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* The distinction between palatalizing and non-palatalizing [i] sounds is peculiar of Standard Laceyiam and all Southern pronunciations. It is a result of the unrounding of Classical Laceyiam /y yː/, that made phonemic the then-allophonic palatalization of consonants before original /i iː/ (but not /<span>i̤/). Most modern pronunciations actually keep the distinction between /y yː/ and /i iː/ (with or without allophonic palatalization). In Standard Laceyiam and all pronunciations with unrounding, however, retroflex and palatal consonants aren't distinguished anymore before Classical /y yː/ or /i iː/, as they didn't have allophonic palatalization.</span>
* The distinction between palatalizing and non-palatalizing [i] sounds is peculiar of Standard Laceyiam and all Southern pronunciations. It is a result of the unrounding of Classical Laceyiam /y yː/, that made phonemic the then-allophonic palatalization of consonants before original /i iː/ (but not /<span>i̤/). Most modern pronunciations actually keep the distinction between /y yː/ and /i iː/ (with or without allophonic palatalization). In Standard Laceyiam and all pronunciations with unrounding, however, retroflex and palatal consonants aren't distinguished anymore before Classical /y yː/ or /i iː/, as they didn't have allophonic palatalization.</span>
* There is an additional diphthong /ɔ<span>u̯/ which is not considered phonemic due to it appearing only in ''Chlou'', the (borrowed) name of the 14th largest city of Lalt</span>īmāhia, and derived/compounded words.
* There is an additional diphthong /ɔ<span>u̯/ which is not considered phonemic due to it appearing only in ''Chlou'', the (borrowed) name of the 14th largest city of Lalt</span>īmāhia, and derived/compounded words.
==Grammar==
Laceyiam grammar is heavily inflected, with many different inflecting categories for nouns, verbs, and pronouns. The other two traditional parts of speech, particles and numerals, are not considered inflected. An analysis of parts of speech following English terms is possible, but for sake of clarity it's better to treat adjectives and adverbs as particular verbs and adpositions and conjunctions as particles.
===Nouns - Hjyðai===
Nouns, or ''hjyðai ''(sing. ''hjyða''), are one of the two main open classes in Laceyiam. They are declined for two numbers - singular (''paṃlinað'') and plural (''paṃdaniøgur'') and eleven cases:
* '''Direct''' (''klīṣādemin''): core case used for the main argument of a verb (the one the verb agrees with); in addition, many particles require direct case nouns. Direct singular is the citation form of all nouns.
* '''Ergative''' (''tairdemin''): core case used for the agent of a verb in patientive, benefactive, antibenefactive, or locative voice.
* '''Accusative''' (''mėniādemin''): core case used for the patient of a verb in agentive, benefactive, antibenefactive, or locative voice.
* '''Genitive''' (''jėmiādemin''): case used for possessor arguments.
* '''Instrumental''' (''khabdemin''): case used for instrumental complements (e.g. "by means of X", "using X").
* '''Comitative''' (''mahiegdemin''): case used for complements of company (e.g. "with X", "together with X").
* '''Dative '''(''mayėṃdemin''): more accurately defined as Dative-Lative case, it is used for indirect objects (e.g. "I give X <u>to Y</u>"; dative use) and for the destination of motion verbs (lative use).
* '''Ablative '''(''paraniādemin''): used mostly for movement away from something, but also for various special word- or particle-specific uses.
* '''Locative '''(''hlūðademin''): used for locations (in any voice except locative) and punctual time.
* '''Substitutive '''(''pārinėdmin''): used to express "instead of X".
* '''Abessive '''(''śądemin''): used to express the lack of something (e.g. "without X").
Some nouns also have an additional ''vocative'' form, which is however not considered a case by itself, only a special form of the direct.
Nominal morphology is fusional, but there are some regular patterns that reflect the mostly agglutinative nature of Proto-Cis-Tahianshima noun morphology. There are nine declensions (''paiktairathādai''), each of them having a particular citation form ending, plus a few irregular nouns. Some declensions include regular sub-patterns for certain nouns in some forms.
All nouns also have inherent natural gender, but the Laceyiami gender system does not have morphological marking and is in fact more like a honorific system.
==== The first declension (-a, -ā, -au, -ia, -iā, -ie, -iė) ====
The first declension (''lahīlam paiktairathāda'') of Laceyiami nouns includes nouns ending in '''-a, -ā, -au, -ia, -iā, -ie''', and '''-iė'''. This is the most common and the most regular declension - some other forms in other declensions have actually been modified by analogy with first declension forms.
{| class="article-table"
!ėmīla (tiger)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''ėmīla'''
|ėmīl'''ai'''
|-
|Ergative
|ėmīla'''ss'''
|ėmīl'''aiss'''
|-
|Accusative
|ėmīl'''au'''
|ėmīl'''arau'''
|-
|Genitive
|ėmīl'''i'''
|ėmīl'''ė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|ėmīl'''u'''
|ėmīl'''ariu'''
|-
|Comitative
|ėmīla'''nam'''
|ėmīl'''arṇam'''
|-
|Dative
|ėmīla'''ð'''
|ėmīl'''arið'''
|-
|Ablative
|ėmīl'''ų'''
|ėmīl'''ąnie'''
|-
|Locative
|ėmīl'''ie'''
|ėmīl'''ilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|ėmīla'''mian'''
|ėmīl'''arymian'''
|-
|Abessive
|ėmīla'''tiak'''
|ėmīl'''arytiak'''
|}
Note that if the last vowel is long, it stays long everywhere as long as quality is the same (but '''ā''' > '''ai''' nevertheless, as diphthongs do not distinguish length); breathy-voiced phonation is likewise kept (if possible), thus nouns ending in a breathy-voiced vowel have the same form for instrumental and ablative singular.
The first declension has the following sub-patterns:
* Nouns ending in '''-au''' change this into '''-āva''' before any ending beginning with a vowel, so for example ''hīmuyau'' "husband of father's sister" has dir.pl. ''hīmuyāvai, ''erg.sg. ''hīmuyauss, ''acc.sg. ''hīmuyāvau'' ... com.sg. ''hīmuyaunam, ''and so on. ''Chlou'', the only word with /ɔ<span>u̯/, may informally follow this pattern, but the official recommendation is to use compounds such as ''Chlou-marta ''"Chlou city" or ''Chlou-lila ''"Chlou person" in order to decline it or derive forms.</span>
* Nouns ending in '''-ia, -iā, -ie, '''or '''-iė '''all have accusative singular in '''-vau''' (e.g. ''nahia ''"mountain" > ''nahiavau'') genitive singular in '''-ei''' (''nahia ''> ''nahei''), ablative singular in '''-vų''' (''nahia ''> ''nahiavų''), locative singular in '''-ye '''(''nahia ''> ''nahiaye''); ergative plural in '''-lss '''(''nahia ''> ''nahialss''), genitive plural in '''-riė''' (''nahia ''> ''nahiariė''), and locative plural in '''-rilym '''(''nahia ''> ''nahiarilym'').
* Nouns ending in '''-ie '''and '''-iė '''also have substitutive singular in '''-imian '''(e.g. ''hulunamie ''"pregnancy" > ''hulunamimian'') and abessive singular in '''-itiak '''(''hulunamie ''> ''hulunamitiak'').
''heilenu ''"wind" is an irregular noun which, for the most part, follows the first declension, alternating between ''heilenu- ''stem and umlauted ''høylen- ''stem, the latter used in singular accusative, genitive, instrumental, locative, substitutive, and abessive, and in every plural form except instrumental, ablative and locative. Non-umlauted forms have /u/ replacing any /a/ in the "normal" first declension pattern, becoming breathy-voiced in ablative plural. Ablative singular is ''heilenų'' with a single, breathy-voiced /<span class="">ṳ</span>/; locative plural is ''heilenuilym'', with the /<span class="">ui̯/ diphthong.</span>
==== The second declension (-e, -ė, -y, -ȳ, -u, -ū) ====
The second declension (''daniende paiktairathāda'') includes nouns ending with any of '''-e, -ė, -y, -ȳ, -u,''' or '''-ū, '''of course excluding those in '''-ie''' and '''-iė''' which are of the first declension.
{| class="article-table"
!kairė (smile)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''kairė'''
|kair'''ei'''
|-
|Ergative
|kairė'''ss'''
|kair'''eilss'''
|-
|Accusative
|kairė'''yau'''
|kair'''ėrau'''
|-
|Genitive
|kair'''eyi'''
|kair'''eyė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|kair'''ūmi'''
|kair'''ėriu'''
|-
|Comitative
|kairė'''nam'''
|kair'''ėrṇam'''
|-
|Dative
|kairė'''ð'''
|kair'''ėrið'''
|-
|Ablative
|kairė'''hių'''
|kair'''ęnie'''
|-
|Locative
|kairė'''hie'''
|kair'''eilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|kairė'''mian'''
|kair'''ėrmian'''
|-
|Abessive
|kairė'''tiak'''
|kair'''ėrtiak'''
|}
As in the first declension, all final vowels remain long as long as quality is the same, with the exception of genitive case in both singular and plural. The sub-patterns of the second declension are:
* Nouns ending with the '''-līne '''collective derivational suffix have genitive singular '''-līni''' as if they were of the first declension instead of expected *-līneyi.
* Nouns ending in '''-y '''and '''-ȳ '''have genitive singular in '''-yvi '''(e.g. ''tammy ''"train" > ''tammyvi''); direct plural in '''-r '''(''tammy > tammyr''), ergative plural in '''-ylss '''(> ''tammylss''), genitive plural in '''-yvė '''(> ''tammyvė''), ablative plural in '''-įnie '''(> ''tammįnie''), and locative plural in '''-īlym '''(> ''tammīlym'').
* Nouns ending in '''-iū''' (uncommon, but most notably ''jeniū'' "flower") have ablative singular in '''-ųu '''(''jeniū ''> ''jeniųu'') and various extended plural stems: direct in '''-ūyai '''(> ''jeniūyai''), ergative '''-ūyilss '''(> ''jeniūyilss''), accusative '''-ūyiau '''(> ''jeniūyiau''), comitative '''-ūyinam '''(> ''jeniūyinam''), dative '''-ūyið '''(> ''jeniūyið''), and locative in '''-ūlym '''(> ''jeniūlym''). In addition to these, they also keep the long vowel in genitive singular and plural (e.g. > ''jeniūyi, jeniūyė'').
==== The third declension (-i) ====
The third declension (''chīkende paiktairathāda'') includes nouns ending in '''-i'''; they are however divided in two different sub-declensions depending on whether they take ''i-umlaut ''or not. Nouns taking ''i-umlaut ''have their root vowel in either '''a, ā''', (both ''a1'' or ''a2'' types) '''u''', or '''ū; '''umlaut is present in every form <u>except</u> direct, ergative, comitative and dative singular and ablative and locative plural.
{| class="article-table"
!tėti (island)
(no umlaut)
!Singular
!Plural
!gindāmi (book)
(a1 umlaut)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''tėti'''
|tėt'''iar'''
|
|'''gindāmi'''
|gind'''ä'''m'''ar'''
|-
|Ergative
|tėti'''ss'''
|tėt'''ialss'''
|
|gindāmi'''ss'''
|gind'''ä'''m'''alss'''
|-
|Accusative
|tėt'''iau'''
|tėt'''iarau'''
|
|gind'''ä'''m'''au'''
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''arau'''</span>
|-
|Genitive
|tėti'''yei'''
|tėt'''iė'''
|
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''i'''</span>
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''ė'''</span>
|-
|Instrumental
|tėt'''iu'''
|tėt'''iariu'''
|
|gind'''ä'''m'''u'''
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''ariu'''</span>
|-
|Comitative
|tėti'''nam'''
|tėt'''iarṇam'''
|
|gindāmi'''nam'''
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''arṇam'''</span>
|-
|Dative
|tėti'''ð'''
|tėt'''iarið'''
|
|gindāmi'''ð'''
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''arið'''</span>
|-
|Ablative
|tėti'''ų'''
|tėt'''įnie'''
|
|gind'''ä'''m'''ų'''
|gindām'''įnie'''
|-
|Locative
|tėti'''ye'''
|tėt'''ilym'''
|
|gind'''ä'''m'''ie'''
|gindām'''ilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|tėt'''iamian'''
|tėt'''iaumian'''
|
|gind'''ä'''m'''amian'''
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''aumian'''</span>
|-
|Abessive
|tėt'''iatiak'''
|tėt'''iautiak'''
|
|gind'''ä'''m'''atiak'''
|<span>gind</span>'''ä'''<span>m'''autiak'''</span>
|}
==== The fourth declension (ablauting nouns) ====
The fourth declension (''bäliende paiktairathāda'') is the least regular and the least common of all. It includes nouns which are a relic of the ablauting nouns, already somewhat archaic and unproductive in Proto-Cis-Tahianshima. Some linguists, however, argue that ablauting and non-ablauting nouns originally had a gender distinction on the basis that Laceyiam has some ablauting nouns which are words for animals native to Isungatsuaq - and thus unknown in PCT times - like ''kīva ''(a kind of capybara), ''linda ''(giant river otter), or ''gunta ''(marsh deer). These nouns are often either common words (like ''niyū'' "mother" or ''klut''''' '''"father") or compounds with ''lila''''' '''"person". Some of these also have irregularities (including ''niyū'' and ''lila'', probably the two most common nouns of this declension) or some cases with more possible forms. Nouns with /j/-stems are the most complicated in the whole Laceyiam language due to extensive umlaut on top of ablauting vowels.
These words generally all have two syllables, where the first one's vowel is the ablauting one and the latter one is an open syllable which ends in ''-a''; /j/-stems are generally trisyllabic, ending in ''-eya''; there are however some polysyllabic words, which either ablaut the first vowel (e.g. ''kimeda'' (a type of panther)) or the penultimate (e.g. ''havtnamila ''(office/ministry of the Inquisition)).
There are four non-umlauted vowel patterns, which reflect different pitch accents of the original Proto-Cis-Tahianshima word:
{| class="article-table"
!Type
!"Singular" stem
!"Short non-tonic" stem
!"Short tonic" stem
!"Long" stem
!"Strong" stem
|-
|4.1
|u (< *u₁)
|a
|o
|ė
|au
|-
|4.2
|u (< *u₂)
|a
|/j/u
|ā
|au
|-
|4.3
|i (< *i₁)
|e
|e
|ei
|ai
|-
|4.4
|i (< *i₂)
|e
|ei
|ie
|ai
|}
The five different stems are used with this distribution:
* The '''Singular stem''' is used in every singular form <u>except</u> genitive;
* The '''Short non-tonic stem''' is used in direct, instrumental, and ablative plural;
* The '''Short tonic stem''' is used in ergative and dative plural;
* The '''Long stem '''is used in the genitive singular and in accusative, comitative, substitutive, and abessive plural;
* The '''Strong stem '''is used in genitive and locative plural.
{| class="article-table"
!muða (puddle) (4.1)
!Singular
!Plural
!klut (father) (4.2)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''muða'''
|m'''a'''ð'''iė'''
|
|'''klut'''
|kl'''a'''t'''iė'''
|-
|Ergative
|muð'''ass'''
|m'''o'''ð'''iss'''
|
|klut'''ass'''
|kl'''iu'''t'''iss'''
|-
|Accusative
|muð'''au'''
|m'''ė'''ð'''au'''
|
|klut'''au'''
|kl'''ā'''t'''au'''
|-
|Genitive
|m'''ė'''ð'''i'''
|m'''au'''ð'''ė'''
|
|kl'''ā'''t'''i'''
|kl'''au'''t'''ė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|muð'''ū'''
|m'''a'''ð'''ū'''
|
|klut'''ū'''
|kl'''a'''t'''ū'''
|-
|Comitative
|muða'''nam'''
|m'''ė'''ð'''nam'''
|
|klut'''anam'''
|kl'''ā'''t'''nam'''
|-
|Dative
|muð'''að'''
|m'''o'''ð'''ið'''
|
|klut'''að'''
|kl'''iu'''t'''ið'''
|-
|Ablative
|muð'''ų'''
|m'''a'''ð'''nie'''
|
|klut'''ų'''
|kl'''a'''t'''nie'''
|-
|Locative
|muð'''ie'''
|m'''au'''ð'''ilym'''
|
|klut'''ie'''
|kl'''au'''t'''ilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|muða'''mian'''
|m'''ė'''ð'''umian'''
|
|klut'''amian'''
|kl'''ā'''t'''umian'''
|-
|Abessive
|muða'''tiak'''
|m'''ė'''ð'''utiak'''
|
|klut'''atiak'''
|kl'''ā'''t'''utiak'''
|}
{| class="article-table"
!lila (person) (4.3)
!Singular
!Plural
!niyū, nih- (mother) (4.4)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''lila'''
|l'''e'''l'''iė'''
|
|'''niyū'''
|'''niyė'''
|-
|Ergative
|lil'''ss'''
|l'''e'''l'''ss'''
|
|n'''įss'''
|n'''ęiss'''
|-
|Accusative
|lil'''au'''
|'''løyl *'''
|
|nih'''au'''
|n'''ie'''h'''au'''
|-
|Genitive
|l'''ei'''l'''i'''
|l'''ai'''l'''ė'''
|
|'''nęi *'''
|n'''ai'''h'''ė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|lil'''ū'''
|l'''e'''l'''iū'''
|
|nih'''ū'''
|n'''e'''h'''ū'''
|-
|Comitative
|lila'''nam'''
|l'''ei'''l'''inam'''
|
|n'''įnam'''
|n'''ięnam'''
|-
|Dative
|lil'''að'''
|'''läylið *'''
|
|nih'''að'''
|n'''ei'''h'''ið'''
|-
|Ablative
|'''lyl''' *
|l'''ei'''l'''ąnie'''
|
|nih'''ų'''
|n'''ęenie'''
|-
|Locative
|lil'''ie'''
|l'''ai'''l'''ilym'''
|
|nih'''ie'''
|n'''ai'''h'''ilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|lila'''mian'''
|'''løylumian *'''
|
|nih'''amian'''
|n'''ie'''h'''umian'''
|-
|Abessive
|lila'''tiak'''
|'''løylutiak *'''
|
|nih'''atiak'''
|n'''ie'''h'''utiak'''
|}As mentioned before, both '''lila''' and '''niyū''' are irregular nouns, but, being both extremely common nouns, both alone and in compounds, the inclusion of their paradigm as being representative of 4.3 and 4.4 nouns is this way justified. They differ from regular nouns in:
* 4.3 nouns have ablative singular with '''-ų''' and the singular stem, like ''aʔīma ''(a freshwater crustacean of the flooded rainforest in Southern Laltīmāhia) > ''aʔīmų; ''accusative plural with '''ei-au '''(> ''aʔeimau''), dative plural '''e-ið''' (> ''aʔemið'') and substitutive and abessive plural with '''ei-umian/ei-utiak '''(> ''aʔeimumian; aʔeimutiak'' - note that these two cases' forms are based on the accusative plural). The regular ablative singular ''lilų''''' '''and the plural accusative ''leilau'' (and substitutive ''leilumian'' and abessive ''leilutiak'') are however attested as variant forms of the declension of '''lila''' in some literary texts, particularly those composed until the 1st century of the Third Era in modern-day Hjøtūchilām diocese.
* '''lila''' has a peculiar, but predictable, behaviour in ergative singular and plural, that is the lack of any vowel between the '''l '''and the '''ss, '''and '''-iū''' in the instrumental plural. This happens for every fourth- and seventh-declension noun ending in '''-l''' or '''-la'''.
* '''niyū''' has an irregular direct case for both numbers, otherwise it's regular but with the stem '''nih-''' (alternations between '''-h''' and a breathy-voiced vowel are all regular). Genitive '''nęi '''is the only other irregular form, by simplification of earlier (attested in the early Classical Age) ''nięi''. A regular 4.4 noun, ''dlīsa''''' '''"rift, breaking point, limit, abrupt end, edge of a cliff" has direct plural ''dleśiė'' and genitive singular ''dlieśi''''' '''(with a regular '''s > ś '''before '''i '''saṃdhi change).
===== /j/-stem nouns =====
As mentioned before, ''/j/-stem nouns'' are the most complex regular nouns in Laceyiam due to having both ablaut and umlaut variations. Their complexity is however relative due to the fact there are only ''eleven'' such root nouns (most of them ending in unstressed '''-eya'''), here divided based on their pattern:
* '''4.1''' - ''ńūńeya''''' '''“storm”; ''jūleya''''' '''“fruit”; ''luleya''''' '''“basket”; ''tumiya''''' '''(a fruiting palm common on Tāhiańśīma, the eastern islands, and southwestern Isungatsuaq); ''bhūveya ''(<span>a crown made of flowers, leaves, and twigs, ritually worn in some important ceremonies).</span>
* '''4.2''' - ''buneya''''' '''“female’s older sister”; ''yūnia''''' '''“nature, God, divinity; the manifestation of everything according to Yūnialtei worldview”; ''ḍumbiya ''“reflection of sunlight in water”; ''mūhiya'' “hair” (singular with plural sense, its own plural refers to hair of more people, or “body hair” generically); ''kulteya ''"the sound of feet walking in water".
* '''Irregular umlaut / 4.3 ablaut''' - ''mitū''''' '''“(human) body” (stem ''mituy-'').
{| class="article-table"
!ńūńeya (storm) (4.1)
!Singular
!Plural
!buneya (f/ older sister) (4.2)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''ńūńeya'''
|ń'''ø'''ń'''iė'''
|
|'''buneya'''
|b'''ø'''n'''iė'''
|-
|Ergative
|ńūń'''eiss'''
|ń'''o'''ń'''eiss'''
|
|bun'''eiss'''
|b'''iu'''n'''eiss'''
|-
|Accusative
|ńūńey'''au'''
|ń'''ė'''ńey'''au'''
|
|buney'''au'''
|b'''ā'''ney'''au'''
|-
|Genitive
|ń'''ė'''ń'''ei'''
|ń'''øy'''ń'''ė'''
|
|b'''ø'''n'''ei'''
|b'''øy'''n'''ė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|ń'''ȳ'''ń'''ū'''
|ń'''a'''ńey'''ū'''
|
|b'''y'''n'''ū'''
|b'''a'''ney'''ū'''
|-
|Comitative
|ń'''ȳ'''ń'''enam'''
|ń'''ė'''ń'''einam'''
|
|b'''y'''n'''enam'''
|b'''ø'''n'''enam'''
|-
|Dative
|ńūńeya'''ð'''
|ń'''o'''ń'''eið'''
|
|buneya'''ð'''
|b'''iu'''n'''eið'''
|-
|Ablative
|ńūńey'''ų'''
|ń'''ä'''ń'''ęnie'''
|
|buney'''ų'''
|b'''ä'''n'''ęnie'''
|-
|Locative
|ń'''ȳ'''ń'''ie'''
|ń'''au'''ń'''eilym'''
|
|b'''y'''n'''ie'''
|b'''au'''n'''eilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|ń'''ȳ'''ń'''imian'''
|ń'''ė'''ń'''iumian'''
|
|b'''y'''n'''imian'''
|b'''ā'''n'''iumian'''
|-
|Abessive
|ń'''ȳ'''ń'''itiak'''
|ń'''ė'''ń'''iutiak'''
|
|b'''y'''n'''itiak'''
|b'''ā'''n'''iutiak'''
|}
{| class="article-table"
!mitū, mituy- (body) (4.3/irr)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''mitū'''
|m'''e'''t'''iė'''
|-
|Ergative
|mitū'''ss'''
|m'''e'''t'''yss'''
|-
|Accusative
|mit'''øy'''
|m'''ei'''t'''øy'''
|-
|Genitive
|m'''ei'''t'''y'''
|m'''äy'''t'''ė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|mit'''ø'''y'''ū'''
|m'''e'''t'''ø'''y'''ū'''
|-
|Comitative
|mitū'''nam'''
|m'''ei'''tū'''nam'''
|-
|Dative
|mitū'''ð'''
|m'''e'''t'''ūð'''
|-
|Ablative
|mituy'''ų'''
|m'''ei'''t'''ųnie'''
|-
|Locative
|mit'''ø'''y'''e'''
|m'''äy'''t'''ulym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|mitū'''mian'''
|m'''ei'''t'''ymian'''
|-
|Abessive
|mitū'''tiak'''
|m'''ei'''t'''ytiak'''
|}
<span>We can thus describe that '''4.1 /j/-stem nouns''' have umlaut in instrumental, comitative, locative, substitutive, and abessive singular, and direct, genitive, and ablative plural; as for '''4.2 /j/-stem nouns''', they have umlaut in genitive, instrumental, comitative, locative, substitutive, and abessive singular, and in direct, genitive, comitative, and ablative plural.</span>
==== The fifth declension (one-stem nasals) ====
The fifth declension (''gembliende paiktairathāda'')'' ''includes all nasal nouns (those ending in '''-n '''or '''-m''') with a single stem, that is, the majority of them - two-stem nasal nouns are those of the sixth declension.
{| class="article-table"
!hjøðam (hand)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''hjøðam'''
|hjøðam'''ai'''
|-
|Ergative
|hjøða'''ṃss'''
|hjøðam'''ulss'''
|-
|Accusative
|hjøðam'''au'''
|hjøða'''ṃrau'''
|-
|Genitive
|hjøðam'''i'''
|hjøðam'''ė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|hjøðam'''u'''
|hjøðam'''ariu'''
|-
|Comitative
|hjøða'''ṃnam'''
|hjøðam'''arṇam'''
|-
|Dative
|hjøðam'''að'''
|hjøða'''ṃrið'''
|-
|Ablative
|hjøðam'''ų'''
|hjøðam'''ęnie'''
|-
|Locative
|hjøðam'''ie'''
|hjøðam'''ilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|hjøðam'''mian'''
|hjøða'''ṃrumian'''
|-
|Abessive
|hjøða'''ntiak'''
|hjøða'''ṃrutiak'''
|}
There are two differences between nouns ending in '''-m''' and those in '''-n: '''the first one is saṃdhi, that is, '''-n''' nouns have '''-nnam''' in comitative singular and '''-ṃmian''' in substitutive singular (e.g. ''mėngerten ''"morning" > ''mėngertennam; mėngerteṃmian''). The other difference is that '''-n''' noun have ergative plural in '''-alss''' (> ''mėngertenalss'')
==== The sixth declension (two-stem nasals) ====
The sixth declension (''tulūʔende'' ''paiktairathāda''), as mentioned before, includes two-stem nasals: this declension is similar to the fifth one, but these nouns have a '''-s''' between the '''-m''' and the ending in all forms except ergative plural and direct, ergative, comitative, substitutive, and abessive singular.
Most of these nouns are formed with the derivational suffix '''-ram '''('''-lam '''in some nouns due to dissimilation), often referring to "the process of doing X"; the '''-s''' is a relic from the original PCT form in *-roms. Many nouns, though, have been added to this declension only by analogy: some of the most common ones are ''saṃhāram''''' '''"boy", ''bheiram''''' '''"nest", ''koram''''' '''"autumn/fall" and ''yāram'' "land (especially in many toponyms)". 
The noun ''sūgnulum ''"blind", while etymologically a sixth declension one (< PCT ''*tsu₁ɣ-ŋʷoħūm-s'' "without eye(s)"), is often declined as a fifth declension one. 
{| class="article-table"
!lillam (life)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''lillam'''
|lilla'''ṃsai'''
|-
|Ergative
|lilla'''ṃss'''
|lillam'''ulss'''
|-
|Accusative
|lilla'''ṃsau'''
|lilla'''ṃśiau'''
|-
|Genitive
|lilla'''ṃśi'''
|lilla'''ṃsė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|lilla'''ṃṣu'''
|lilla'''ṃśayu'''
|-
|Comitative
|lilla'''ṃnam'''
|lilla'''ṃsarṇam'''
|-
|Dative
|lilla'''ṃsað'''
|lilla'''ṃṣrið'''
|-
|Ablative
|lilla'''ṃsų'''
|lilla'''ṃsęnie'''
|-
|Locative
|lilla'''ṃśie'''
|lilla'''ṃśilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|lillam'''mian'''
|lilla'''ṃṣrumian'''
|-
|Abessive
|lilla'''ntiak'''
|lilla'''ṃṣrutiak'''
|}
==== The seventh declension (consonant-stem nouns) ====
The seventh declension (''hauþtinde paiktairathāda'') is a common one including basically all ''consonant-stem'' nouns, that is, one of those ending in non-nasal consonants except ''-h''. Possible endings are '''-ð, -t, -ṭ '''and '''-r''', and there are also only five nouns (and their compounds) ending in '''-l: '''''līṭhal ''"seafoam", ''khāngertėl ''(a typical Chlegdarim tandoori oven), ''nūrtāl ''"lake", ''ladragyal ''"inn, restaurant", and ''kambāl ''"thousand". This is also one of the two declensions with a distinct vocative singular form, made by adding '''-e''' to the direct singular.
{| class="article-table"
!bhārmat (lion)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''bhārmat'''
|bhārmat'''ai'''
|-
|(Vocative)
|bhārmat'''e !'''
|bhārmat'''ai !'''
|-
|Ergative
|bhārmat'''ass'''
|bhārmat'''alss'''
|-
|Accusative
|bhārmat'''au'''
|bhārma'''ṭau'''
|-
|Genitive
|bhārmat'''i'''
|bhārmat'''ė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|bhārmat'''u'''
|bhārmat'''ariu'''
|-
|Comitative
|bhārmat'''anam'''
|bhārmat'''arṇam'''
|-
|Dative
|bhārmat'''ið'''
|bhārmat'''arið'''
|-
|Ablative
|bhārmat'''ų'''
|bhārmat'''ęnie'''
|-
|Locative
|bhārmat'''ie'''
|bhārmat'''ilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|bhārmat'''mian'''
|bhārma'''ṭumian'''
|-
|Abessive
|bhārmat'''tiak'''
|bhārma'''ṭutiak'''
|}
Consonant-stem nouns all follow the same pattern as ''bhārmat,'' but there are some differences between them due to saṃdhi and/or dissimilation:
* As seen with ''bhārmat'', all ''t-stems'' have '''-ṭau, -ṭumian, -ṭutiak '''for plural accusative/substitutive/abessive respectively. All other stems except ''r-stems ''(see below) have '''-Crau, -Crumian, -Crutiak''' (the ''t-stem ''forms are actually contractions).
* ''ð-stems ''have dative singular in '''-við '''instead of *-ðið (e.g. ''hlūð ''"place, seat, location" > ''hlūvið'') and abessive singular in '''-þiak '''due to assimilation (> ''hlūþiak''). Also, in comitative singular the '''-a-''' at the beginning of the ending is optional (> ''hlūðanam ''and ''hlūðnam'' are both acceptable, but the first one is more common).
* ''r-stems ''have two different dissimilations: accusative, substitutive, and abessive plural have '''-rl-''' instead of *-rr- (e.g. ''leiðir ''"significant other, girlfriend, boyfriend" > ''leiðirlau, leiðirlumian, leiðirlutiak''), while instrumental, comitative and dative plural have '''-lar- '''instead of *-rar- (> ''leiðilariu, leiðilarṇam, leiðilarið'').
* ''l-stems'' have '''-lss '''instead of *-lass in ergative singular (e.g. ''nūrtāl ''"lake" > ''nūrtālss'').
There is a subset of seventh declension nouns which do not fit into the above pattern because they have two different stems, one for the direct singular (and vocative) and one (the ''oblique stem'') for all other forms. These nouns are relics of PCT nouns with hysterokinetic stress:
* ''khial ''"finger; small tree branch", oblique stem ''kheld-''
* ''lān ''"shoulder", oblique ''ṇod-''
* ''läyh ''"arm", oblique ''lahʲ- ''(before vowels) / ''lahi- ''(before consonants)
* ''miu ''"leg", oblique ''may- ''(before vowels) / ''ma- ''(before consonants)
* ''naih ''"boat", oblique ''naṣṭ-''
* ''tið ''"neck", oblique ''śv-''
''śvað ''"thread, path, theme, idea, direction" is an irregular noun mostly following the seventh declension. It has a contracted stem ''śvað'' found in singular direct (with vocative ''śvaþe''), accusative, genitive, instrumental, dative (''śvaþið'') and substitutive, and ablative plural. All other forms use an extended stem ''śvatoð'', but abessive singular and genitive plural are synchronically irregular ''śvateþiak, śvateðė ''respectively; substitutive and abessive plural are ''śvatoðarmian ''and ''śvatoðartiak ''respectively, and dative plural is attested both in the regular form ''śvatoðarið'' and the irregular ''śvatoþrið''.
Finally, there are a few nouns ending in '''-k'''; these are all Calémerian toponyms borrowed from Kalurilut, like ''Inūkutlāk'' "Ceria", ''Inūlulīk ''"Nivaren", ''Itanāk ''"Nordúlik", ''Inūkṣvāk ''"Evandor", or ''Ittukavik ''"Gathuráni" - these are all declined following the ''t-stem ''rules (without the special rule for plural accusative/substitutive/abessive). Also, some non-assimilated toponyms for cities, rivers, or other features outside Laltīmāhia may end in '''-k''', but they are usually not declined, instead adpositional constructions like ''[name] ga marta ''"city of [name]" is used, with ''marta ''being the declined word.
==== The eighth declension (-h) ====
The eighth declension (''teitende paiktairathāda'') includes nouns ending in '''-h'''. Word-final ''-h'' is a result of many sound changes, but mostly from PCT *s, so either '''-s''', or /hj/ (the intervocalic reflex of PCT *s) alternate in most forms. Like the seventh declension, eighth-declension nouns have a distinct vocative singular form.
{| class="article-table"
!ńältah ((male's) sister)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''ńältah'''
|ńälta'''hiai'''
|-
|(Vocative)
|ńälta'''hie !'''
|ńälta'''hiai !'''
|-
|Ergative
|ńälta'''ss'''
|ńälta'''hialss'''
|-
|Accusative
|ńälta'''sau'''
|ńälta'''hiarau'''
|-
|Genitive
|ńälta'''hi'''
|ńälta'''hiė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|ńälta'''hiu'''
|ńälta'''ṣriu'''
|-
|Comitative
|ńälta'''sanam'''
|ńälta'''hiarṇam'''
|-
|Dative
|ńälta'''śve'''
|ńälta'''hiarið'''
|-
|Ablative
|ńälta'''sų'''
|ńälta'''sęnie'''
|-
|Locative
|ńälta'''hiye'''
|ńälta'''śilym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|ńält'''ąmian'''
|ńälta'''hiarmian'''
|-
|Abessive
|ńält'''ątiak'''
|ńälta'''hiartiak'''
|}
There are some eighth declension nouns which have obsolete forms, declining as if they were seventh declension with a stem ending in '''-k'''; this is visible in ''nanūh'' "salt" which has a relic form ''nanūkanam ''(from the comitative singular) used attributively to mean "salted" when speaking of foods (this is etymological: ''nanūh ''is actually a borrowing from Ancient Lelīmuyāńi ''nanūkko'' and is attested in some early-Classical Age Laceyiam texts as ''nanūk ''- '''-k '''was actually a possible noun ending until approximately the late First Era).
Note that the noun ''lilėmaiṭah'', the most important concept in the Yūnialtei religion (and, due to this, in the whole Chlegdarim worldview), is an irregular, singular-only noun and declines as eighth-declension in direct, genitive, instrumental and locative cases, and as a first-declension noun (with stem ''lilėmaiṭą-'') elsewhere; it also lacks a vocative form.
==== The ninth declension (-ai) ====
The ninth declension (''kissende paiktairathāda'') includes those nouns ending in '''-ai'''; they come from various sources but only a minority of them is inherited from PCT: most are Nanaklāri or Ancient Lelīmuyāńi borrowings.
{| class="article-table"
!nanai (rainforest, jungle)
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|'''nanai'''
|nan'''ayar'''
|-
|Ergative
|nanai'''ss'''
|nan'''ayalss'''
|-
|Accusative
|nan'''ayau'''
|nanai'''rau'''
|-
|Genitive
|nan'''ayi'''
|nan'''ayė'''
|-
|Instrumental
|nan'''ayu'''
|nan'''aiyu'''
|-
|Comitative
|nan'''ayanam'''
|nan'''ayarṇam'''
|-
|Dative
|nan'''aið'''
|nanai'''rað'''
|-
|Ablative
|nan'''ąu'''
|nan'''ąinie'''
|-
|Locative
|nan'''ayie'''
|nanai'''lym'''
|-
|Substitutive
|nanai'''mian'''
|nan'''ayarmian'''
|-
|Abessive
|nanai'''tiak'''
|nan'''ayartiak'''
|}


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