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==Numerals - Mālendāye == | ==Numerals - Mālendāye == | ||
Chlouvānem | Chlouvānem is one of the few human Calemerian languages - together with all other [[Lahob languages]] and a few ones of the southern hemisphere - which has a pure duodecimal number system. | ||
Numbers (sg. ''mālendān'', pl. ''mālendāye'') have six different forms: cardinal, ordinal, collective, distributive, adverbial/multiplicative, and fractionary. Cardinal 1, 2, and | Numbers (sg. ''mālendān'', pl. ''mālendāye'') have six different forms: cardinal, ordinal, collective, distributive, adverbial/multiplicative, and fractionary. Cardinal 1, 2, 3, and 4 are declinable adjectives, as are all ordinal and collective ones; 1-4 have separate adverbial forms, while all other ones have an invariable adjective used as multiplicative and a derived adverb used as adverbial. All distributive, fractionary, and cardinal (except 1-4 and compounds) numbers are invariable. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Digit !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Collective !! Distributive !! Adv./Multiplicative !! Fractionary | ! Digit<sub>12</sub> !! <small>Base 10</small> !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Collective !! Distributive !! Adv./Multiplicative !! Fractionary | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 0 || '''ajrā''' || <small>''(ajrāyendes)''</small> || <small>''( | ! 0 | ||
| 0 || '''ajrā''' || <small>''(ajrāyendes)''</small> || <small>''(ajrāmūh)''</small> || <small>''(ajrehaicė)''</small> || <small>''(lājrā)''</small> || — | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 || '''leil'''<br/>leilum<br/>leila || lahīlas || | ! 1 | ||
| 1 || '''leil'''<br/>leilum<br/>leila || lahīlas || leilamūh || leiluhaicė || leilahæl / lāleil<br/><small>(lāleilum, lāleila)</small> || lahīlvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || '''dani'''<br/>danīm<br/>danīh || hælinaikas || | ! 2 | ||
| 2 || '''dani'''<br/>danīm<br/>danīh || hælinaikas || daniamūh || danihaicė || danihæl / lādani<br/><small>(lādanīm, lādanīh)</small> || hælinaivāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || ''' | ! 3 | ||
| 3 || '''pāmvi'''<br/>pāmvim<br/>pāmveh || pāmvendes || pāmvimūh || pāmvihaicė || pāmvihæl / lāpāmvi<br/><small>(lāpāmvim, lāpāmveh)</small> || pāmvendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 || ''' | ! 4 | ||
| 4 || '''yårṣe'''<br/>yårṣem<br/>yårṣeh || yårṣendes || yårṣmūh || yårṣhaicė || yårṣhæl / lāyårṣe<br/><small>(lāyårṣem, lāyårṣeh)</small> || yårṣendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 || ''' | ! 5 | ||
| 5 || '''furḍe''' || furḍendes || furḍamūh || furḍhaicė || lāfurḍe || furḍendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || '''tulūʔa''' || tulūʔendes || | ! 6 | ||
| 6 || '''tulūʔa''' || tulūʔendes || tulūʔamūh || tulūʔihaicė || lātulūʔa || tulūʔendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 || '''chīka''' || | ! 7 | ||
| 7 || '''chīka''' || chīcændes || chīkamūh || chīcihaicė || lāchīka || chīcændvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 8 || ''' | ! 8 | ||
| 8 || '''tītya''' || tītyendes || tītyamūh || tītihaicė || lātītya || tītyendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 9 || '''moja''' || mojendes || | ! 9 | ||
| 9 || '''moja''' || mojendes || mojmūh || mojihaicė || lāmoja || mojendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 10 || ''' | ! A | ||
| 10 || '''tålda''' || tåldendes || tåldamūh || tåldihaicė || lātålda || tåldendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 11 || ''' | ! B | ||
| 11 || '''vælden''' || vældindes || vældemūh || vældihaicė || lāvælden || vældindvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 12 || ''' | ! 10 | ||
| 12 || '''māmei''' || māmindes || māmeimūh || māmeihaicė || lāmāmei || māmindvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 13 || ''' | ! 11 | ||
| 13 || '''lelimaye''' || lelimayindes || lelimaimūh || lelimaihaicė || lālelimaye || lelimayindvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 14 || ''' | ! 12 | ||
| 14 || '''danimaye''' || danimayindes || danimaimūh || danimaihaicė || lādanimaye || danimayindvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 15 || ''' | ! 13 | ||
| 15 || '''pamihælī''' || pamihælīndes || pamihælīmūh || pamihælīhaicė || lāpamihælī || pamihælīndvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 16 || ''' | ! 14 | ||
| 16 || '''māmiyårṣe'''<br/><small>(-m, -h)</small> || māmiyårṣendes || māmiyårṣmūh || māmiyårṣhaicė || lāmāmiyårṣe || māmiyårṣendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 17 || ''' | ! 15 | ||
| 17 || '''māmifurḍe''' || māmifurḍendes || māmifurḍamūh || māmifurḍhaicė || lāmāmifurḍe || māmifurḍendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 18 || ''' | ! 16 | ||
| 18 || '''māmivælka''' || māmivælkendes || māmivælkamūh || māmivælkihaicė || lāmāmivælka || māmivælkendvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 19 || ''' | ! 17 | ||
| 19 || '''māmichīka''' || māmichīcændes || māmichīkamūh || māmichīcihaicė || lāmāmichīka || māmichīcændvāṭ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| 20 || ''' | ! 18 | ||
| 20 || '''māmitītya''' || māmitītyendes || māmitītyamūh || māmitītihaicė || lāmāmitītya || māmitītyendvāṭ | |||
|- | |||
! 19 | |||
| 21 || '''māmimoja''' || māmimojendes || māmimojmūh || māmimojihaicė || lāmāmimoja || māmimojendvāṭ | |||
|- | |||
! 1A | |||
| 22 || '''māmitålda''' || māmitåldendes || māmitåldamūh || māmitåldihaicė || lāmāmitålda || māmitåldendvāṭ | |||
|- | |||
! 1B | |||
| 23 || '''māmivælden''' || māmivældindes || māmivældemūh || māmivældihaicė || lāmāmivælden || māmivældindvāṭ | |||
|- | |||
! 20 | |||
| 24 || '''hælьmāmei''' || hælьmāmindes || hælьmāmeimūh || hælьmāmeihaicė || lāhælьmāmei || hælьmāmindvāṭ | |||
|} | |} | ||
Numbers from 20 above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes. The other teens are: '''30''' | Numbers from 20<sub>12</sub> above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 21<sub>12</sub> <small>(25<sub>10</sub>)</small> hælьmāmileil (-um, -a), and then hælьmāmidani (-īm, īh), hælьmāmipāmvi (-m, -eh), and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūʔa and not -vælka as in 16<sub>12</sub>.<br/> | ||
The other teens are: '''30''' <small>(36<sub>10</sub>)</small> pāmvimāmei, '''40''' <small>(48<sub>10</sub>)</small> yårṣmāmei, '''50''' <small>(60<sub>10</sub>)</small> fūlmāmei, '''60''' <small>(72<sub>10</sub>)</small> vælknihæla, '''70''' <small>(84<sub>10</sub>)</small> māmyāvælka (regionally ''chīcæmāmei'', particularly in the East), '''80''' <small>(96<sub>10</sub>)</small> tītimāmei, '''90''' <small>(108<sub>10</sub>)</small> mojemāmei, '''A0''' <small>(120<sub>10</sub>)</small> tåldimāmei, '''B0''' <small>(132<sub>10</sub>)</small> māmimīram, and '''100''' nihæla.<br/> | |||
The apparent irregularities in the words for 60<sub>12</sub>, 70<sub>12</sub>, and B0<sub>12</sub> are explained by etymology: vælka is the reflex of PLB *wewənko, which meant “half”, thus ''vælknihæla'' is “half hundred” and ''māmyāvælka'' is “twelve on half”; ''māmimīram'' is literally “twelve [less] from ahead”. | |||
Numbers from 100<sub>12</sub> to BBB<sub>12</sub> are still compounds, e.g. nihælaleil, nihæladani, and so on. Note that 160<sub>12</sub> is most commonly nihæltulūʔa, but the more literary form nihælvælka may still be heard.<br/> | |||
The other hundreds are '''200''' <small>(288<sub>10</sub>)</small> daninihæla, '''300''' <small>(432<sub>10</sub>)</small> pāmvinihæla, '''400''' <small>(576<sub>10</sub>)</small> yårṣṇihæla, '''500''' <small>(720<sub>10</sub>)</small> furḍṇihæla, '''600''' <small>(864<sub>10</sub>)</small> tulūnihæla, '''700''' <small>(1008<sub>10</sub>)</small> chīcænihæla, '''800''' <small>(1152<sub>10</sub>)</small> tītinihæla, '''900''' <small>(1296<sub>10</sub>)</small> mojanihæla, '''A00''' <small>(1440<sub>10</sub>)</small> tåldanihæla, '''B00''' <small>(1584<sub>10</sub>)</small> vældenihæla.<br/> | |||
'''1.000''' <small>(1728<sub>10</sub>)</small> is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6.2A9''' <small>(10785<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''tulūʔa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.<br/> | |||
Note that 2.000<sub>12</sub> may be either one of tildhādi, danīh tildhā, or (only emphatically) danīh tildhādi. As tildhā is a parrot gender noun, 3.000<sub>12</sub> and 4.000<sub>12</sub> are respectively ''pāmveh tildhā'' and ''yårṣeh tildhā''. | |||
The | The other divisions - numbers over BB.BBB<sub>12</sub> are based on groups of two digits: the two most commonly used ones in common speech are '''1.00.000''' <small>(248.832<sub>10</sub>)</small> - a ''raicė'' - and '''1.00.00.000''' <small>(35.831.808<sub>10</sub>)</small> - a ''lallaraicė''. | ||
''' | |||
The | The next two groups have their separate words, but are quantities rarely used in common speech: '''1.00.00.00.000''' <small>(5.159.780.352<sub>10</sub>)</small> is a ''taiskaucis'' and '''1.00.00.00.00.000''' <small>(743.008.370.688<sub>10</sub>)</small> a ''lallataiskaucis''. | ||
Their non-cardinal forms are all regular, with ''-endes'' (''-indes'' after ''-m'') for ordinals, ''- | Their non-cardinal forms are all regular, with ''-endes'' (''-indes'' after ''-m'' or for B<sub>12</sub>) for ordinals, ''-mūh'' for collectives, ''-haicė'' for distributives, ''lā-'' for adverbials/multiplicatives, and ''-endvāṭ/-indvāṭ'' for the fractionaries. Compounds of 1-4 retain all irregularities (suppletive forms, gender), e.g. ''hælьmāmihælinaikas'' 22<sub>12</sub>nd (26<sub>10</sub>th). | ||
=== Using numerals === | === Using numerals === | ||
Cardinal numerals may be used in two ways, depending on whether emphasis is given to the number or to the thing counted. | Cardinal numerals may be used in two ways, depending on whether emphasis is given to the number or to the thing counted. | ||
* In the most common use, the counted thing is emphasized: the numeral is put '''before''' the noun and the noun is always '''singular''' (except for "two", see below) plus the appropriate case: e.g. ''leilum yujam'' (a lotus flower); ''danīh māra'' (two mango fruits); '' | * In the most common use, the counted thing is emphasized: the numeral is put '''before''' the noun and the noun is always '''singular''' (except for "two", see below) plus the appropriate case: e.g. ''leilum yujam'' (a lotus flower); ''danīh māra'' (two mango fruits); ''pāmvi haloe'' (three names), ''vælden ñaiṭa'' (eleven stars), and so on. | ||
* If emphasis is given to the number, then the counted thing comes first, and, if it should be in direct, ergative, or accusative case, it is in '''genitive singular''' instead; the semantic direct, ergative, or accusative case is taken by the numeral itself if it is one, two, three, or compounds. Examples: ''yujami leilum'' (one lotus flower), ''māri danīh'' (two mango fruits), ''halenies | * If emphasis is given to the number, then the counted thing comes first, and, if it should be in direct, ergative, or accusative case, it is in '''genitive singular''' instead; the semantic direct, ergative, or accusative case is taken by the numeral itself if it is one, two, three, or compounds. Examples: ''yujami leilum'' (one lotus flower), ''māri danīh'' (two mango fruits), ''halenies pāmvi'' (three names), ''ñaiṭi vælden'' (eleven stars). In other cases, the noun follows the semantic case (but is always singular anyway), e.g. ''marti pāmveh'' (three cities) but ''marte pāmviye'' (in the three cities).<br/>This form is increasingly less common in everyday use. | ||
* "Two" may be used with either singular or dual number: ''danīh māra'' or ''māri danīh'' are both as correct as ''danīh māradi'' and ''māradais danīh'' - note that the dual number alone, without the numeral, has the same meaning. Outside of literary texts, it is however more common to specify "two" with the numeral. | * "Two" may be used with either singular or dual number: ''danīh māra'' or ''māri danīh'' are both as correct as ''danīh māradi'' and ''māradais danīh'' - note that the dual number alone, without the numeral, has the same meaning. Outside of literary texts, it is however more common to specify "two" with the numeral. | ||
Ordinals, collectives, and multiplicatives are simply used as declinable adjectives, but collectives and multiplicatives are always singular (optionally dual for '' | Ordinals, collectives, and multiplicatives are simply used as declinable adjectives, but collectives and multiplicatives are always singular (optionally dual for ''daniamūh'' and ''lādani''). e.g. ''hælinaikah kita'' "second house", ''tītyamūh lejīn'' "all eight singers", ''lāpāmvi yąloe'' "triple meal/a meal three times as large". Bare multiplicatives may carry either the meaning of "repeated X times" or "X times as large", but the latter is most commonly specified with a comparison (''en'') or by context. | ||
Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": '' | Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicė titė męlyąt'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no tulūʔihaicė kolecañi alau ulgutamiaça'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titė'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (gen. ''alau'') "bottle". | ||
Fractionary numerals are always used in the noun.<small>GEN</small> numeral construction, and they are invariable in direct, vocative, accusative, and ergative case but decline with ''-vaḍa'' in all of the others (in fact, etymologically they derive from worn down forms of ordinal + ''vaḍa'', meaning Xth part, e.g. ''hælinaikah vaḍa'' (the second part) → ''hælinaivāṭ''). Unlike ordinals, the noun is always in the genitive case. Examples: ''marti hælinaivāṭ'' "half of the city" ; ''alāvi | Fractionary numerals are always used in the noun.<small>GEN</small> numeral construction, and they are invariable in direct, vocative, accusative, and ergative case but decline with ''-vaḍa'' in all of the others (in fact, etymologically they derive from worn down forms of ordinal + ''vaḍa'', meaning Xth part, e.g. ''hælinaikah vaḍa'' (the second part) → ''hælinaivāṭ''). Unlike ordinals, the noun is always in the genitive case. Examples: ''marti hælinaivāṭ'' "half of the city" ; ''alāvi yårṣendvāṭ'' "one fourth of the bottle" ; ''bhæli tulūʔendvaḍe'' "in one sixth of the country". | ||
==Particles== | ==Particles== |
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