User:Frrurtu/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
}}
}}
'''Old Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Old Gaju: ['gaɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) was an old form of the Gaju language, spoken by the Gaju people in eastern [[Rttirria]]. It was spoken over a much larger area than modern Gaju is: over most of eastern Rttirria. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.
'''Old Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Old Gaju: ['gaɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) was an old form of the Gaju language, spoken by the Gaju people in eastern [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]] around the 14th century CE. It was spoken over a much larger area than modern Gaju is: over most of eastern Rttirria. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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Old Gaju distinguished two tones: high and low. In addition, two contour tones were allowed in loanwords: rising and falling.
Old Gaju distinguished two tones: high and low. In addition, two contour tones were allowed in loanwords: rising and falling. The high tone was by far the most common, so low tones are distinguished in the Latin script with a [[w:grave accent|grave accent]]: '''à àà è ì ò ù'''. Rising and falling tones are distinguished as follows: '''â ââ ê î ô û ǎ ǎǎ ě ǐ ǒ ǔ'''.
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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|-
|-
! Aspect/Politeness
! Aspect/Politeness
| ''na-'' (perfective)<br>''nye-'' (polite perfective)<br>''su-'' (habitual)<br>''sya-'' (polite habitual)
| ''na-'' (perfective)<br>''nyev-'' (polite perfective)<br>''shu-'' (habitual)<br>''tya-'' (polite habitual)
|-
|-
! Mood
! Mood
| ''-sya-'' (optative)<br>''-ppa-'' (adhortative)<br>''-nai-'' (subjunctive)<br>''-kanai-'' (conditional)<br>''-kka-'' (imperative)<br>''-kamumu-'' (generic)
| ''-fta-'' (adhortative)<br>''-nag-'' (subjunctive)<br>''-kanag-'' (conditional)<br>''-khtaa-'' (imperative)<br>''-kamu-'' (generic)
|-
|-
! Tense
! Tense
| ''-pu/tu/rtu/tyu-'' (past)<br>''-mi/ni/rni/nyi-'' (future)
| ''-bu-/-du-/-do-/-ju-'' (past)<br>''-mi-/-ni-/-ne-/-nyi-'' (future)
|-
|-
! Verb Root (†)<br>+ Question Infix
! Verb Root<br>+ Question Infix
| any verb
| any verb
|-
|-
! Auxiliary Verb
! Auxiliary Verb
| ''-kaki-'' ("to be able to")<br>''-kau-'' ("to want to")<br>''-rtika-'' ("to like to")<br>and others
| ''-kàki'' ("to be able to")<br>''-kà'' ("to need to")<br>''-tèka'' ("to want to")<br>''-gùki'' ("to force to")<br>and others
|}
|}


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|-
|-
| dative
| dative
| ''-kka''
| ''-khtya''
|-
|-
| ablative
| ablative
| ''-hha''
| ''-ta''
|-
|-
| locative
| locative
| ''-ri''
| ''-li''
|-
|-
| comitative
| comitative
| ''-rta''
| ''-taa''
|-
|-
| instrumental
| instrumental
| ''-rratye''
| ''-wàtyev''
|-
|-
| vocative
| vocative
| ''-chatta''
| ''-chastaa''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''na'' (I)<br>''ke'' (you)<br>''wa'' (he/she/it)<br>''ma'' (we)<br>''ta'' (you all)<br>''rta'' (they)
| ''na'' (I)<br>''kov'' (you)<br>''la'' (he/she/it)<br>''ma'' (we)<br>''da'' (you all)<br>''daa'' (they)
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| ''ni'' (me)<br>''ki'' (you)<br>''ge'' (him/her/it)<br>''mi'' (us)<br>''ti'' (you all)<br>''hhi'' (them)
| ''ni'' (me)<br>''ki'' (you)<br>''ge'' (him/her/it)<br>''mi'' (us)<br>''di'' (you all)<br>''ti'' (them)
|}
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Word order was subject-object-verb (SOV).
Word order was subject-object-verb (SOV), although nouns in one of the cases other than nominative or accusative could be positioned anywhere before the verb. All adjectives came after their pertinent nouns. The question particle was ''tyi''.


The question particle was ''syi''.
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Revision as of 23:01, 11 February 2017

Old Gaju
Gachu
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|'gaɟu]]
Created by–
SettingRttirria
Native toEast Rttirria
Rttirrian
  • South Rttirrian
    • Old Gaju

Old Gaju (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Old Gaju: ['gaɟu], Rttirri: [ˈkɑcu]) was an old form of the Gaju language, spoken by the Gaju people in eastern Rttirria around the 14th century CE. It was spoken over a much larger area than modern Gaju is: over most of eastern Rttirria. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern Rttirri, the nation's official language.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ny /ɲ/
Plosive p /p/
b /b/ 		t /t/
d /d/ 		ty /c/
j /ɟ/ 		k /k/
g /g/
Fricative f /f/
v /v/ 		s /s/
sh /ʃ/ 		sy /ç/ kh /x/ h /h/
Affricate ts /t͡s/
ch /t͡ʃ/
Approximant w /w/ l /l/ y /j/

In addition, the following consonants were allowed in loanwords: ng /ŋ/, z /z/, th /θ/, dh /ð/, hh /ʔ/.

Vowels

Front Back
High i /i/ u /u/
Mid e /e/ o /o/
Low a /a/ aa /ɑ/

Old Gaju distinguished two tones: high and low. In addition, two contour tones were allowed in loanwords: rising and falling. The high tone was by far the most common, so low tones are distinguished in the Latin script with a grave accent: à àà è ì ò ù. Rising and falling tones are distinguished as follows: â ââ ê î ô û ǎ ǎǎ ě ǐ ǒ ǔ.

Grammar

Verbs

The Old Gaju verb was somewhat agglutinative, but did not have the inflectional complexity that had developed in Classical Rttirri by this point. However, an aspect and politeness system, which have not existed in any form of Rttirri, developed from the Proto-South-Rttirrian evidentiality system.

Verb Slot Allowable Inputs
Aspect/Politeness na- (perfective)
nyev- (polite perfective)
shu- (habitual)
tya- (polite habitual)
Mood -fta- (adhortative)
-nag- (subjunctive)
-kanag- (conditional)
-khtaa- (imperative)
-kamu- (generic)
Tense -bu-/-du-/-do-/-ju- (past)
-mi-/-ni-/-ne-/-nyi- (future)
Verb Root
+ Question Infix 		any verb
Auxiliary Verb -kàki ("to be able to")
-kà ("to need to")
-tèka ("to want to")
-gùki ("to force to")
and others

Nouns

Nouns could take the following cases:

Case Suffix
nominative (none)
accusative (none)
dative -khtya
ablative -ta
locative -li
comitative -taa
instrumental -wàtyev
vocative -chastaa

Pronouns

The following pronouns were used, but were not affixed to the verb:

Verb Slot Allowable Inputs
Nominative na (I)
kov (you)
la (he/she/it)
ma (we)
da (you all)
daa (they)
Accusative ni (me)
ki (you)
ge (him/her/it)
mi (us)
di (you all)
ti (them)

Syntax

Word order was subject-object-verb (SOV), although nouns in one of the cases other than nominative or accusative could be positioned anywhere before the verb. All adjectives came after their pertinent nouns. The question particle was tyi.


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