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:::"I found a bottle and took off the lid." | :::"I found a bottle and took off the lid." | ||
:For representative individuals: | :For representative individuals: | ||
::''Hit bjǫrnur vera hit mestra strangra | ::''Hit bjǫrnur vera hit mestra strangra útra hit dýrurar''. | ||
:::"The bear is the strongest of the animals." | :::"The bear is the strongest of the animals." | ||
::''Hit býrar hafisa hárurni, þó þeir né dugisa fyr toga.'' | ::''Hit býrar hafisa hárurni, þó þeir né dugisa fyr toga.'' | ||
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A predicative adjective does not take the accusative case suffix even when the noun it modifies does: | A predicative adjective does not take the accusative case suffix even when the noun it modifies does: | ||
:''Ek steinu hit'' ''dyrrur'''ni''' ''rauðra'''ni''' (I painted the red door) | :''Ek steinu hit'' ''dyrrur'''ni''' ''rauðra'''ni''' (I painted the red door) | ||
:''Ek steinu hit'' ''dyrrur'''ni''' | :''Ek steinu hit'' ''dyrrur'''ni''' <b>rauðra</b> (I painted the door red). | ||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
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===Personal pronouns=== | ===Personal pronouns=== | ||
{| class= | {| class="bluetable lighbluebg" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! colspan=2 | !! singular !! plural | ! colspan=2 | !! singular !! plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
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The tenses have characteristic vowels: ''-a'' hints towards the present tense, ''-u'' towards the past, and ''-o'' towards the future. | The tenses have characteristic vowels: ''-a'' hints towards the present tense, ''-u'' towards the past, and ''-o'' towards the future. | ||
{| class= | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
! | ! | ||
!Indicative | !Indicative | ||
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The verbal forms may be illustrated with the root ''segj-'' (to say): | The verbal forms may be illustrated with the root ''segj-'' (to say): | ||
:''segja'' (to say) | :''segja'' (to say) | ||
:''segisa'' (says | :''segisa'' (says) | ||
:''segju'' (said | :''segju'' (said) | ||
:''segjo'' (shall say, will say) | :''segjo'' (shall say, will say) | ||
:''segje'' (say! speak!; a command) | :''segje'' (say! speak!; a command) | ||
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The most common of these synthetic forms are: | The most common of these synthetic forms are: | ||
{| class= | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+Synthetic compound tenses (active voice) | |+Synthetic compound tenses (active voice) | ||
! !! Simple verb !! Progressive !! Perfect !! Prospective | ! !! Simple verb !! Progressive !! Perfect !! Prospective | ||
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:''Veðr þú né gangu?'' (Did you not go?) | :''Veðr þú né gangu?'' (Did you not go?) | ||
:''— | :''— Né, ek né gango'' (No, I didn't go); ''— Já, ek gango'' (Yes, I went) | ||
:''— Réttra, ek né gango'' (Correct, I didn't go); ''— Ekkréttra, ek gango'' (Incorrect, I did go) | :''— Réttra, ek né gango'' (Correct, I didn't go); ''— Ekkréttra, ek gango'' (Incorrect, I did go) | ||
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:''tveirfyri'' (twice) | :''tveirfyri'' (twice) | ||
The particle ''upp·á'' is used to mark distributive numbers, that is, the idea of distributing a certain number of items to each member of a group | The particle ''upp·á'' is used to mark distributive numbers, that is, the idea of distributing a certain number of items to each member of a group: | ||
:''Ek gefu hit þeir upp·á þrír eplirarni'' or '' | |||
:''Ek gefu hit þeir upp·á þrír eplirarni'' - or - ''Eplirarni ek gefu hit þeir upp·á þrír'' | |||
:I gave [to] them three apples each | |||
Note that particle ''upp·á'' forms a phrase with the numeral ''þrír'' and is not a preposition for the noun phrase ''þrír eplirarni'', so it does not prevent a grammatical object from taking the accusative case. | Note that particle ''upp·á'' forms a phrase with the numeral ''þrír'' and is not a preposition for the noun phrase ''þrír eplirarni'', so it does not prevent a grammatical object from taking the accusative case. | ||
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:''Ekrâr tveir fjǫlrarâr vinurar ~ ekrâr tveir vinurar fjǫlrarâr'' 'my two great friends'. | :''Ekrâr tveir fjǫlrarâr vinurar ~ ekrâr tveir vinurar fjǫlrarâr'' 'my two great friends'. | ||
However, the article '' | However, the article ''hit'' comes precedes a noun phrase: | ||
:''Hit blára loptur'' "the blue sky" | :''Hit blára loptur'' "the blue sky" | ||
In prepositional phrases, the preposition is ''required'' to come at the front of the noun phrase (that is, even before the article ''hit''), though it is commonly replaced by turning the noun into an adverb: | In prepositional phrases, the preposition is ''required'' to come at the front of the noun phrase (that is, even before the article ''hit''), though it is commonly replaced by turning the noun into an adverb: | ||
:''Til hit loptur'' 'to the sky' or ''loptrini'' 'skywards', never '' | :''Til hit loptur'' 'to the sky' or ''loptrini'' 'skywards', never ''loptur til*'' | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
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:''Hit hundur tilrennu hit kǫttrurni í hit garðrur'' | :''Hit hundur tilrennu hit kǫttrurni í hit garðrur'' | ||
means the dog chased a cat which was in the garden, or there, in the garden, the dog chased the cat. These may be disambiguated with | means the dog chased a cat which was in the garden, or there, in the garden, the dog chased the cat. These may be disambiguated with | ||
:''Hit | :''Hit hundur tilrennu hit kǫttrurni, sá veru í hit garðrur'' | ||
::'The dog chased the cat, which was in the garden' | ::'The dog chased the cat, which was in the garden' | ||
and | and | ||
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| style="text-align:center;"| ‹› | | style="text-align:center;"| ‹› | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ant || | |ant || emeita | ||
|- | |- | ||
|arm || | |arm || armrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|hand || | |hand || hǫndur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ash || | |ash || askur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|back || | |back || bakur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|big || | |big || stórra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|bird || | |bird || foglur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to bite || | |to bite || bíta | ||
|- | |- | ||
|bitter || | |bitter || bitra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|black || | |black || svartra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|blood || | |blood || blóður | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to blow || | |to blow || blása | ||
|- | |- | ||
|bone || | |bone || bein | ||
|- | |- | ||
|breast || | |breast || brjóst | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to burn <br>(intransitive)|| | |to burn <br>(intransitive)|| brinna | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to carry || | |to carry || hlaða | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | |||
|child (reciprocal<br> of parent)|| | |child (reciprocal<br> of parent)|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to come || | --> | ||
|to come || koma | |||
|- | |- | ||
|to crush/to grind || | |to crush/to grind || krostja | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to cry/to weep || | |to cry/to weep || veina | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to do/to make || | |to do/to make || maka | ||
|- | |- | ||
|dog || | |dog || hundur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to drink || | |to drink || drikka | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ear || | |ear || eyrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to eat || | |to eat || eta | ||
|- | |- | ||
|egg || | |egg || eggur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|eye || | |eye || auggur (< augagur) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to fall || | |to fall || falla | ||
|- | |- | ||
|far || | |far || fjerra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|fire || | |fire || fúrrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|fish || | |fish || fiskrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|flesh/meat || | |flesh/meat || fleskur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|fly || | |fly || fljúgur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to give || | |to give || gefa | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to go || | |to go || ganga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|good || | |good || góðra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|hair <br>(human) || | |hair <br>(human) || hárur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|hard || | |hard || harðra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|he/she || | |he/she || hann/hon | ||
|- | |- | ||
|it || | |it || þá | ||
|- | |- | ||
|him/her || | |him/her || hanni/honni | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to hear || | |to hear || heyra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|heavy || | |heavy || hǫfugra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to hide <br>(intransitive)|| | |to hide <br>(intransitive)|| bjarga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to hit || | |to hit || hitta/banga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to beat || | |to beat || bauta/banga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|horn || | |horn || horn | ||
|- | |- | ||
|house || | |house || húsur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|I || | |I || ek | ||
|- | |- | ||
|me || | |me || ekni | ||
|- | |- | ||
|in || | |in || í | ||
|- | |- | ||
|knee || | |knee || knégur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to know || | |to know || vita | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to laugh || | |to laugh || hlæja | ||
|- | |- | ||
|leaf || | |leaf || laufblaður | ||
|- | |- | ||
|leg || | |leg || leggrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|foot || | |foot || fótrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|liver || | |liver || lifrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|long || | |long || langra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|louse || | |louse || lúsur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|mouth || | |mouth || munnrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|name || | |name || namnur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|navel || | |navel || naflur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|neck || | |neck || hnakkur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|new || | |new || nýra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|night || | |night || nǫ́ttur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|nose || | |nose || nǫsur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|not || | |not || né/ekk- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|old || | |old || ellrira | ||
|- | |- | ||
|one || | |one || einn | ||
|- | |- | ||
|rain || | |rain || regnur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|red || | |red || rauðra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|root || | |root || urtur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|rope || | |rope || snœrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to run || | |to run || rinna | ||
|- | |- | ||
|salt || | |salt || saltur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|sand || | |sand || sandrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to say || | |to say || segja | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to see || | |to see || séga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|shade/shadow || | |shade/shadow || skaddur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|skin || | |skin || skinnur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|hide || | |hide || húður | ||
|- | |- | ||
|small || | |small || smárra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|smoke || | |smoke || reykrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|soil || | |soil || jǫrðbotnur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to stand || | |to stand || standa | ||
|- | |- | ||
|star || | |star || stjarnur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|stone || | |stone || steinnur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|rock || | |rock || steinnbrukkur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to suck || | |to suck || súga | ||
|- | |- | ||
|sweet || | |sweet || sœtra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|tail <br>(animal)|| | |tail <br>(animal)|| taglur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to take (away) || | |to take (away) || ekkórra·nema | ||
|- | |- | ||
|thick || | |thick || þjokkra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|thigh || | |thigh || þjógur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|this || | |this || (hera·)þá([gu]r) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|to tie || | |to tie || binda | ||
|- | |- | ||
|tongue || | |tongue || tungur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|tooth || | |tooth || tǫnnur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|water || | |water || vatnur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|what? || | |what? || hvar | ||
|- | |- | ||
|who? || | |who? || hvaþá | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wide || | |wide || víðra | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wind || | |wind || vindrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wing || | |wing || vængrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|wood || | |wood || viðrur | ||
|- | |- | ||
|yesterday || | |yesterday || fyr[i]rdagurla | ||
|- | |- | ||
|you || | |you || þú | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
edits