Proto-Quame: Difference between revisions
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===Ablaut=== | ===Ablaut=== | ||
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades | Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades. | ||
===Determiners=== | ===Determiners=== |
Revision as of 19:51, 6 January 2017
Todo
- ablaut patterns
- combine with stress shifting rules?
- determiner endings
- verbs
- derivational morphology
- there's a lot of nt's and st's - too much?
- -əlx is gibby
- -p could disappear/CL in both Pf and Tal
- Cluster resolution - 1st and last consonant or second-to-last and last?
Morphemes
- -s = verbal noun
- -x = 2sg imperative
- -aʔ = nominal affix?
- -lx = place nouns?
- Wiebian -er
- Thensarian -ly
- ʔal and ʔalʼ are variants
- Wiebian er 'for' and Thensarian ar 'and'
- t- = (interrogative morpheme)
- Wiebian das words
- Thensarian tēs 'who' and tas 'what'
- kʷ- = we, our (inc); also 'here' (inc)?
- Wiebian was words
- Thensarian cēs 'this man' (sounds like Clofab cesin!)
- nikt-s = 'thing' (< carry)?
- Tíogall ní 'thing; not' < Thn. nīs (idem)
- Wiebian nicht, nichts 'indeed'
- kastʼix = 'accompany'
- Wiebian Heste 'wife'
Overview
Phonology
Consonants
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ.[1] Languages such as Adetsib have the most archaic consonant inventories.
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||||
Nasal | plain | *m | *n | |||||||
glottalized | *mʼ /mˀ/ | *nʼ /nˀ/ | ||||||||
Plosive | plain | *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | *q | *qʷ | *ʔ | ||
voiced | *b | *d | *g | *gʷ | ||||||
ejective | *pʼ | *tʼ | *kʼ | *kʷʼ | *qʼ | *qʷʼ | ||||
Fricative | *s | *ł /ɬ/ | *x | *xʷ | *x̌ /χ/ | *x̌ʷ /χʷ/ | *h | |||
Affricate | plain | *c /ts/ | *ƛ /tɬ/ | |||||||
voiced | *z /dz/ | *λ /dɮ/ | ||||||||
ejective | *cʼ /tsʼ/ | *ƛʼ /tɬʼ/ | ||||||||
Resonant | plain | *l | *y /j/ | *w | ||||||
glottalized | *lʼ /lˀ/ | *yʼ /jˀ/ | *wʼ /wˀ/ |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | *i | *u | |
Mid | *ə | ||
Open | *a |
Suprasegmentals
No phonemic pitch, tone or stress existed in PQ.
Phonotactics
Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
Rules:
- When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.
Grammar
Typology
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
Ablaut
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades.
Determiners
Nominals
Plurals were formed by reduplication (as in Salish languages).
Plural: kawʼqs 'raven' > kakawʼqs
Pronouns
bi-: transitivizer? 3rd person object affix?
Verbs
Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
- Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
- Aspects: present, preterite, stative
- Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
- Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
- Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
Ablaut grades
- present: a-grade
- preterite: i-grade
- stative: zero-grade?
- verbal noun: u-grade
TAM affixes
- ⟨n⟩: aorist infix. (Wiobian preterite ⟨n⟩)
- -x - 2sg imperative
Tense/Agreement suffixes
Subject markers:
- 1sg: -n
- 2sg: -y'
- 3sg.an: -m
- 3sg.inan: -0
- 1pl.ex: -maʔ
- 2pl: -il
- 3pl: -ti
Object markers:
- 1sg: n-
- 2sg: l'-
- 3 (animate): b-
- 3 (neuter): k-
- 1pl.ex: m-
- 1pl.in: d-
- 2pl: c'-
Derivational morphology
- ⟨l⟩ - ???
- ⟨r⟩ - ???
Some etymologies
- 1: *x̌əmʼ-; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
- 2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
- 3: *nazg-
- 4: *λawpʼ-
- 5: *calił
- 6: *sta-x̌əm-ʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
- 7: *nʼəxʷd
- 8: *lx̌ʷzitʼ
- 9: *pʼagʷz
- 10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ur
- step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
- stone: *ƛʼecqʷ
- water: *yənqʷʼ
- day: *m’ul
Sample text
On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
References
- ^ Panzux, Sj. Fóidilinn le caoigháthadh an Cvicham