User:Frrurtu/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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''Pipepi'' ("The Bushlark", 1958), a free-verse piece by the Rttirrian poet Sruwurtu Ukapi, who is credited with helping Rttirrian literature and poetry branch out from its long tradition of cynicism and darkness.
==Phonology==
 
===Consonants===
::{|
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
||'''English'''|| || '''Rttirri''' || || '''Gloss'''
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Retroflex
!  |Pharyngeal?
|-
|-
||As I strode through the forest,|| || Nitutasaifaityunu sasyakichatta, || ||1SG.ABS-PST-walk-and-find-ANTIPASS-DRPAC forest-through
! Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
|  
|  
| *'''rn''' /ɳ/
|  
|-
|-
||I found a bushlark sitting on the ground.|| || pipepikka kku wukini mursuri. || ||bushlark-DAT that 3SG.ABS-sit-DRPAC ground-LOC
! Plosive
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/
|  
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/
| *'''rt''' /ʈ/<br>*'''rd''' /ɖ/
|  
|-
|-
||She cooed to greet me|| || Puhirnunu sahaipuhhui nakka || ||3SG.ABS-PST-coo-DRPAC greet-GER-for 1SG.DAT
! Fricative
| *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
|  
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
||and lifted a limp wing to wave.|| || hu weretumaki afnu michi. || ||and 3SG.CAUS-3SG.ABS-wave-wing
! Affricate
|  
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|  
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
||"So morose is the cry of the birds of this area,"|| || "Ttyasittyahirnupu kelime rreumanye rikeu," || ||3SG.ABS-morose-GER-coo-GER word bird-PL-GEN here
! Approximant
|-
| *'''w''' /w/
||I remarked to myself.|| || napukemisana. || ||1SG.ERG-3SG.ABS-PST-remark-dummy-DRPAC
|  
|-
| *'''y''' /j/
||"Nay," she said! "I am happy.|| || "Nu, nimarrattyana!" wapurtiusana. || || no 1SG.ABS-happy-GER-DRPAC 3SG.ERG-PST-say-dummy-DRPAC
|  
|-
| *'''rl''' /ɭ/<br>*'''rr''' /ɻ/
||"My stomach cries for berries,|| || "Amirsetini fraimahhui, || || 3SG.ABS-cry-stomach-DRPAC berry-PL-for
| *'''l<sub>1</sub>'''<br>*'''l<sub>2</sub>'''
|-
|}
||"but I can answer it with beetles.|| || "wa nikinene tyurrumarratye. || || but 1SG.ABS-respond-DRPAC beetle-PL-INS
 
|-
* The exact pronunciation of the consonants transcribed as '''l<sub>1</sub>''' and '''l<sub>2</sub>''' is unknown.
||"My lungs cry for exercise of the wings,|| || "Hhiamiwamini echauhhui makimarranye, || || 3PL.ABS-cry-lung-DRPAC exercise-for wing-PL-INS
:* Among the descendants of Proto-Rttirrian, these two sounds survived only in Proto-South-Rttirrian, where they merged into a single phoneme, */ʟ/. That phoneme corresponds to /l/ and many instances of the low [[w:tone (linguistics)|tone]] in Gaju, and corresponds to /w/ and diphthongal /u/ in Rttirri. In all other descendants of Proto-Rttirrian, '''l<sub>1</sub>''' and '''l<sub>2</sub>''' disappeared as consonants and survive only in their effects on surrounding vowels.
|-
:* Some linguists posit that they were [[w:pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] approximants [ħ] and [ʕ], pointing to the fact that they generally had a backing effect on surrounding vowels in branches other than South Rttirrian. Others note that these backing effects were not uniform, and suggest that only '''l<sub>2</sub>''' was pharyngeal while '''l<sub>1</sub>''' was something like the velarized lateral [ɫ], or a lateral fricative [ɬ~ɮ].
||"but I can answer them with a jog.|| || "wa nikinene mikikapurranye. || || but 1SG.ABS-respond-DRPAC jog-GER-INS
 
|-
===Vowels===
||"My heart cries for a man or a friend|| || "Amirupana rnuhhui wa nyeppaihhui || || 3PL.ABS-cry-heart-DRPAC man-for or friend-for
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
||"of my own kind,|| || "nakesyinye, || || 1SG.POSS-species-GEN
! |
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
|-
||"anything for some pleasant conversation,|| || "rsi isipuhhui ttima eka, || || or talk-GER-for pleasant any
! High
| '''i''' /i/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
|-
||"but I can answer it with you."|| || "wa nikinene kerranye." || || but 1SG.ABS-HAB-respond-DRPAC 2SG-INS
! Low
|  
| '''a''' /ä/
|  
|}
|}

Revision as of 02:41, 21 February 2017

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Retroflex Pharyngeal?
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/ *rn /ɳ/
Plosive *p /p/
*b /b/ 		*t /t/
*d /d/ 		*k /k/
*g /g/ 		*rt /ʈ/
*rd /ɖ/
Fricative *f /ɸ/
*v /β/ 		*s /s/
*z /z/
Affricate *ch /t͡ʃ/
Approximant *w /w/ *y /j/ *rl /ɭ/
*rr /ɻ/ 		*l1
*l2
  • The exact pronunciation of the consonants transcribed as l1 and l2 is unknown.
  • Among the descendants of Proto-Rttirrian, these two sounds survived only in Proto-South-Rttirrian, where they merged into a single phoneme, */ʟ/. That phoneme corresponds to /l/ and many instances of the low tone in Gaju, and corresponds to /w/ and diphthongal /u/ in Rttirri. In all other descendants of Proto-Rttirrian, l1 and l2 disappeared as consonants and survive only in their effects on surrounding vowels.
  • Some linguists posit that they were pharyngeal approximants [ħ] and [ʕ], pointing to the fact that they generally had a backing effect on surrounding vowels in branches other than South Rttirrian. Others note that these backing effects were not uniform, and suggest that only l2 was pharyngeal while l1 was something like the velarized lateral [ɫ], or a lateral fricative [ɬ~ɮ].

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i /i/ u /u/
Low a /ä/
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