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'''Mininorsk''' (native ''Smárnornskur'', ''Smárra Nornskur'' or ''smárra norðra málur'') is a conlanging exercise started by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolas Straccia]] in June 2016.
{{Infobox language
<!--
|image= IKronurum.png
|imagesize= 250px
-->
|name=Mininorsk <br> ᛬ᛊᛗᚪᚱᚾᚮᚱᚿᛌᛍᛧᚱ᛬
|nativename=''"Smárnornskur"'', ''"Smárra Nornskur"'' or ''"Hit Smárra Norðra Málur"''
<!--|pronunciation=//-->
|-
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]
|setting=''unknown''
|-
|states=
<!--|speakers=
|date= -->
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=A Posteriori
|ancestor=Eo.→ ←O.N.
<!--|ancestor2=Elder Ufi
|ancestor3=-->
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], <br>Rúnurar (native [[w:Runic script|runic]])
|-
<!--|notice=IPA-->
}}
 
'''Mininorsk''' (native '''᛬ᛊᛗᚪᚱᚾᚮᚱᚿᛌᛍᛧᚱ᛬''' ''"Smárnornskur"'', aka ''"Smárra Nornskur"'' or ''"Hit Smárra Norðra Málur"'') is a conlanging exercise started by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolas Straccia]] in June 2016.


It is thought as an exercise on creativity within constraints, making something new with a definite framework based on simplicity and conciseness. The goals of ''Mininorsk'' are to have a highly regular grammar based on precise limitations:
It is thought as an exercise on creativity within constraints, making something new with a definite framework based on simplicity and conciseness. The goals of ''Mininorsk'' are to have a highly regular grammar based on precise limitations:
::1) a nordic morphology and word stock (with an eclectical choice of sources – using Old Norse, Proto-norse and North Germanic reflexes); and
::1) a ''nordic morphology and word stock'' (with an eclectic choice of sources – using Old Norse, Proto-norse and North Germanic reflexes); and
::2) a pseudo-esperantic grammatical scaffolding (following aspects of Esperanto morphology and syntax),
::2) a ''pseudo-esperantic grammatical scaffolding'' (following aspects of Esperanto morphology and syntax).
while aiming to achieve the same kind of ''through-the-looking-glass'' feeling Esperanto has, in particular with regard to its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages Romance] resonance.
 
The aesthetic goal is to achieve the same kind of ''through-the-looking-glass'' feeling Esperanto has with regard to its [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] resonance, but with [[w:Old Norse|Old Norse]].
 


Even though it is in principle a stand-alone exercise, ''Mininorsk'' has potential for expansion and might be expanded upon in the future.
Even though it is in principle a stand-alone exercise, ''Mininorsk'' has potential for expansion and might be expanded upon in the future.
</br>
<br>


==Mininorsk grammar in a nutshell==
==Mininorsk grammar in a nutshell==
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==Script and pronunciation==
==Script and pronunciation==


Mininorsk uses the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography#Latin_alphabet_orthography Latin alphabet as used to write Old Norse] and it is intended to be pronounced in very much the same manner.
Mininorsk uses the [[w:Old_Norse_orthography#Latin_alphabet_orthography|Latin alphabet as used to write Old Norse]] and it is intended to be pronounced in very much the same manner.


An excrecent -g- may occur to disambiguate some vowel sequences.
An excrecent -g- may occur to disambiguate some vowel sequences.
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:::"I found a bottle and took off the lid."
:::"I found a bottle and took off the lid."
:For representative individuals:
:For representative individuals:
::''Hit  bjǫrnur vera hit mestra strangra af hit dýrurar''.
::''Hit  bjǫrnur vera hit mestra strangra útra hit dýrurar''.
:::"The bear is the strongest of the animals."
:::"The bear is the strongest of the animals."
::''Hit býrar hafisa hárurni, þó þeir né dugisa fyr toga.''
::''Hit býrar hafisa hárurni, þó þeir né dugisa fyr toga.''
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::: "English" (i.e. "the English language")
::: "English" (i.e. "the English language")
:For possessive pronouns, when definite:
:For possessive pronouns, when definite:
::''Hit ekra blárisa, hit vérra rauðrisa.''
::''Hit ekra blárisa, hit þúra rauðrisa.''
:::"Mine is blue, yours is red".
:::"Mine is blue, yours is red".


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A predicative adjective does not take the accusative case suffix even when the noun it modifies does:
A predicative adjective does not take the accusative case suffix even when the noun it modifies does:
:''Ek steinu hit'' ''dyrrur'''ni''' ''rauðra'''ni''' (I painted the red door)
:''Ek steinu hit'' ''dyrrur'''ni''' ''rauðra'''ni''' (I painted the red door)
:''Ek steinu hit'' ''dyrrur'''ni''' ''rauðra'' '''(I painted the door red).
:''Ek steinu hit'' ''dyrrur'''ni''' <b>rauðra</b> (I painted the door red).


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
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===Personal pronouns===
===Personal pronouns===


{| class=wikitable
{| class="bluetable lighbluebg"
|+ Personal pronouns
|+  
! colspan=2 | !! singular !! plural
! colspan=2 | !! singular !! plural
|-
|-
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:''bítara '''frá''' hundur'' (bitten '''by''' a dog)
:''bítara '''frá''' hundur'' (bitten '''by''' a dog)


However, English ''of'' corresponds to several Esperanto prepositions as well: ''frá, af'' (out of, made of), and ''útra'' (quantity of, unity of form and contents):
However, English ''of'' corresponds to several prepositions as well: ''frá, af'' (out of, made of), and ''útra'' (quantity of, unity of form and contents):
:''stóllur '''af''' viðrur'' (a table '''of''' wood)
:''stóllur '''af''' viðrur'' (a table '''of''' wood)
:''bolligur '''útra''' vínur'' (a glass '''of''' wine)
:''bolligur '''útra''' vínur'' (a glass '''of''' wine)
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The tenses have characteristic vowels: ''-a'' hints towards the present tense, ''-u'' towards the past, and ''-o'' towards the future.
The tenses have characteristic vowels: ''-a'' hints towards the present tense, ''-u'' towards the past, and ''-o'' towards the future.


{| class=wikitable
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
!
!
!Indicative
!Indicative
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The verbal forms may be illustrated with the root ''segj-'' (to say):
The verbal forms may be illustrated with the root ''segj-'' (to say):
:''segja'' (to say)
:''segja'' (to say)
:''segisa'' (says, is hoping)
:''segisa'' (says)
:''segju'' (said, was hoping)
:''segju'' (said)
:''segjo'' (shall say, will say)
:''segjo'' (shall say, will say)
:''segje'' (say! speak!; a command)
:''segje'' (say! speak!; a command)
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The most common of these synthetic forms are:
The most common of these synthetic forms are:
{| class=wikitable
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Synthetic compound tenses (active voice)
|+Synthetic compound tenses (active voice)
! !! Simple verb !! Progressive !! Perfect !! Prospective
! !! Simple verb !! Progressive !! Perfect !! Prospective
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===Adverbial participles===
===Adverbial participles===
Adverbial participles are used with subjectless clauses:
Adverbial participles are used with subjectless clauses:
:''fáðuri hit harurni, hann rinnu húsini''
:''fáðuri hit harirni, hann rinnu húsini''
:{fá-ðu-(r)i hit har-(u)r-ni, hann rinn-(g)u hús-(r)i-ni}
:{fá-ðu-(r)i hit hari-(u)r-ni, hann rinn-(g)u hús-(r)i-ni}
:"Having caught the hare, he ran for the house".
:"Having caught the hare, he ran for the house".


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:''Veðr þú né gangu?'' (Did you not go?)
:''Veðr þú né gangu?'' (Did you not go?)
:''— Ne, ek ne gango'' (No, I didn't go); ''— Já, ek gango'' (Yes, I went)
:''— Né, ek né gango'' (No, I didn't go); ''— Já, ek gango'' (Yes, I went)
:''— Réttra, ek né gango'' (Correct, I didn't go); ''— Ekkréttra, ek gango'' (Incorrect, I did go)
:''— Réttra, ek né gango'' (Correct, I didn't go); ''— Ekkréttra, ek gango'' (Incorrect, I did go)


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==Interjections==
==Interjections==
Interjections may be derived from bare affixes or roots: ''gan!'' (get going!), from the verbal root ''ganga'' (as opposed to the 'proper' imperative ''gange''); ''umm'' (um, er), from the undefined preposition ''umb''. Others are more purely onomatopoietic, like ''á'' ('oh!').
Interjections may be derived from bare affixes or roots: ''gan!'' (get going!), from the verbal root ''ganga'' (as opposed to the 'proper' imperative ''gange''); ''umm'' (um, er), purportedly from the undefined preposition ''umb''. Others are more purely onomatopoietic, like ''á'' ('oh!').


==Word formation==
==Word formation==
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:''tveirfyri'' (twice)
:''tveirfyri'' (twice)


The particle ''upp·á'' is used to mark distributive numbers, that is, the idea of distributing a certain number of items to each member of a group. Consequently, the logogram @ is not used (except in email addresses, of course):
The particle ''upp·á'' is used to mark distributive numbers, that is, the idea of distributing a certain number of items to each member of a group:
:''Ek gefu hit þeir upp·á þrír eplirarni'' or ''eplirarni ek gefu hit þeir upp·á þrír'' (I gave [to] them three apples each).
 
:''Ek gefu hit þeir upp·á þrír eplirarni'' - or - ''Eplirarni ek gefu hit þeir upp·á þrír''
 
:I gave [to] them three apples each


Note that particle ''upp·á'' forms a phrase with the numeral ''þrír'' and is not a preposition for the noun phrase ''þrír eplirarni'', so it does not prevent a grammatical object from taking the accusative case.
Note that particle ''upp·á'' forms a phrase with the numeral ''þrír'' and is not a preposition for the noun phrase ''þrír eplirarni'', so it does not prevent a grammatical object from taking the accusative case.
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Phrases like "The more people, the smaller the portions" and "All the better!" are translated using ''jo'' and ''sári'' ("thus") in place of "the":
Phrases like "The more people, the smaller the portions" and "All the better!" are translated using ''jo'' and ''sári'' ("thus") in place of "the":
:'''''Jo''' meira af ljóðarni, '''sári''' ekkmeira biggrâr hit stykkurar'' (The more people, the smaller the portions)
:'''''Jo''' meira af ljóðarni, '''sári''' ekkmeira stórrâr hit stykkurar'' (The more people, the smaller the portions)
:'''''Sári''' meira góðri!'' (All the better!)
:'''''Sári''' meira góðri!'' (All the better!)


==Word order==
==Word order==
Mininorsk has a fairly flexible word order. However, word order does play a role in Esperanto grammar, even if a much lesser role than it does in English. For example, the negative particle ''ne'' generally comes before the element being negated; negating the verb has the effect of negating the entire clause (or rather, there is ambiguity between negating the verb alone and negating the clause):
Mininorsk has a fairly flexible word order. However, word order does play a role, even if a much lesser role than it does in English. For example, the negative particle ''ne'' generally comes before the element being negated; negating the verb has the effect of negating the entire clause (or rather, there is ambiguity between negating the verb alone and negating the clause):
:''Ek né gangu'' 'I didn't go'
:''Ek né gangu'' 'I didn't go'
:''Ek né gangu, ek tilbakra komu'' 'I didn't go, I came back'
:''Ek né gangu, ek tilbakra komu'' 'I didn't go, I came back'
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:''Ekrâr tveir fjǫlrarâr vinurar ~ ekrâr tveir vinurar fjǫlrarâr'' 'my two great friends'.
:''Ekrâr tveir fjǫlrarâr vinurar ~ ekrâr tveir vinurar fjǫlrarâr'' 'my two great friends'.


However, the article ''la'' comes precedes a noun phrase:
However, the article ''hit'' comes precedes a noun phrase:
:''Hit blára loptur'' "the blue sky"
:''Hit blára loptur'' "the blue sky"


In prepositional phrases, the preposition is ''required'' to come at the front of the noun phrase (that is, even before the article ''hit''), though it is commonly replaced by turning the noun into an adverb:
In prepositional phrases, the preposition is ''required'' to come at the front of the noun phrase (that is, even before the article ''hit''), though it is commonly replaced by turning the noun into an adverb:
:''Til hit loptur'' 'to the sky' or ''loptrini'' 'skywards', never ''*loptur til''
:''Til hit loptur'' 'to the sky' or ''loptrini'' 'skywards', never ''loptur til*''


===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
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:''Hit hundur tilrennu hit kǫttrurni í hit garðrur''
:''Hit hundur tilrennu hit kǫttrurni í hit garðrur''
means the dog chased a cat which was in the garden, or there, in the garden, the dog chased the cat. These may be disambiguated with
means the dog chased a cat which was in the garden, or there, in the garden, the dog chased the cat. These may be disambiguated with
:''Hit hundo tilrennu la kǫttrurni, sá veru í hit garðrur''
:''Hit hundur tilrennu hit kǫttrurni, sá veru í hit garðrur''
::'The dog chased the cat, which was in the garden'
::'The dog chased the cat, which was in the garden'
and
and
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This distinction is lost in subordinate clauses such as the relative clauses in the previous section:
This distinction is lost in subordinate clauses such as the relative clauses in the previous section:
:''Hit hundur tilrennu hit kǫttrurni, sá flýju'' 'the dog chased the cat(,) which fled'
:''Hit hundur tilrennu hit kǫttrurni, sá flýju'' 'the dog chased the cat(,) which fled'
In written English, a comma disambiguates the two readings, but both typically have a comma in Esperanto.
In written English, a comma disambiguates the two readings, but both typically have a comma.


Non-relative subordinate clauses are similarly restricted. They follow the conjunction ''sá'' 'that', as in,
Non-relative subordinate clauses are similarly restricted. They follow the conjunction ''sá'' 'that', as in,
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|-
|-
| colspan="4" | "evil"
| colspan="4" | "evil"
|}
====Leipzig-Jakarta list====
Some terms which are listed as one entry in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig%E2%80%93Jakarta_list Leipzig-Jakarta list] but have more than one distinct term in Mininorsk have become as many entries as needed to accommodate the scope of its vocabulary. <!-- For instance, [LOCALIZED EXAMPLE: the term “arm/hand” becomes two entries given that there is a lexical distinction between ''arm'' and ''hand''].--> Because of this accommodation to the scope of the Mininorsk lexicon, the list will have a different amount of entries than the original hundred, just as it would have needed to be for other languages, such as English.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="2"| English || Mininorsk
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ‹›
|-
|ant || emeita
|-
|arm || armrur
|-
|hand || hǫndur
|-
|ash || askur
|-
|back || bakur
|-
|big || stórra
|-
|bird || foglur
|-
|to bite || bíta
|-
|bitter || bitra
|-
|black || svartra
|-
|blood || blóður
|-
|to blow || blása
|-
|bone || bein
|-
|breast || brjóst
|-
|to burn <br>(intransitive)|| brinna
|-
|to carry || hlaða
|-
<!--
|child (reciprocal<br> of parent)|| 
|-
-->
|to come || koma
|-
|to crush/to grind || krostja
|-
|to cry/to weep || veina
|-
|to do/to make || maka
|-
|dog || hundur
|-
|to drink || drikka
|-
|ear || eyrur
|-
|to eat || eta
|-
|egg || eggur
|-
|eye || auggur (< augagur)
|-
|to fall || falla
|-
|far || fjerra
|-
|fire || fúrrur
|-
|fish || fiskrur
|-
|flesh/meat || fleskur
|-
|fly || fljúgur
|-
|to give || gefa
|-
|to go || ganga
|-
|good || góðra
|-
|hair <br>(human) || hárur
|-
|hard || harðra
|-
|he/she || hann/hon
|-
|it || þá
|-
|him/her || hanni/honni
|-
|to hear || heyra
|-
|heavy || hǫfugra
|-
|to hide <br>(intransitive)|| bjarga
|-
|to hit || hitta/banga
|-
|to beat || bauta/banga
|-
|horn || horn
|-
|house || húsur
|-
|I || ek
|-
|me || ekni
|-
|in || í
|-
|knee || knégur
|-
|to know || vita
|-
|to laugh || hlæja
|-
|leaf || laufblaður
|-
|leg || leggrur
|-
|foot || fótrur
|-
|liver || lifrur
|-
|long || langra
|-
|louse || lúsur
|-
|mouth || munnrur
|-
|name || namnur
|-
|navel || naflur
|-
|neck || hnakkur
|-
|new || nýra
|-
|night || nǫ́ttur
|-
|nose || nǫsur
|-
|not || né/ekk-
|-
|old || ellrira
|-
|one || einn
|-
|rain || regnur
|-
|red || rauðra
|-
|root || urtur
|-
|rope ||  snœrur
|-
|to run || rinna
|-
|salt || saltur
|-
|sand || sandrur
|-
|to say || segja
|-
|to see || séga
|-
|shade/shadow || skaddur
|-
|skin || skinnur
|-
|hide || húður
|-
|small || smárra
|-
|smoke || reykrur
|-
|soil || jǫrðbotnur
|-
|to stand || standa
|-
|star || stjarnur
|-
|stone || steinnur
|-
|rock || steinnbrukkur
|-
|to suck || súga
|-
|sweet || sœtra
|-
|tail <br>(animal)|| taglur
|-
|to take (away) || ekkórra·nema
|-
|thick ||  þjokkra
|-
|thigh || þjógur
|-
|this || (hera·)þá([gu]r)
|-
|to tie || binda
|-
|tongue || tungur
|-
|tooth || tǫnnur
|-
|water || vatnur
|-
|what? || hvar
|-
|who? || hvaþá
|-
|wide || víðra
|-
|wind || vindrur
|-
|wing || vængrur
|-
|wood || viðrur
|-
|yesterday || fyr[i]rdagurla
|-
|you || þú
|-
|}
|}


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