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{{Infobox language
 
|image =
|name = Old Gaju
|nativename = Gaju
|pronunciation = ['gaɟu]
|region = Southeast Asia
|states = East Rttirria
|setting = Rttirria
|speakers =
|date =
|fam1 = Rttirrian
|fam2 = South Rttirrian
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially), Rttirri
}}
'''Old Gaju''' (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Old Gaju: ['gaɟu], [[Rttirri]]: [ˈkɑcu]) was an old form of the Gaju language, spoken by the Gaju people in eastern [[Verse:Rttirria|Rttirria]] around the 14th century CE. It was spoken over a much larger area than modern Gaju is: over most of eastern Rttirria. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern [[Rttirri]], the nation's official language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
! Nasal
!rowspan="2"|
| '''m''' /m/
!colspan="2"|Labial
| '''n''' /n/
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
| '''ny''' /ɲ/
!colspan="2"|Palatal
|  
!rowspan="2"|Retroflex
|  
!colspan="2"|Velar
!rowspan="2"|Uvular
|-
!Plain
!Lab.
!Plain
!Lab.
!Plain
!Lab.
!Plain
!Lab.
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| '''p''' /p/<br>'''b''' /b/
| '''pʼ''' /pˤ/<br>'''p''' /p/<br>'''b''' /b/
| '''t''' /t/<br>'''d''' /d/
| '''pwʼ''' /pʷˤ/<br>'''pw''' /pʷ/<br>'''bw''' /bʷ/
| '''ty''' /c/<br>'''j''' /ɟ/
| '''tt''' /tʼ/<br>'''tʼ''' /tˤ/<br>'''t''' /t/<br>'''d''' /d/
| '''k''' /k/<br>'''g''' /g/
| '''ttw''' /tʷʼ/<br>'''twʼ''' /tʷˤ/<br>'''tw''' /tʷ/<br>'''dw''' /dʷ/
|
|
|
| '''kk''' /kʼ/<br>'''g''' /g/
| '''kkw''' /kʷʼ/<br>'''gw''' /gʷ/
|  
|  
|-
|-
! Fricative
! Fricative
| '''f''' /f/<br>'''v''' /v/
| '''f''' /f/<br>'''v''' /v/<br>'''vʼ''' /vˤ/
| '''s''' /s/<br>'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
| '''sy''' /ç/
| '''s''' /s/<br>'''z''' /z/
| '''kh''' /x/
|
| '''h''' /h/
| '''sh''' /ʃ/<br>'''zh''' /ʒ/<br>'''zhʼ''' /ʒˤ/
|
|
| '''kh''' /x/<br>'''gh''' /ɣ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Affricate
|  
|  
| '''ts''' /t͡s/<br>'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
| '''tts''' /t͡sʼ/<br>'''ts''' /t͡s/<br>'''dz''' /d͡z/
| '''ttsw''' /t͡sʷʼ/<br>'''tsw''' /t͡sʷ/<br>'''dzw''' /d͡zʷ/
| '''cch''' /t͡ʃʼ/<br>'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/<br>'''jʼ''' /d͡ʒ/<br>'''j''' /d͡ʒˤ/
| '''cchw''' /t͡ʃʷʼ/<br>'''chw''' /t͡ʃʷ/<br>'''jwʼ''' /d͡ʒʷ/<br>'''jw''' /d͡ʒʷˤ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral
|
|
| '''l''' /l/<br>'''hl''' /ɬ/<br>'''lj''' /ɮ/<br>'''ljʼ''' /ɮˤ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Rhotic
|
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
| '''r''' /ʐ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''rr''' /ʀ/
|-
|-
! Approximant
! Nasal
| '''w''' /w/
| '''m''' /m/
| '''l''' /l/
| '''mw''' /mʷ/
| '''y''' /j/
|  
|  
|
|
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/<br>'''ngʼ''' /ŋˤ/
| '''ngw''' /ŋʷ/<br>'''ngwʼ''' /ŋʷˤ/
|  
|  
|}
|}
In addition, the following consonants were allowed in loanwords: '''ng''' /ŋ/, '''z''' /z/, '''th''' /θ/, '''dh''' /ð/, '''hh''' /ʔ/.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! |
! |
! Front
! Front
! Central
! Near-back
! Back
! Back
|-
|-
! High
! High
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /i/<br>'''ui''' /y/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ie''' /ɨ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Mid
! Near-high
|
|
| '''u''' /ʊ/
|
|-
! High-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e''' /e/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! Low-mid
| '''oe''' /œ/
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| '''a''' /a/
|
| '''aa''' /ɑ/
|
|
| '''a''' /ɑ/<br>'''ao''' /ɒ/
|}
|}


Old Gaju distinguished two tones: high and low. In addition, two contour tones were allowed in loanwords: rising and falling. The high tone was by far the most common, so low tones are distinguished in the Latin script with a [[w:grave accent|grave accent]]: '''à àà è ì ò ù'''. Rising and falling tones are distinguished as follows: '''â ââ ê î ô û ǎ ǎǎ ě ǐ ǒ ǔ'''.
===Phonotactics===
Stress falls on the first syllable.
 
Syllable structure is maximally CVN. There may only be one pharyngealized, ejective, or labialized consonant per root, although more may be added to a single word through compounding and affixation.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Verbs===
The Old Gaju verb was somewhat agglutinative, but did not have the inflectional complexity that had developed in Classical Rttirri by this point. However, an aspect and politeness system, which have not existed in any form of Rttirri, developed from the Proto-South-Rttirrian evidentiality system.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Verb Slot
! Allowable Inputs
|-
! Aspect/Politeness
| ''na-'' (perfective)<br>''nyev-'' (polite perfective)<br>''shu-'' (habitual)<br>''tya-'' (polite habitual)
|-
! Mood
| ''-fta-'' (adhortative)<br>''-nag-'' (subjunctive)<br>''-kanag-'' (conditional)<br>''-khtaa-'' (imperative)<br>''-kamu-'' (generic)
|-
! Tense
| ''-bu-/-du-/-do-/-ju-'' (past)<br>''-mi-/-ni-/-ne-/-nyi-'' (future)
|-
! Verb Root
| any verb
|-
! Auxiliary Verb
| ''-kàki'' ("to be able to")<br>''-kà'' ("to need to")<br>''-tèka'' ("to want to")<br>''-gùki'' ("to force to")<br>and others
|}


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns could take the following cases:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Case
! Suffix
|-
| nominative
| (none)
|-
| accusative
| (none)
|-
| dative
| ''-khtya''
|-
| ablative
| ''-ta''
|-
| locative
| ''-li''
|-
| comitative
| ''-taa''
|-
| instrumental
| ''-wàtyev''
|-
| vocative
| ''-chastaa''
|}
===Pronouns===
The following pronouns were used. They were not affixed to the verb, but stood in the place of other nouns.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!
! Nominative
! Accusative
! Nominative
! Accusative
|-
! 1st person
| ''na''
| ''ni''
| ''ma''
| ''mi''
|-
! 2nd person
| ''kov''
| ''ki''
| ''da''
| ''di''
|-
! 3rd person
| ''la''
| ''ge''
| ''daa''
| ''ti''
|}
===Questions===
The following question words were used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
===Syntax===
|-
! English
! Old Gaju
|-
| what/who (nominative)
| ''ta''
|-
| what/whom (accusative)
| ''ti''
|-
| when
| ''dìti''
|-
| where
| ''dìtag''
|-
| why
| ''dìtà''
|-
| how
| ''dìtug''
|}


==Syntax==
==See also==
Word order was subject-object-verb (SOV), although nouns in one of the cases other than nominative or accusative could be positioned anywhere before the verb. All adjectives came after their pertinent nouns. The question particle was ''tyi''.


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Latest revision as of 01:39, 28 March 2017


Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Retroflex Velar Uvular
Plain Lab. Plain Lab. Plain Lab. Plain Lab.
Plosive pʼ /pˤ/
p /p/
b /b/ 		pwʼ /pʷˤ/
pw /pʷ/
bw /bʷ/ 		tt /tʼ/
tʼ /tˤ/
t /t/
d /d/ 		ttw /tʷʼ/
twʼ /tʷˤ/
tw /tʷ/
dw /dʷ/ 		kk /kʼ/
g /g/ 		kkw /kʷʼ/
gw /gʷ/
Fricative f /f/
v /v/
vʼ /vˤ/ 		s /s/
z /z/ 		sh /ʃ/
zh /ʒ/
zhʼ /ʒˤ/ 		kh /x/
gh /ɣ/
Affricate tts /t͡sʼ/
ts /t͡s/
dz /d͡z/ 		ttsw /t͡sʷʼ/
tsw /t͡sʷ/
dzw /d͡zʷ/ 		cch /t͡ʃʼ/
ch /t͡ʃ/
jʼ /d͡ʒ/
j /d͡ʒˤ/ 		cchw /t͡ʃʷʼ/
chw /t͡ʃʷ/
jwʼ /d͡ʒʷ/
jw /d͡ʒʷˤ/
Lateral l /l/
hl /ɬ/
lj /ɮ/
ljʼ /ɮˤ/
Rhotic r /ʐ/ rr /ʀ/
Nasal m /m/ mw /mʷ/ ng /ŋ/
ngʼ /ŋˤ/ 		ngw /ŋʷ/
ngwʼ /ŋʷˤ/

Vowels

Front Central Near-back Back
High i /i/
ui /y/ 		ie /ɨ/
Near-high u /ʊ/
High-mid e /e/ o /o/
Low-mid oe /œ/
Low a /ɑ/
ao /ɒ/

Phonotactics

Stress falls on the first syllable.

Syllable structure is maximally CVN. There may only be one pharyngealized, ejective, or labialized consonant per root, although more may be added to a single word through compounding and affixation.

Grammar

Nouns

Syntax

See also

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