User:Frrurtu/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|name = Old Gaju
|name = Gaju
|nativename = Gaju
|nativename = Gaju
|pronunciation = ['gaɟu]
|pronunciation = ['gäɟu]
|region = Southeast Asia
|region = Southeast Asia
|states = East Rttirria
|states = Rtuha, Uya, eastern Tyami, eastern Manamuki
|setting = Rttirria
|setting = Rttirria
|speakers =  
|speakers =  
|fam1 = Rttirrian
|fam1 = Rttirrian
|fam2 = South Rttirrian
|fam2 = South Rttirrian
|fam3 = Old Gaju
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
}}
}}
'''Old Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Old Gaju: ['gaɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) was an old form of the Gaju language, spoken by the Gaju people in eastern [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]] around the 14th century CE. It was spoken over a much larger area than modern Gaju is: over most of eastern Rttirria. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.
'''Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['gäɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]], spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
!  |
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Labial
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|-
|-
! Nasal
! Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|  
| '''n''' /n/
|  
| '''ny''' /ɲ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| '''p''' /p/<br>'''b''' /b/
|  
| '''t''' /t/<br>'''d''' /d/
|  
| '''ty''' /c/<br>'''j''' /ɟ/
|  
| '''k''' /k/<br>'''g''' /g/
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Fricative
! Fricative
| '''f''' /f/<br>'''v''' /v/
|  
| '''s''' /s/<br>'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
| '''sy''' /ç/
|  
| '''kh''' /x/
|  
| '''h''' /h/
|  
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Affricate
|  
|  
| '''ts''' /t͡s/<br>'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|-
|-
! Approximant
! Approximant
| '''w''' /w/
|  
| '''l''' /l/
|  
| '''y''' /j/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|}


In addition, the following consonants were allowed in loanwords: '''ng''' /ŋ/, '''z''' /z/, '''th''' /θ/, '''dh''' /ð/, '''hh''' /ʔ/.
In addition, the following consonants are allowed in loanwords:  


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! |
! |
! Front
! Front
! Central
! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! High
! High
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /i/
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! Near-high
| '''ii''' /ɪ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e''' /e/
| '''uu''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! Near-low
| '''ee''' /ɛ/
|
| '''aa''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| '''a''' /a/
|
| '''aa''' /ɑ/
| '''a''' /ä/
|  
|}
|}


Old Gaju distinguished two tones: high and low. In addition, two contour tones were allowed in loanwords: rising and falling. The high tone was by far the most common, so low tones are distinguished in the Latin script with a [[w:grave accent|grave accent]]: '''à àà è ì ò ù'''. Rising and falling tones are distinguished as follows: '''â ââ ê î ô û ǎ ǎǎ ě ǐ ǒ ǔ'''.
===Tones===


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Gaju morphology is significantly more analytic than that of Rttirri.
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
The Old Gaju verb was somewhat agglutinative, but did not have the inflectional complexity that had developed in Classical Rttirri by this point. However, an aspect and politeness system, which have not existed in any form of Rttirri, developed from the Proto-South-Rttirrian evidentiality system.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Verb Slot
! Allowable Inputs
|-
! Aspect/Politeness
| ''na-'' (perfective)<br>''nyev-'' (polite perfective)<br>''shu-'' (habitual)<br>''tya-'' (polite habitual)
|-
! Mood
| ''-fta-'' (adhortative)<br>''-nag-'' (subjunctive)<br>''-kanag-'' (conditional)<br>''-khtaa-'' (imperative)<br>''-kamu-'' (generic)
|-
! Tense
| ''-bu-/-du-/-do-/-ju-'' (past)<br>''-mi-/-ni-/-ne-/-nyi-'' (future)
|-
! Verb Root
| any verb
|-
! Auxiliary Verb
| ''-kàki'' ("to be able to")<br>''-kà'' ("to need to")<br>''-dèka'' ("to want to")<br>''-gùki'' ("to force to")<br>and others
|}


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns could take the following cases:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Case
! Suffix
|-
| nominative
| (none)
|-
| accusative
| (none)
|-
| dative
| ''-khtya''
|-
| ablative
| ''-da''
|-
| locative
| ''-li''
|-
| comitative
| ''-daa''
|-
| instrumental
| ''-wàtyev''
|-
| vocative
| ''-chastaa''
|}


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
The following pronouns were used. They were not affixed to the verb, but stood in the place of other nouns.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!
! Nominative
! Accusative
! Nominative
! Accusative
|-
! 1st person
| ''na''
| ''ni''
| ''ma''
| ''mi''
|-
! 2nd person
| ''kov''
| ''ki''
| ''tsa''
| ''tsi''
|-
! 3rd person
| ''la''
| ''ge''
| ''daa''
| ''di''
|}


===Questions===
===Questions===
The following question words were used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
==Syntax==
|-
! English
! Old Gaju
|-
| what/who (nominative)
| ''ta''
|-
| what/whom (accusative)
| ''ti''
|-
| when
| ''dìti''
|-
| where
| ''dìtag''
|-
| why
| ''dìtà''
|-
| how
| ''dìtug''
|}


==Syntax==
==Sample text==
Word order was subject-object-verb (SOV), although nouns in one of the cases other than nominative or accusative could be positioned anywhere before the verb. All adjectives came after their pertinent nouns. The question particle was ''tyi''.


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[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Analytic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
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[[Category:Rttirria]]
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Revision as of 03:33, 12 February 2017

Gaju
Gaju
Pronunciation[[w:Help:IPA|'gäɟu]]
Created by–
SettingRttirria
Native toRtuha, Uya, eastern Tyami, eastern Manamuki
Rttirrian
  • South Rttirrian
    • Old Gaju
      • Gaju

Gaju (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['gäɟu], Rttirri: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in Rttirria, spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern Rttirri, the nation's official language.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal
Plosive
Fricative
Affricate
Approximant

In addition, the following consonants are allowed in loanwords:

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i /i/ u /u/
Near-high ii /ɪ/
Mid e /e/ uu /ə/ o /o/
Near-low ee /ɛ/ aa /ɔ/
Low a /ä/

Tones

Grammar

Gaju morphology is significantly more analytic than that of Rttirri.

Verbs

Nouns

Pronouns

Questions

Syntax

Sample text

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