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Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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Hlou-Shum languages (view source)

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[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]
[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈɮɛtʃɑn/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''Λetjan'' /ɮetʃʰɑn/; ''beyghne Etjan'' /pejɣne etʃʰɑn/) is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] inspired by Praimhín's [[Rencadian]]. It is a modern descendant of [[Naquian]].
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈɮɛtʃən/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''baeyghnae Aetjeon'' /ˈpɛjɣnɛ ˈɛtʃʰən/) is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] inspired by Praimhín's [[Rencadian]]. It is a modern descendant of [[Naquian]].


Main sources of loanwords:
Main sources of loanwords:
*Thensarian
*Thensarian
*Tíogall
*Tigall
*Nurian
*Nurian
*Kagasa
*Some from Naquian
*Some from Naquian


Numbers 1-12: bev, diho, nätj-L, tσov, dzäwa, bel-L, oth, losath, bäs-L, geyo, däv, dädha-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
Numbers 1-12: baev, diho, natj-L, tqov, dzaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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!rowspan="2"|Stop
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dλ''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||  
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||  
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tσ''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||  
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''σ''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''λ''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||  
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||  
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
!colspan="2"| Approximant
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;Notes
;Notes
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
*Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since {{PAGENAME}} has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ/ is borrowed as /l/.
*Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ]. Since {{PAGENAME}} has no rhotic consonant, foreign /r/ or /ɺ˞/ is borrowed as /l/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ũ''' /ɨ/
| '''eu''' /ɨ/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ae''' /ɛ/
|  
|  
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| '''ä''' /æ/
| '''a''' /æ/
|  
|  
| '''a''' /ɑ/
| '''eo''' /ɑ/
|}
|}


;Notes
;Notes
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
*/e, o/ tend to lower to [ɛ, ɔ] when word-final.
*/ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.


===Mutations===
===Mutations===
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|-
|-
! Normal  
! Normal  
|| p || t || ts || s || tσ || σ || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dλ || λ || dj || zj || g
|| p || t || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || d || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
|-
|-
! Lenited  
! Lenited  
|| f || th || s || h || σ || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || λ || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|| f || th || s || h || q || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || x || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
|}
|}


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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. However, the stress is quite weak.
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.


====Intonation====
====Intonation====
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Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.
Xaetjeon nouns could be said to have two cases, nominative and vocative. The vocative is formed by leniting the definite form of the noun.


''-ma, -ne, -nũ'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
''-meo, -nae, -neu'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan="5"| '''''bä'' - person'''
! colspan="5"| '''''ba'' - person'''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!rowspan="2"|
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|-
|-
! Nominative  
! Nominative  
|| ''bä'' || ''bäma'' || ''bäne'' || ''bänũ''
|| ''ba'' || ''bameo'' || ''banae'' || ''baneu''
|-
|-
! Vocative  
! Vocative  
|| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''väne'' || ''vänũ''
|| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''vanae'' || ''vaneu''
|}
|}


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Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.


:'''''bä sawän'''''
:'''''ba seowan'''''
:''a short person''
:''a small person''


:'''''miv hawän'''''
:'''''miv heowan'''''
:''a small house''
:''a small house''


However, the suffixes ''-ne'' and ''-ma'' always lenite the following noun:
However, the suffixes ''-nae'' and ''-meo'' always lenite the following noun:


:'''''bäne hawän'''''
:'''''banae heowan'''''
:''the short person''
:''the small person''


Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
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===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
*''tja-L'' = and
*''tjeo-L'' = and
*''ma-L'' = of
*''meo-L'' = of
*''da-L'' = at
*''deo-L'' = at
*''ye-L'' = to
*''yae-L'' = to


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''na-L, ni-L''
|''neo-L, ni-L''
|''äw-L, mi-L''
|''aw-L, mi-L''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''va-L, bi-L''
|''veo-L, bi-L''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''tha-L, ti-L''
|''theo-L, ti-L''
|''za-L, dzi-L''
|''zeo-L, dzi-L''
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|colspan="2"|''wa-L, wi-L''
|colspan="2"|''weo-L, wi-L''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-(a)n''
|''-(eo)n''
|''-we''
|''-waegh''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''-(a)d''
|''-(eo)d''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-0, -ä, -e, -o''
|''-0, -a, -ae, -o''
|''-(a)b''
|''-(eo)b''
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|''-(a)z''
|''-(eo)z''
|''-(a)σ''
|''-(eo)x''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''-ne''
|''-nae''
|''-we''
|''-wae''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
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|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''-e''
|''-ae''
|''-zo''
|''-zo''
|-
|-
!|3
!|3
|''-ze''
|''-zae''
|''-σe''
|''-xae''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''cin''
|''cin''
|''ciwe''
|''ciwaegh''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
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!|3
!|3
|''ciz''
|''ciz''
|''ciσ''
|''cix''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*''-äsj'' (f): nominalizer
*''-azj'' (f): nominalizer


==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
*''Lon Λetjvä.'' = I am a Xaetjeon person.
*''Lon Xaetjva.'' = I am a Xaetjeon person.


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
IlL
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