ:
  26. P:
  27. E:
  28. U:

Morphology

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Eta-Talmic grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

  1. switch-reference marker
  2. applicative or derivational prefixes
  3. object prefix
  4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
  5. STEM
  6. voice suffix
  7. TAM + subject
  8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

  • Consonant stems: (-y-)
  • Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
Present
  • 1sg -n(is)
  • 2sg -r(is)
  • 3sg.m -m(is)
  • 3sg.f -si(s)
  • 3sg.n -((i)s)?
  • 1ex -maeχ(is)
  • 1in -nte(s)
  • 2pl -sce(s)
  • 3pl -ti(s)
Preterite
  • 1sg: -nno(s)
  • 2sg: -rȳ(s)
  • 3sg.m: -smi(s)
  • 3pl.f: -ssi(s)?
  • 3sg.n: -so(s)?
  • 1ex: -mer(is)
  • 1in: -ter(is)
  • 3pl: -scer(is)
  • 3pl: -ster(is)
Future
  • 1sg -tēn(is)
  • 2sg -tēr(is)
  • 3sg.m -tēm(is)
  • 3sg.f -tēsi(s)
  • 3sg.n -tē(s)?
  • 1ex -tēmaeχ(is)
  • 1in -tēnt(is)
  • 2pl -tēsce(s)
  • 3pl -tēti(s)
Subjunctive
  • 1sg: -nae(s)
  • 2sg: -rae(s)
  • 3sg.m: -mior(is)
  • 3sg.f: -sior(is)
  • 3sg.n: -ior(is)
  • 1ex: -nχae(s)
  • 1in: -ntae(s)
  • 2pl: -scae(s)
  • 3pl: -tior(is)
Optative
  • 1sg -von(is)?
  • 2sg -vor(is)
  • 3sg.m -vom(is)
  • 3sg.f -vosi(s)
  • 3sg.n -vo((i)s)
  • 1ex -vomaeχ(is)
  • 1in -vunt(is)
  • 2pl -vosce(s)
  • 3pl -voti(s)
Imperative
  • 2sg: -e(s)/-(is)
  • 1pl.in: -ntē(s)
  • 2pl: -scē(s)

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses