Eta-Talmic

Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.

Diachronics

Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:

• Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
• Ejectives become voiced stops:
  • cʼ z > z
  • ƛʼ λ > ɮ
  • qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
• xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
• ƛ > t
• Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
• lenition of p > φ
• Cluster simplifications
• tk, tq > rk, rq

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar	Uvular	Labiouvular	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless		*t			*k	*kʷ	*q	*qʷ
	voiced	*b	*d			*g	*gʷ
Fricative	voiceless	*ɸ	*s	*ɬ						*h
	voiced			*ɮ				*ʁ	*ʁʷ
Resonant			*r	*l	*j		*w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw

Thensarian reflexes

PTal reflexes in bold

• *a > o > o
• *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
• *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
• *ə > e > e
• *i > i > i
• *u > u > u
• *ay > oi > ȳ
• *əy > ai > ae
• *iy > ei > ē
• *uy > ui > ui
• *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
• *aw > ow > ao
• *əw > ew > iō
• *iw > iw > iū
• *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
• *uw > ou > ao
• *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
• *Cxʷ > Co > Co
• *Cx > Cə > Cy
• *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
• *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
• *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > aw > ao
• *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > ew > iō
• *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
• *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
• *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
• *iy(ə)x > ije > iē

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Neuter nouns

tectys 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	tectys	tetectys	tectȳn
Definite	tectȳs	tetectȳs	tectȳr

Possessed forms of tectys - 'child'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	tectyt	tectȳt
1sg possessor	tectyn	tectȳsin
2sg.m possessor	tectyssi	tectȳssi
2sg.f possessor	tectyssy	tectȳssy
3sg.m possessor	tectymy	tectȳsiō
3sg.f possessor	tectymī	tectȳsī
3sg.n possessor	tectyma	tectȳsia
1exc possessor	tectȳmmo	tectȳsimmo
1inc possessor	tectȳnt	tectȳsint
2pl possessor	tectȳcca	tectȳsicca
3pl possessor	tectymōr	tectȳsiōr

jenās 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	jenās	jenenās
Definite	jenaȝes	jenenaȝes

stuφs 'fire' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	stuφs	stetuφs
Definite	stuφes	stetuφes

Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	ni-	mē-
1 + 2	-	ɬē-
2	ti-	sē-
3	bi-	nē-

TAM + subject markers

Present indicative

Person	ʁaisman "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁaisman	*kaφsən
2SG	*ʁaismar	*kaφsər
3SG.M	*ʁaismam	*kaφsəm
3SG.F	*ʁaismasim	*kaφsəsim
3SG.N	*ʁaisma	*kaφs
1EX	*ʁaismamē	*kaφsmē
1IN	*ʁaismant	*kaφsənt
2PL	*ʁaismaske	*kaφsəske
3PL	*ʁaismat	*kaφsət

Preterite indicative

Person	ʁaisman "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁaismannem	*keφsənnem
2SG	*ʁaismarəg	*keφsrəg
3SG.M	*ʁaismasəm	*keφsəsəm
3SG.F	*ʁaismast	*keφsəst
3SG.N	*ʁaismaso	*keφso
1EX	*ʁaismamer	*keφsəmer
1IN	*ʁaismanter	*keφsənter
2PL	*ʁaismasker	*keφsəsker
3PL	*ʁaismater	*keφsəter

Subjunctive

Person	ʁaisman "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*ʁaismanai	*kaφsnai
2SG	*ʁaismarai	*kaφsrai
3SG.M	*ʁaismamewr	*kaφsmewr
3SG.F	*ʁaismasewr	*kaφsəsewr
3SG.N	*ʁaismawr	*kaφsewr
1EX	*ʁaismamai	*kaφsmai
1IN	*ʁaismantai	*kaφsəntai
2PL	*ʁaismaskai	*kaφsəskai
3PL	*kaismatewr	*kaφsətewr

Imperative

Person	ʁaisman "I swim" (vowel-stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	*ʁaismā!	*kaφsə!
1IN	*ʁaismantē!	*kaφsəntē!
2PL	*ʁaismaskē!	*kaφsəskē!

Syntax

• *-is = emphatic particle