Aarlaansc

Aarlaansk
Aarlaansk
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|'ɑ:rlɑ:nsk]]
Created by	–
Native to	The Aarlaans
Native speakers	80 millions (2012)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Aarlaansk
Official status
Official language in	The Aarlaans
Regulated by	Ackedmie a d-Aarlaansk Leng (Aarlaansk Language Accademy)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	aa
ISO 639-2	aak
ISO 639-3	aak
The Aarlaans

General infos

Aarlaansk is a language spoken in Hies Aarlaans (= the Aarlaans), a country that, in a different reality, inclues The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a part of our Germany and our Denmark. The term Aarlaansk means "(the language) of the Aarlaans". The origin of the ethnonym hasn't been completely explained yet: the most probable hypothesis explains that "Aarlaans" is a contraction of "Aarvers plaans", that is "plains of the tree", aarvers is an archaic genitive case of the term aarf, "tree", and plaans is the plural form of the term plaan, "plain". The fact that in old documents, the ethnonym Aarlane is also found and that the word plaan has got an archaic plural form plane, supports this hypothesis. But why should the Romans have given this place the name of "plains of the tree"? The explanation was found only in 2609 ab U.c. (that is circa 1856 of our era): during an archaeological excavation it was found a table that dates back to 867 ab U.c. (circa 114 of our era), on this table was written the anecdote of the defeat of Germanic Tribes in a Northern territory by the Roman army of Trajan. According to this narration, the emperor had a prophetic dream: the Roman army would have won, only if it had attacked the Germanic tribes far from the forest, in an endless plain. The sign that would have shown the right place would have been a solitary tree, the only one within this immense plain. History teaches us that in the Battle of Vloerijgen (866 ab U.c., that is 113 d.C.) the future country of Aarlaans became a part of Roman Empire.

Aarlaansk is a Romance language that descends from Vulgar Latin, even if, in spite of other languages of the same family, in Aarlaansk many common terms derive from Classical latin. The lexicon is almost completely of Latin origin (99% of Aarlaansk words derive from Latin).

Phonology

Alphabet

The Aarlaansk alphabet contains 23 letters and 1 digraph that is considered a distinct letter:

Letters	Pronunciation	Further informations
a	short [a] - long [ɑ:]	-
b	[b]	-
c	[k]	it is used only in digraphs and trigraphs
d	[d]	-
e	short [ɛ] - long [e:]	-
f	[f]	-
g	generally is [χ], but in unstressed syllable when -el, -en or -er follows it is pronounced as [g]	-
h	[h]	-
i	[ɪ]	always short
j	[j]	a palatal approximant
ij	[ɛi̯]	when unstressed it is a schwa [ə]
k	[k]	-
l	[l]	-
m	[m]	-
n	[n]	-
o	short [ɔ] - long [o:]	-
p	[p]	-
r	[r]	trilled as in Italian
s	[s]	-
t	[t]	-
u	short [œ] - long [y:]	-
v	[v], but at the beginning of a word it is read as [f]	-
w	[v]	-
z	[z]	-

When voiced consonants are found in final position, they are devoiced and become voiceless. The g, z and v can be pronounced respectively [χ], [s] and [f] when at the beginning of a word, this pronounciation is not compulsory and is rather dialectal.

Vowels

The vocalic phonemes of Aarlaansk are the following:

Phonemes	Short		Long
	Front	Back	Front	Back
Closed	ɪ	ʊ	i: y:	u:
Mid-closed			e: ø:	o:
Mid-open	ɛ œ	ɔ
Open	a			ɑ:

The [a] and the [ɑ:] are rather centralised.

Diphthongs, false diphthongs and vowel length

In Aarlaansk there are only three diphthongs:

• ei [ɛi̯];
• ou [au̯];
• ui [œy].

There are also other "vocalic combinations" that represent a long vowel instead, thus they are called false diphthongs or just long vowels:

• eu [ø:];
• ie [i:];
• oe [u:].

A diaeresis divides two vowels that, otherwise, would form a diphthong, ex.: ïe [‘ie], "they"; zöuut [zo'y:t], "greeting". The diphthongs, the false diphthongs and the letter ij (that really indicates the same diphthong as ei) are always long in Aarlaansk, while the letter i is always short. The letters a, e, o, and u can be both short and long, instead. To indicate the vowel length of these four vowels, this language uses a special system that is based on the kind of syllables.

There are two kind of syllables: they can be both open and closed. A syllable is open when it ends with a vowel (so ma, te, ko, su are all open syllables); a syllable is closed when it ends with a consonant (so mat, tek, kos, sum are all closed syllables).

The rules to indicate the length of a, e, o, and u says that:

«When a long vowel is found in an open syllable, it is written once, whereas if it is found in a closed syllable, it is written twice.»

That is to say that short vowels are never found in open syllables, but only in closed ones. In both these cases (short vowel in closed syllable and long vowel in open syllable) the vowels are written once. When a long vowel occurs in a closed syllable, then it is written twice. This rule has got one last implication: if the syllabic division changes, then there could be grafic changes, ex.:

• maat (a is long) > mate (a remains long, but it is now found in an open syllable, so it is written once);
• mat (a is short) > matte (a remains short, but a short vowel occurs never in an open syllable, so we need to double the following consonant to maintain the syllable closed).

Digraphs and trigraphs

Aarlaansk has got two digraphs, that are ch, that is read [χ], and ck, that is read [k] and represents the double k. There is only a trigraph, sch that is read [ʃ]. Actually natives tend to replace ch with g, that has the same pronunciation. This isn't considered like a mistake in informal writing: it is quite spread the form vagt of the verb vaar instead of the most regular vacht. It is to be avoided in formal writing though.

Stress

The stress usually falls on the last syllable, this is particularly true for the infinitive and for the simple past of the verbs, for the feminine nouns that end in -el, for the nouns that end in -ie. Generally the nouns and the adjective ending in -e, -em, -en, -el (except for the feminine nouns) and -er are stressed on the last but one syllable. However it is advisable to learn the pronunciation of every word as you learn it.

Grammar

Nouns, gender and number

Nouns in Aarlaansk can be either common or neuter: the previously masculine and feminine genders have merged into the common one, whereas the neuter has remained the same. Nouns have got two forms: singular, that indicates one object, person, animal, concept, and so forth, and plural, that indicates more than one object, person, animal, concept, and so on.

Generally the plural is formed with the terminations:

1) -s, if the noun ends with a vowel or -l, -n, -r;

2) -e, if the noun ends with a consonant (except -l, -n, -r).

The substantives that end with -f or -s mutate f into v and s into z, ex.: zilf, "wood, forest", has got a plural zilve, "woods, forests"; tens, "time", has got a plural tenze, "times".

Here are some nouns with their gender, their plural and their meaning:

Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning
vloer	vloers	common	flower
luin	luins	common	moon
lup	luppe	common	wolf
zoel	zoels	common	sun
nocht	nochte	common	night
rikel	rikels	neuter	ear
koul	kouls	common	horse
stiel	stiels	common	star
zilf	zilve	common	wood, forest
vijl	vijls	common	son
vijlel	vijlels	common	daughter
tens	tenze	neuter	time
zier	ziers	common	lord
zierel	zierels	common	lady
masie	masies	common	home, house
taat	tate	common	father
mam	mamme	common	mother
baas	baze	neuter	kiss
vraat	vrate	common	brother
zoer	zoers	common	sister
oor	oors	neuter	gold
keel	keels	common	sky
kor	kors	neuter	heart
ouw	ouwe	common	bird
mijster	mijsters	common	master, male teacher
meistrel	meistrels	common	mistress, female teacher

Some nouns show some changes in their structure:

• zilf > zilve;
• baas > baze.

This is due to the phonetic rules: in the word zilf, the f becomes voiced due to its position between a voiced consonant and a vowel, so zilf becomes zilve. The last word, baas, shows a change in the written form of the long vowel and at the same time a voicing of the last consonant.

Articles

In Aarlaansk there are two kinds of article: definite article and indefinite article. The first is used to talk about things, people, concepts that are already known by both the speaker and the listener, whereas the indefinite article introduces concepts, things, people that are new. The indefinite article is just one: uin and it is used with both common and neuter nouns, it hasn't got a plural form, so the only way to make an indefinite plural is to omit it, ex.: uin masie, "a house", masies, "houses", but also "some houses".

The definite article has got a gender differentiation in the singular but a common form in the plural:

Gender	Singular	Plural
Common	hij	hies
Neuter	hoe	hies

The articles always precede the noun they are referred to.

Adjectives

The adjectives always precede the noun they are referred to and they don't change according to gender nor number, ex.:

• Hij kat est magen - The cat is big.
• Uin magen kat - A big cat;
• Hij magen kat - The big cat;
• Nuin magen kat - No big cat;
• Gouvin oor - Yellow gold;
• Hoe gouvin oor - The yellow gold.

Comparative and superlative

The lower degree comparative is formed with the pattern min + adjective + ka + 2nd term (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:

• Noes zunt min nit ka toe - We are less beautiful than you.

The same degree comparative is formed with the pattern tam + adjective + kant + 2nd term (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:

• Noes zunt tam nit kant toe - We are as beautiful as you.

The higher degree comparative is formed with the pattern pluis + adjective + ka + 2nd term (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronouns), ex.:

• Noes zunt pluis nit ka toe - We are more beautiful than you.

The superlative is formed with the pattern wou(d) + adjective, ex.:

• Toe est wou nit - You are most beautiful.

If it is used as a relative superlative, wou(d) is substituted for hij/hoe pluis + adjective + dints, ex.:

• Toe est hij pluis nit dints hij uurf - You are the most beautiful in the world.

Some adjectives: koud (hot), vrijcht (cold), zimplek (simple), vackel (easy), veed (ugly), zacker (sacred), verroek (fierce), kruidiel (cruel).

There are also adjectives that have got irregular higher degree comparative and superlative:

Normal degree	Comparative	Superlative	Meaning
bon	mellier / pluis bon	optem / wou bon	good
emprof	peier / pluis emprof	pessem / woud emprof	bad
magen	maier / pluis magen	massem / wou magen	big, great
parf	minoer / pluis parf	minem / wou parf	little
out	pluis out	zupriem / woud out	high, tall
kurt	pluis kurt	infem / wou kurt	low, short

The higher degree comparatives are always used with ka, ex.:

• Toe est mellier ka eg - You are better than I.

The synthetic forms are more used in the written language, whereas the analytical ones are found mostly in the spoken language.

Numerals

Here are the numerals from 0 to 1000:

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal	Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
0	nijl	-	1	uin	prijm
2	dei	zeckunt	3	tries	tertie
4	katter	kaart	5	kwijnk	kwijnt
6	zes	zest	7	zeft	zeften
8	ocht	ochtaaf	9	nof	noen
10	dek	decken	11	uindik	uindiken
12	deidik	deidiken	13	treddik	treddiken
14	katterdik	katterdiken	15	kwijndik	kwijndiken
16	zedik	zediken	17	zeftendik	zeftendiken
18	ochtoendik	ochtoendiken	19	novvendik	novvendiken
20	wijnt	wijges	21	wijnt-ap-uin	wijnt-ap-prijm
22	wijnt-ap-dei	wijnt-ap-zeckunt	30	trijnt	trijges
31	trijnt-ap-uin	trijnt-ap-prijm	40	kattraant	kattrages
50	kwijnkaant	kwijnkages	60	zessaant	zessages
70	zeftaant	zeftages	80	ochtoent	ochtoeges
90	noenaant	noenages	100	kent	kentes
125	kent wijnt-ap-kwijnk	kentwijnt-ap-kwijnt	200	deikent	deikentes
300	treckent	treckentes	400	katterkent	katterkentes
500	kwijngent	kwijngentes	600	zeskent	zeskentes
700	zeftengent	zeftengentes	800	ochtengent	ochtengentes
900	noengent	noengentes	1000	mil	milles

The ordinals ending with -es are stressed on the last syllable (ex. kwijnkaGES), whereas the ones ending with -en are generally stressed on the last but one syllable (ex. ZEFten), but one needs to be careful: those ending with -diken are stressed on the last but two syllable (ex. TREDdiken).

Pronouns and other kinds of adjectives

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are the only words that inflect according to case. They have a nominative case, that is the case of the subject, and two kinds of accusative case, the case of the object - both direct and indirect. The accusative case has an unstressed form and a stressed one. The reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of the action are the same, as in "I wash (myself)":

Pronouns	Nominative	Unstressed accusative	Stressed accusative	Reflexive	Comitative
I	eg	me	mie	me	miek
thou	toe	te	tie	te	tiek
he	is	im	iem	ze	ziek
she	ëe	em	eem	ze	ziek
it	id	id	id	ze	ziek
we	noes	ne	noes	ne	nuusk
you	woes	we	woes	we	wuusk
they	ïe	es	ees	ze	ziek

The unstressed accusative form precedes the verb, while the stressed one follows it. The stressed forms are used after prepositions or to emphasize complements. The comitative forms represent the locution with + pronouns.

Some examples:

• Me oodt toe? - Do you hear me?
• Toe widt im - You see him.
• Eg ood im, nek tie - I hear him, not you.
• Eg zom tiek - I am with you.
• Is dijkt id ar noes - He says it to us.
• Noes ne laen - We wash (ourselves).
• Eg me klaam Toen - My name is Tony.
• Proedt toe nuusk? - Do you come with us?

Possessives

Possessive adjectives are never preceded by article and they always precede the noun they are referred to:

Possessive	Adjective	Pronouns
my	mies	hij / hoe mies
thy	tuis	hij / hoe tuis
his / its	zuis	hij / hoe zuis
her	ijs	hij / hoe ijs
our	noost	hij / hoe noost
your	weest	hij / hoe weest
their	zuis	hij / hoe zuis

Possessive pronouns are always preceded by article, ex.:

• Is est mies mijk, nek hij tuis - He's my friend, not yours.

Sometimes the possessor is specified with a + pronoun to avoid ambiguity, above all in the case of the 3rd person, ex.:

• Zuis mijk a iem or Hij mijk a iem - His friend (of him);
• Zuis mijks a ees or Hies mijks a ees - Their friends (of them).

In the speech the possessive pronouns are usually formed without using the article, but using the pronouns uin after the possessive, ex.:

• Is est mies mijk, nek tuis uin - He's my friend, not your one.

Demonstratives

In this language, demonstratives always follow the name they are referred to when they are used as adjectives. Demonstratives are never preceded by article, not even if they are used as pronouns. There are three kinds of demonstratives:

• those that show proximity to the speaker;
• those that show proximity to the hearer;
• those that show distance from both the speaker and the hearer.

Proximity to the speaker
Common singular	Neuter singular	Plural
heik	huuk	hieske
Proximity to the hearer
Common singular	Neuter singular	Plural
ist	stud	sties
Proximity to the hearer
Common singular	Neuter singular	Plural
il	lud	lies

Ex.:

• Il kat est nit - That cat is cute;
• Ist liver est hij tuis - That book (near you) is yours;
• Eg wol huuk maal - I want this apple.

Indefinites

These pronouns and adjectives neither determine nor specify the substantives, that is they don't tell us anything about their quantity or identity:

Singular pronoun	Plural pronoun	Meaning	Adjective	Meaning
nuin	-	nobody	nuin	no
ries	-	nothing	-	-
kiduin	-	everyone	om	every
oukuin	-	anyone	ouk	any
oukries	-	anything	-	-
kou	kous	which one(s)	kou	which / what
-	-	-	taal	such
pook	poke	a little / few	pook	a little / few
muut	mute	much / many	muut	much / many
tant	tante	so much / so many	tant	so much / so many
kuucht / toet	kuuchte / toete	all / everybody	kuucht / toet	all

Some pronominal forms have got both a singular and a plural voice, but adjective forms have got ONLY one voice, that is both singular and plural. Except for nuin / ries and oukuin / oukries, indefinites don't have a gender distinction.

Relatives, interrogatives and exclamatives

The main relatives are:

Pronoun	Meaning
ki	who
ke	that, which
kui	whose

Some examples:

• Hij zier ki eg noesk est bon. - The man who(m) I know is gentle.
• Hij kat ke eg haf wijst est parf. - The cat that/which I've seen is little.
• Hies zierels kui vijls haan mort zunt lies. - The women whose sons have died are those.

Ki and ke can be used as interrogatives and exclamatives too, f.ex.:

• Ki est is? - Who is he?
• Ke vacht toe? - What are you doing?

Kui cannot be used in interrogatives, instead of it it is used a ki:

• A ki est heik liver? - Whose is this book?

We have to pay attention to translate the English word what. In some cases it can be translated as kou:

• Kou noem nit! - What a beautiful name!
• Kou est tuis noem? - What's your name?

Relatives can be used also as interrogatives or exclamatives and the axamples above show it clearly. Other interrogatives are:

Interrogatives	Meaning
unt	where
kand	when
koem	how
kwot / kwotte	how much / how many
kuir	why

Kuir is used both in questions and answers; unt and kand can be used also as a sort of relatives:

• Kuir vleet toe? - Why do you cry?
• Kuir eg zom meist. - Because I'm sad.
• Hij orf, unt eg wijf. - The city where I live.
• Kwotte eers koegt ëe? - How much money does she need? (eer, "money", is a countable noun in Aarlaansk and has got both singular and plural)
• Hoe tens, kand eg veu uin juiven. - The time when I was a boy.

Adverbs

There are two kinds of adverbs in Aarlaansk: primitive adverbs and derived adverbs. Primitive adverbs are adverbs that don't derive from other categories, but that exist just as adverbs, some examples are:

• recht - well, fine;
• mou, eger - bad;
• maan - early;
• roe - late;
• iest - near;
• prockel - far;
• proft - soon;

...

Derived adverbs derive from adjectives, to which the suffix -jer (the stress shifts on the syllable that precedes this suffix) is added, ex.:

• koud > koudjer - warmly;
• vrijcht > vrijchtjer - coldly;
• korzjaal > korzjaljer - cordially;
• vort > vortjer - strongly;
• vraal > vraljer - weakly;
• wouker > woukrjer - quickly;
• lent > lentjer - slowly;

...

Prepositions

Aarlaansk has got many different prepositions to express relations between the elements of the sentence. The most important are:

Preposition	English equivalent	Example	Translation
i (n)	in, at	Eg zum i hij skoel	I am at school
wers	to	Eg wa(ad) wers hij skoel	I go to school
af	from	Eg proe(d) af hij skoel	I come from school
pers	across, through, with, by, to	Eg ammel pers hij zilf // Eg proe(d) pers hoe trag // Hoe striem trag pers Vloerijgen	I walk through the wood // I come by train // The last train to Vloerijgen
ar	to, for	Huuk est ar tie // Eg doe huuk ar tie	This is for you / I give it to you
a (d)	of	Il est hij kat a Juilie	That is the cat of Julia
dies	(made) of	Uin maal dies oor	An apple (made) of gold
di	about, of	Noes vouwlen di muur	We are talking about love
ap	with	Is vouwelt ap tie	He's talking with you
zins	without	Eg hood schied wijver zins tie	I can't live without you
enwers	towards	Enwers hies stiels	Towards the stars
estiers	out of	Eg veu estiers mies masie	I was out of my house
zurs	on, above	Hij keel zurs noes zim tuis man zurs hij mies	The sky above us and your hand on mine
zuf	under, beneath	Noes zuf hij keel zim mies man zuf hij tuis	We beneath the sky and my hand under yours
ij(d)ers	between, among, for	Nuin wa(adt) zer ij(d)ers noes // Id haft plust ij(d)ers tries dijs	There will be nobody between us // It has rained for three days
diepst	after, next to	Eg opper i hoe fikie diepst hoe ijs // Diepst hij pluvie proe(dt) hij zoel	I work in the office next to hers // After the rain comes the sun
diepries	before	Ëe oppert i hoe fikie diepries hoe mies // Diepries hij zoel proe(dt) hij pluvie	She works in the office before mine // Before the sun comes the rain
uwder (or uder)	over	Oukunt u(w)der hij keljark	Somewhere over the rainbow

A note about the usage of the prepositions i and a: when they precedes a word which begins with a vowel, this word is modified by adding respectively an n or a d, ex.:

• I n-aw - In the water;
• A d-aw - Of water.

Verbs

Simple present

The present tense, or prezent in Aarlaansk, expresses an action that happens regularly, that is habitual or that happens around the moment of the speech.

Present of zer ("to be") and haar ("to have")

The verbs zer and haar are two of the main verbs in Aarlaansk and they are irregular as in most other languages. Here it is the conjugation of these two verbs in the present tense:

Person	Zer	Haar
eg	zom	haf
toe / is	est	haft
noes / woes / ïe	zunt	haan

In Aarlaansk the subject is always expressed, with impersonal verbs it is used the dummy subject id, ex.:

• Id pluft - It rains.

Present of regular verbs

The infinitive form of almost all verbs ends with -er. The regular verbs are formed adding particular endings to the root form. The root form of a verb is obtained just dropping the infinitive ending and adding the personal endings. Of course to obtain the root form is necessary to pay attention to the vowel length, that must be maintained (unless the verb is irregular). Moreover if the verb root ends with -v or -z, these letters become unvoiced in the three singular persons voices.

Here are four verbs: wider (to see), rjalizer (to realize), diever (to have to), oder (to hear):

Person	Wider	Rjalizer	Diever	Oder
eg	wid	rjalis	dief	ood
toe / is	widt	rjalist	dieft	oodt
noes / woes / ïe	widen	rjalizen	dieven	oden

The endings of the present tense of indicative are thus:

Person	Ending
eg	-
toe / is	-t
noes / woes / ïe	-en

Pay attention the the verbs whose root form ends with a long vowel or a diphthong followed by -d: in the 1st and 2nd singular persons of the present of indicative the -d(t) ending is often omitted in the speech, ex.: toe rij(dt), "you laugh".

Present of some irregular verbs

Aarlaansk has got some irregular verbs too. Often the infinitive of these verbs doesn't end with -er, but with slightly different endings. Some other verbs have got the regular infinitive ending -er, but are irregular. Here it can be seen the present tense of the verbs vaar (to do), ijr (to go), daar (to give), duir (to lead) and vluer (to flow, to slip by):

Person	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Duir	Vluer
eg	vach	wa(ad)	doe	duich	vluf
toe / is	vacht	wa(adt)	doet	duicht	vluft
noes / woes / ïe	vaan	waan	daan	duin	vluen

The irregularities are not systematic: how it can be seen, both vaar and daar have got an infinitive in -aar, but the former has got a root form vach- in the three singular persons, whereas the latter has got a root form doe-. More systematic (but not ever) are the verbs whose infinitive ends in -Ver: in the three singular persons the root form ends in -Vf, ex.: id pluft, "it rains", from pluer, eg me laf, "I wash (myself)", from laer-ze, and so on. However it is best to control in the dictionary how the root form of the irregular verbs changes.

Impersonal form

To express actions that are performed by an unknown subject or to hide the subject of a verb in Aarlaansk we can use the impersonal form. In Aarlaansk there are two impersonal pronouns:

• id, which mainly corresponds to English "that", is used also to translate "it" when we talk about verbs that haven't got a subject, as in the example id pluft, "it rains";
• um, which is used in the impersonal form and substitutes a subject that we don't know or that we don't want to express; it mainly corresponds to English "they" or to passive construction.

The biggest difference between id and um is that id can never substitute a subject that actually exists and can never substitute the passive form, whereas um can, ex.:

• Hod id nift - Today it snows;
• Um dijkt ke Hies Aarlaans zunt vrijcht - They say that the Aarlaans are cold.

With um it is used the 3rd person singular verb form.

Simple past

The past tense, preterrit in Aarlaansk, is used to express an action that has happened in the past, independently on when it has happened, if it is ended or not, if it affects the present and so on. It corresponds to English past simple and present perfect.

Past tense of zer and haar

The past of these two irregular verbs is, obviously, quite irregular:

Person	Zer	Haar
eg	veu	hu
toe / is	veut	huut
noes / woes / ïe	veurn	huurn

In this tense, the 2nd and the 3rd singular persons share the same ending, as in the present tense.

Past simple of regular verbs

The past tense of regular verbs is formed by deleting the ending of the infinitive and by adding -ed for the singular first person and -eudt for the other two singular persons. The plural persons voices are formed by adding -n to the infinitive form:

Person	Wider	Rjalizer	Diever	Oder
eg	wided / wijd (!)	rjalized	dieved	oded
toe / is	wideudt / wijdt (!)	rjalizeudt	dieveudt	odeudt
noes / woes / ïe	widern / wijdern (!)	rjalizern	dievern	odern

The verb wider has got two forms of this tense: a regular one, that is the most spread, and an irregular one, that is archaic and it is found mostly in books.

Past of some irregular verbs

Irregular verbs have, of course, irregular forms for the past of indicative. It is important to remember that neither the singular forms nor the plural ones are made starting from the infinitive:

Person	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Duir	Vluer
eg	vech	euw	ded	duis	vlus
toe / is	vecht	euft	dedt	duist	vlust
noes / woes / ïe	vechern (!)	iern	deddern	duisern	vlussern

Please, note that the radical -e- of the form vech/t is short, whereas in the form vechern it becomes long.

Present perfect and past perfect

Beside the preterrit there is another verbal form that expresses an action that has happened in the past: the pervecht. This form is similar to the English present perfect, because it is formed with the present of the verb haar and the past participle of the main verb. In Aarlaansk, however, this form is completely interchangeable with the preterrit form: it is just a matter of style and of formality, because the pervecht is more used among friends and in colloquial speech, whereas the preterrit is more used in written language and in formal meetings. When the auxiliary haar is in its past tense, then we obtain the past perfect or pluispervecht. This tense refers to actions that happened in the past before other actions that happened in the past too.

Present perfect of zer and haar

The auxiliary verb is always haar:

Person	Zer	Haar
eg	haf zit	haf heit
toe / is	haft zit	haft heit
noes / woes / ïe	haan zit	haan heit

Present perfect of regular verbs

Even for the regular verbs the auxiliary verb is always haar:

Person	Wider	Rjalizer	Diever	Oder
eg	haf wijst (!)	haf rjalizit	haf dievit	haf odit
toe / is	haft wijst (!)	haft rjalizit	haft dievit	haft odit
noes / woes / ïe	haan wijst (!)	haan rjalizit	haan dievit	haan odit

As it can be seen, the past participle of the regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -it to the root form. It is also true that not all the regular verbs have got a regular past participle (cf. wider > wijst), in these cases it is always best to use the dictionary.

Present perfect of irregular verbs

The irregular verbs maintain their irregularity in the form of the past participle used with the auxiliary:

Person	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Duir	Vluer
eg	haf vacht	haf ijt	haf daat	haf duicht	haf vlust
toe / is	haft vacht	haft ijt	haft daat	haft duicht	haft vlust
noes / woes / ïe	haan vacht	haan ijt	haan daat	haan duicht	haan vlust

Past perfect

This tense is called pluispervecht in Aarlaansk and it corresponds to the English past perfect: it is used to express a past action that happened before another one. The pluispervecht is formed with the past of the verb haar and the past participle of the main verb, ex.:

Person	Zer	Haar
eg	hu zit	hu heit
toe / is	huut zit	huut heit
noes / woes / ïe	huurn zit	huurn heit

• Diepst eg hu spechtit uin plikel, eg ised - After I had watched a film, I went out.

Future

The future, vuttuur in Aarlaansk, is used to speak about actions that have not happened yet and that will happen in the future. English has got three forms of future with three different functions, Aarlaansk has got just one that expresses these funcions. With the future it can be spoken about:

• events that will happen in the future (but that are not planned);
• events that are happening because they are planned and organised;
• events that are going to happen because there is an intention.

Moreover the future can be used to express assumptions.

This tense is analytical and it is formed by the present tense of the verb ijr and the infinitive of the main verb. It exists also a synthetic form of this tense, but it is not used anymore in the speech and it is found only in poetry and in old books. We add it for completeness' sake.

Future of zer and haar

The analytical form is:

Person	Zer	Haar
eg	wa(ad) zer	wa(ad) haar
toe / is	wa(adt) zer	wa(adt) haar
noes / woes / ïe	waan zer	waan haar

The 1st and 2nd singular persons can use the more colloquial and informal form wa instead of waad and waadt, because the root has got a long vowel before the -d-.

The synthetic form is:

Person	Zer	Haar
eg	zerraf	haraf
toe / is	zerraft	haraft
noes / woes / ïe	zerraan	haraan

These forms can be found with all the verbs and they are formed with infinitive and the endings of the present of the verb haar without initial h-, ex.:

• Eg rjalizerraf - I will realize;
• Toe oderraft - You will hear.

There are also irregularities, ex.:

• Is widraft em - He will see her;
• Ïe dievraan maler ne - They will have to love us.

The future tense of regular and irregular verbs is formed the same way. In Aarlaansk doesn't exist a future perfect tense, instead of it it is used the future simple.

Subjunctive

The subjunctive mood is no longer used in Aarlaansk, it is no more productive. Both present and past of subjunctive are found in crystallized expressions, such as:

• Dijw te zouwe - God save you;
• Hoe keel te proetëe - Heaven protect you.

The present subjunctive of the verbs zer and haar is irregular:

Person	Zer	Haar
eg / toe / is	zij	have
noes / woes / ïe	zijn	haven

The regular verbs form this tense by adding the suffix -e(n):

Person	Wider	Rjalizer	Diever	Oder
eg / toe / is	wide	rjalize	dieve	ode
noes / woes / ïe	widen	rjalizen	dieven	oden

All the singular persons share the same ending. This is true also for the irregular verbs:

Person	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Duir	Vluer
eg / toe / is	vache	vaje	du	duiche	vluve
noes / woes / ïe	vachen	vajen	duun	duichen	vluven

The past of subjunctive is formed with the same radical of the simple past by adding the endings -es and -essen. Obviously there are irregular verbs, such as zer, haar and others:

Person	Zer	Haar	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Duir	Vluer
eg / toe / is	vuus	huus	veches	eus	dies	duises	vluses
noes / woes / ïe	vusen	husen	vechessen	eusen	diesen	duisessen	vlusessen

The regular verbs add simply -es and -essen:

Person	Wider	Rjalizer	Diever	Oder
eg / toe / is	wides	rjalizes	dieves	odes
noes / woes / ïe	widessen	rjalizessen	dievessen	odessen

Conditional

The conditional, kondisjonaal in Aarlaansk, is used fast as in English, f.ex. to be polite or to express probability. As for the future, the conditional is formed with the verb ijr, but it is used its past form:

Person	Zer	Haar
eg	euw zer	euw haar
toe / is	euft zer	euft haar
noes / woes / ïe	iern zer	iern haar

It exists also a synthetic form that is no longer used in the speech and that can be found only in poetry and old books. This form is obtained by adding to the infinitive the endings of the past of the verb haar without h-:

Person	Zer	Haar
eg	zerru	haru
toe / is	zerruut	haruut
noes / woes / ïe	zerruun	haruun

This is true for all verbs. The conditional can be found in conditional clauses of 2nd and 3rd type:

• Se eg euw zer rijch, eg euw presjer uin magen masie - If I were rich, I'd buy a big house;
• Se eg euw haar zit rijch, eg euw haar pretit uin magen masie - If I had been rich, I'd have bought a big house.

Please note that the conditional is used in the protasis also instead of the subjunctive. In conditional clauses of 1st type it is used the present in the protasis and the future in the apodosis:

• Se hij nijf est dors hij zoel, ëe waadt vunder-ze - If the snow is under the sun, it will melt.

The conditional is also used to express the "future in the past", ex.:

• Is hood sched ka id euw vijr - He didn't know that it would happen.

Imperative

In Aarlaansk the emperatijf, the imperative mood, is used to order somebody to do something. The "true" voices of the present of imperative are that of the 2nd person singular and the 2nd person plural; the 1st person singular doesn't exist, whereas the other persons have got a periphrastic form:

Person	Zer	Haar	Wider	Rjalizer	Diever	Oder	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Duir	Vluer
eg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
toe	es	haf	wid	rjalis	dief	ood	vak	ij	da	duik	vluf
is	um lasse iem zer	um lasse iem haar	um lasse iem wider	um lasse iem rjalizer	um lasse iem diever	um lasse iem oder	um lasse iem vaar	um lasse iem ijr	um lasse iem daar	um lasse iem duir	um lasse iem vluer
noes	um lasse noes zer	um lasse noes haar	um lasse noes wider	um lasse noes rjalizer	um lasse noes diever	um lasse noes oder	um lasse noes vaar	um lasse noes ijr	um lasse noes daar	um lasse noes duir	um lasse noes vluer
woes	zet	haat	widet	rjalizet	dievet	odet	vaat	ijt	daat	duit	vluet
ïe	um lasse ees zer	um lasse ees haar	um lasse ees wider	um lasse ees rjalizer	um lasse ees diever	um lasse ees oder	um lasse ees vaar	um lasse ees ijr	um lasse ees daar	um lasse ees duir	um lasse ees vluer

The 2nd person singular form is the same of the 1st person singular form of the present of indicative, but there are also irregular forms as in the verbs zer, vaar, ijr, daar, duir. The 2nd person plural form is obtained from the infinitive form with the substitution of -r for -t. There are not irregular forms for this voice. The other persons are formed with the periphrasis um lasse + stressed accusative pronoun + infinitive of the verb; it could be translated as they let someone do something.

Infinitive, gerund and participle

As it has been already shown, the infinitive, or 'inveinijt, ends with -er, but there are also verbs that end only with -r, as haar, vaar, ijr, duir, daar, and so on. These are irregular infinitives. The infinitive forms ending with -r is the present form of this mood, but there is also a past form, that is formed with the infinitive form of the verb haar and the past participle, or zoppijn pervecht, of the main verb:

Tense	Zer	Haar	Wider	Rjalizer	Diever	Oder	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Duir	Vluer
Present	zer	haar	wider	rjalizer	diever	oder	vaar	ijr	daar	duir	vluer
Past	haar zit	haar heit	haar wijst	haar rjalizit	haar dievit	haar odit	haar vacht	haar ijt	haar daat	haar duicht	haar vlust

The gerund or gerrund is a complicated verbal form: it can have various meanings and translate different linguistic structures of English. It is formed by substituting the -(e)r of the infinitive for -(ee)nd:

Tense	Zer	Haar	Wider	Rjalizer	Diever	Oder	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Duir	Vluer
Present	zeend	haand	wideend	rjalizeend	dieveend	odeend	vaand	ijnd	daand	duind	vlueend
Past	haand zit	haand heit	haand wijst	haand rjalizit	haand dievit	haand odit	haand vacht	haand ijt	haand daat	haand duicht	haand vlust

It can be seen that this mood has got two tenses: present and past. Very often gerund is used to translate adverbials of time, as in:

• Haand odit id, is euft wie. - After that he heard it, he went away.
• Mandeend, is ze ackorst ke id veu roe. - As he was eating, he noticed that it was late.

Gerund can translate adverbials of means or of manner also:

• Vuimeend, um zouft ries. - By smoking one don't obtain anything.
• Ëe proes krijteend zim vleend. - She came screaming and crying.

The participle, or zoppijn, has had a strong linguistic evolution: the present and the future tense of this mood are now used as nouns and adjectives and they're no more recognised as verbs. The only tense that is still seen as verb is the past, or zoppijn pervecht, that can be used as adjective also. The present of participle is formed by substituting the infinitive ending for -oer for masculine and -eur for feminine gender:

• Hij kanteur est ieven. - The singing woman is young.
• Hij kantoer est zenn. - The singing man is old.

This tense has got not only masculine and feminine forms, but also singular and plural forms:

• Hies kanteurs zunt ieven. - The singing women are young.
• Hies kantoers zunt zenn. - The singing men are old.

If we want to use the terms zierel and zier, than we have to change the structure of the sentence:

• Hij zierel ki kant est ieven. - The singing woman (= the woman who sings) is young.
• Hies ziers ki kanten zunt zenn. - The singing men (= the men who sing) are old.

The future of participle is formed by with the past stem of the verb and the ending -uir. Nowadays the so formed words are recognised as nouns or, more rarely, as adjectives:

• lechtuir - reading;
• kreituir - creature;
• natuir - nature;
• matuir - ripe, mature.

The past participle is formed with the past stem of the verb and the ending -it. As it is the only tense of the zoppijn that can be used still as verb, often with the term "zoppijn" they refer to this tense of the zoppijn. There are regular and irregular participles:

Zer	Haar	Wider	Rjalizer	Diever	Oder	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Duir	Vluer	Ackorrer (to notice)	Leer (to read)
zit	heit	wijst	rjalizit	dievit	odit	vacht	ijt	daat	duicht	vlust	ackort	lecht

Other important verbs

Among the analized verbs there is the verb diever, "to have to". It is an important modal verb that is often followed by another verb in infinitive, ex.: Toe dieft vouwler, "You have to talk". Other main modal verbs are: schieder, "can"; posser, "may, to be allowed to"; weller, "to want (to)"; koeger, "need". Some of them are quite irregular:

PRESENT

Person	Schieder	Posser	Weller	Koeger
eg	schied	pos	wol	koeg
toe / is	schiedt	podt	wout	koegt
noes / woes / ïe	schieden	possen	wellen	koegen

PRESENT PERFECT

Person	Schieder	Posser	Weller	Koeger
eg	haf sches	haf possit	haf wellit	haf koewacht
toe / is	haft sches	haft possit	haft wellit	haft koewacht
noes / woes / ïe	haan sches	haan possit	haan wellit	haan koewacht

PAST

Person	Schieder	Posser	Weller	Koeger
eg	sches	posseu	welled	koewieg
toe / is	schest	posseut	welleudt	koewigt
noes / woes / ïe	schessern	posseurn	wellern	koewiegern

FUTURE (synthetic)

Person	Schieder	Posser	Weller	Koeger
eg	schiedraf	poddraf	welraf	koegraf
toe / is	schiedraft	poddraft	welraft	koegraft
noes / woes / ïe	schiedraan	poddraan	welraan	koegraan

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

Person	Schieder	Posser	Weller	Koeger
eg	schiede	posse	wolle	koege
toe / is	schiede	posse	wolle	koege
noes / woes / ïe	schieden	possen	wollen	koegen

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

Person	Schieder	Posser	Weller	Koeger
eg	schesses	possuus	welles	koewieges
toe / is	schesses	possuus	welles	koewiges
noes / woes / ïe	schessessen	possusen	wellessen	koewiegessen

CONDITIONAL (synthetic)

Person	Schieder	Posser	Weller	Koeger
eg	schiedru	poddru	welru	koegru
toe / is	schiedruut	poddruut	welruut	koegruut
noes / woes / ïe	schiedruun	poddruun	welruun	koegruun

IMPERATIVE

Person	Schieder	Posser	Weller	Koeger
toe	schied	pot	wol	koeg
woes	schiedet	posset	wellet	koeget

Greetings

The main zöute ("greetings") in Aarlaansk are:

• Zaaf matijn - Good morning (used in the first hours of the morning, till 10.00 am);
• Zaaf juir - Good morning (used till 01.00 pm);
• Zaaf wertijn / Zaaf merrijd - Good afternoon! (used till 07.00 pm);
• Zaaf tard - Good evening (used till 22.00 pm);
• Zaaf nocht - Good night (used after 22.00 pm and in the evening to say goodbye);
• Zouw / Zu - Hello / Hi;
• Wal - Bye;
• Iriwiderne - Good bye;
• Koem te waadt? / Koem we waadt? - How art thou? / How are you?;
• Recht, graat / graties, zim te / we? - Fine, thanks, and thou / you?;
• Mou / eger - Bad.

Calendar

In the Aarlaans they use a klendaar, a "calendar", that is virtually the same that we use: the an, the "year", is splitted into 12 mienze (sg. miens, "month") that can last 31 or 30 dierns (sg. diern, "day"). Just one month, Vebraars, "February", has got 28 days, but every 4 years it has got 29 days and the year is a long an, a "leap year".

Months	Mienze
January	Janaars
February	Vebraars
March	Marts
April	Apprijls
May	Maais
June	Juins
July	Iels
August	Ogosts
September	Zeptemmer
October	Ochtoever
November	Nowemmer
December	Deckemmer

The an is divided also into 4 stasjoens (sg. stasjoen, "season"):

Season	Stasjoen	From... to...
Winter	Hïem	22 dec. - 21 mar.
Spring	Weer	22 mar. - 21 giu.
Summer	Astijf	22 giu. - 22 sep.
Autumn	Otuin	23 sep. - 21 dec.

The zemaan, the "week", has got 7 days:

Days of the week	Dierns ies hij zemaan
Monday	Luinis
Tuesday	Maartis
Wednesday	Merkris
Thursday	Euwis
Friday	Wenerris
Saturday	Zaturnis
Sunday	Zoelis

Featured Language

Aarlaansk has been nominated to be featured. Though it hasn't yet been featured I have translated this banner:

Wessil a Hunraat Artieleng
Noes hoenrern zesen ist leng. Noes haan eelgit id kuir id tent uin bon vachtuir, uin nit havit zim muut uize.

Honoured Conlang Banner
We gave honour to this tongue at a time. We have voted it for because it has a good make, fair appearance and many uses.