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→‎Strong a-stem (masculine)
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====n.st.m.a====
'''Gutish Masculine a-stem Paradigm'''


The most basic sub-class (noted in the lexicon as ''n.st.m.a'' - “noun, strong, masculine, a-stem”) is comprised of those nouns whose stems end in ‹p›, ‹t›, ‹k›, or ‹l›. It may also apply to roots ending in ‹f› or ‹þ› which are ''not'' marked as alternating (Cf. ''n.st.m.ba'' or ''n.st.m.da''). These take standard endings. It is described here with the noun ''slēps'' ‘sleep’.
The most basic class of Gutish nouns (noted in the lexicon as ''n.st.m.a'' - “noun, strong, masculine, a-stem”) also has the most variation depending on the last sounds of the syllable before the ending is added. [under construction... brb]


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
! !!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl. !!
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|align="center"| slēp'''s ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''as ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ma ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''nas '''
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a''' ||align="center"| slēp'''s ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''as ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ma ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''nas ''' || ‘''sleep''’
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|colspan=8| ''This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Note the metathesis of the endings on the dative and accusative plural.'' ||
 
|-
====n.st.m.syl====
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.syl''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:red">a</span>s''' ||align="center"| akr'''is''' ||align="center"| akr'''a''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:red">a</span>''' ||align="center"| akr'''as''' ||align="center"| akr'''a''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''field''’
 
|-
The second sub-class (''n.st.m.a.syl'') consists of those nouns ending in a consonant followed by a sonorant (‹l›, ‹r›, ‹m›, ‹n›) which would have been considered a syllabic in Gothic pronunciation. Because syllabics are unpacked in Gutish, a vowel must be added to some endings (those which don’t already start with a vowel, specifically the nominative and accusative singular) in order to make them pronounceable. This has the additional effect of blocking the metathesis that occurs in the dative and accusative plural.
|colspan=8| ''Syllabics...'' ||
 
''akras'' ‘field’
 
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Vba/fa ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:red">f</span>s''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>ma''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>nas''' || ‘''bread''’
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|align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:green">a</span>s''' ||align="center"| akr'''is''' ||align="center"| akr'''a''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:green">a</span>''' ||align="center"| akr'''as''' ||align="center"| akr'''a''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:green">am</span>''' ||align="center"| akr'''<span style="color:green">an</span>s'''
|colspan=8| ''v/f alternation after a vowel'' ||
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|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Vda/þa ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>s''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>ma''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>nas''' || ‘''fortune''’
 
====n.st.m.ba, n.st.m.da====
 
The third sub-class (''n.st.m.ba'' and ''n.st.m.da'') is for those nouns whose roots end in ‹f› or ‹þ› which in Gothic alternated with ‹b› and ‹d›, respectively. With the exception of the nominative and accusative singular, these consonants become voiced in the declensions; in other words, ‹f› becomes ‹v› and ‹þ› becomes ‹ð›. (This is an extension of the gothic alternation of nouns in f/b and þ/d, and also includes those with only ‹f› or ‹þ›, because these are likewise voiced by later phonemic processes.) There is no change in the inflected endings; only in the final root consonant.
 
''þlǣfs'' ‘bread’
 
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|colspan=8| ''ð/þ alternation after a vowel'' ||
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|align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:red">f</span>s''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>ma''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>nas'''
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Vza ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s_</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>ma ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>nas''' || ‘''spear''’
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|colspan=8| ''z/s alternation after a vowel'' ||
 
====n.st.m.za====
 
The fourth sub-class ('''n.st.m.za''') is very similar to the third, but applies to those roots ending in ‹s› which alternate to ‹ž› when followed by a vowel. From early Gothic times, this ‹s› ending merged with the nominative singular ending.  This paradigm is really an overlap between the previous and the following sub-classes.
 
''ams'' ‘shoulder’
 
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cza ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s_</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">am</span> ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:red">ans</span>''' || ‘''shoulder''’
|-
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|align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:green">am</span> ||align="center"| am'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span><span style="color:green">ans</span>'''
|colspan=8| (description) ||
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|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cba ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:red">bs</span>''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:red">b</span>''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| hwer'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''planet''’
 
====n.st.m.ra, n.st.m.sa, n.st.m.sta====
 
The fifth sub-class ('''n.st.m.ra, n.st.m.sa, n.st.m.sta''') has no consonant alternation, but is comprised of those roots ending in ‹r›.  In Gothic times, this applied only to nouns with a short vowel, but this later expanded to include all roots in ‹r›. This class is also for those roots ending in ‹s› which do not have s~ž alternation. Due to a later consonant clustering rule, this also applies to nouns in ‹ft›, ‹sp›, ‹st›, and ‹š›. The paradigm is regular, but the nominative singular ‹s› ending is elided. 
 
''wer'' ‘man’
 
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|colspan=8| (description) ||
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|align="center"| wer ||align="center"| wer'''is''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer ||align="center"| wer'''as''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer'''ma''' ||align="center"| wer'''nas'''
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cfa ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">fs</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| wul'''<span style="color:blue">v</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''wolf''’
|-
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|}
|colspan=8| (description) ||
 
''waps'' ‘wasp’
 
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.Cda ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">d</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''beard''’
|-
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|align="center"| waps ||align="center"| waps'''is''' ||align="center"| waps'''a''' ||align="center"| waps ||align="center"| waps'''as''' ||align="center"| waps'''a''' ||align="center"| waps'''ma''' ||align="center"| waps'''nas'''
|colspan=8| (description) ||
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|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.ga ||align="center"| da'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>'''  ||align="center"| dag'''is''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag ||align="center"| dag'''as''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag'''ma''' ||align="center"| dag'''nas''' || ‘''day''’
 
''fiš'' ‘fish’
 
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|colspan=8| (description) ||
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|align="center"| fiš ||align="center"| fiš'''is''' ||align="center"| fiš'''a''' ||align="center"| fiš ||align="center"| fiš'''as''' ||align="center"| fiš'''a''' ||align="center"| fiš'''ma''' ||align="center"| fiš'''nas'''
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.ra ||align="center"| wer'''<span style="color:red">_</span>''' ||align="center"| wer'''is''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer ||align="center"| wer'''as''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer'''ma''' ||align="center"| wer'''nas''' || ‘''man''’
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|colspan=8| (description) ||
 
====n.st.m.ma====
 
The sixth sub-class (''n.st.m.ma'') for roots ending in ‹m› is regular except that metathesis is blocked in the dative plural.
 
''worms'' ‘worm’
 
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.sa ||align="center"| wap'''<span style="color:red">s_</span>''' ||align="center"| waps'''is''' ||align="center"| waps'''a''' ||align="center"| waps ||align="center"| waps'''as''' ||align="center"| waps'''a''' ||align="center"| waps'''ma''' ||align="center"| waps'''nas''' || ‘''wasp''’
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|align="center"| worm'''s''' ||align="center"| worm'''is''' ||align="center"| worm'''a''' ||align="center"| worm ||align="center"| worm'''as''' ||align="center"| worm'''a''' ||align="center"| worm'''<span style="color:green">am</span>''' ||align="center"| worm'''nas'''
|colspan=8| (description) ||
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|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.ska ||align="center"| fiš'''<span style="color:red">_</span>'''  ||align="center"| fiš'''is''' ||align="center"| fiš'''a''' ||align="center"| fiš ||align="center"| fiš'''as''' ||align="center"| fiš'''a''' ||align="center"| fiš'''ma''' ||align="center"| fiš'''nas''' || ‘''fish''’
 
====n.st.m.na====
 
The seventh (''n.st.m.na'') is like the sixth, but for roots in ‹n›, which blocks metathesis in the accusative plural instead of the dative.
 
''ǭns'' ‘oven’
 
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|colspan=8| (description) ||
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|align="center"| ǭn'''s''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''is''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭn ||align="center"| ǭn'''as''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''ma''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''<span style="color:green">an</span>s'''
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.sta ||align="center"| ast'''<span style="color:red">_</span>''' ||align="center"| ast'''is''' ||align="center"| ast'''a''' ||align="center"| ast ||align="center"| ast'''as''' ||align="center"| ast'''a''' ||align="center"| ast'''ma''' ||align="center"| ast'''nas''' || ‘''branch''’
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|colspan=8| (description) ||
 
====n.st.m.ga, n.st.m.nd====
 
The eighth (''n.st.m.ga, n.st.m.nd'') sub-class is for those nouns in ‹g› (and, by extension, ‹ng›) and in ‹nd› (which in Gothic belonged to its own class of nouns). These are regular except that the nominative singular mutates to ‹ǧ› because of a later consonant clustering rule; specifically, ‹gs›, ‹ds› become voiced ‹gz›, ‹dz›; ‹z› then becomes semi-rhoticized ‹ž›, and a palatalization rule later shifts ‹gž› to ‹ǧ›.
 
''daǧ'' ‘day’
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.ma ||align="center"| worm'''s''' ||align="center"| worm'''is''' ||align="center"| worm'''a''' ||align="center"| worm ||align="center"| worm'''as''' ||align="center"| worm'''a''' ||align="center"| worm'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| worm'''nas''' || ‘''worm''’
|-
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|align="center"| da'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>'''  ||align="center"| dag'''is''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag ||align="center"| dag'''as''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag'''ma''' ||align="center"| dag'''nas'''
|colspan=8| (description) ||
|-
|-
|}
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.na ||align="center"| ǭn'''s''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''is''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭn ||align="center"| ǭn'''as''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''ma''' ||align="center"| ǭn'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''oven''’
 
''frīnǧ'' ‘friend’
 
{| class="wikitable"
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|colspan=8| (description) ||
|-
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|align="center"| frīn'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''is''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''a''' ||align="center"| frīnd ||align="center"| frīnd'''as''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''a''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''ma''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''nas'''
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.mba ||align="center"| lam'''<span style="color:red">_</span>s''' ||align="center"| lamb'''is''' ||align="center"| lamb'''a''' ||align="center"| lam'''<span style="color:red">_</span>''' ||align="center"| lamb'''as''' ||align="center"| lamb'''a''' ||align="center"| lamb'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| lamb'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''lamb''’
|-
|-
|}
|colspan=8| (description) ||
 
====n.st.m.lda====
 
The final sub-class (''n.st.m.da'') is ostensibly an overlap between 08 and 03 for those roots in ‹d› preceded by a liquid (‹r› or ‹l›). After Gothic times, ‹ds› underwent the same voicing and palatalization changes as ‹g›, but also follows the voicing alternation of þ/ð. This has the effect of masculine a-stem sub-class 09 nouns having three root variants (‹ǧ›, ‹ð›, and ‹d›) rather than the usual maximum of two.
 
''barǧ'' ‘beard’
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl.
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"| '''n.st.m.a.nda ||align="center"| frīn'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''is''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''a''' ||align="center"| frīnd ||align="center"| frīnd'''as''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''a''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| frīnd'''<span style="color:red">an</span>s''' || ‘''friend''’
|-
|-
|align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">ǧ</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:red">d</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:green">am</span>''' ||align="center"| bar'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span><span style="color:green">an</span>s'''
|colspan=8| (description) ||
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