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Rówok: Difference between revisions
→Ratio casuum
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====Ratio casuum==== | ====Ratio casuum==== | ||
Cases in Rówok come from a phonetic reduction of marker words in [[Ruk]]'s isolating grammar. Words were postpositively added after syntactic words to help the sense. It would appear that the earliest such formations were the [[#Similative|similative]] and the [[#Partitive|partitive]] words '''''wum''''' from the [[#Roots and principle parts|root]] '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one", and '''''sab''''', from the root '''asb''', "branch". It is thought that this is the case because these are the only two cases still built on the old, vocative stem, which in Ruk was the unmarked form. | |||
It is probable, based on evidence from some archaisms, that the vocative stem was used in the phase of evolution in between Ruk and Rówok to form other cases as well, but the other cases that are in the language today are built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]]. | |||
The total number of cases is 9 or 11, depending on how you look at it, as two of the cases are semantic allophones of other ones (see [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental/comitative]] and [[#Locatives|locatives). The cases are grouped/listed in order to show the stems from which they are built. They are the following: | |||
#[[#Vocative|Vocative]], a '''principal part''' | |||
#[[#Ergative|Ergative]], a '''principal part''' | |||
#[[#Similative|Similative]], from '''wwm''', "match, harmony, one" | |||
#[[#Partitive|Partitive]], from '''asb''', "branch" | |||
#[[#Genitive|Genitive]], from '''jrz''', "seed" | |||
#[[#Benefactive|Benefactive]], from '''jpr''', "gift" | |||
#[[#Telic|Telic]], from '''nkw''', "destination" | |||
#[[#Locatives|Superessive]], from '''bwy''', "place" | |||
#[[#Locatives|Inessive]], from '''bwy''', "place" | |||
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Instrumental/comitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool" | |||
#[[#Instrumental/comitative|Caritive/acomitative]], from '''gdw''', "tool" | |||
=====Vocative===== | =====Vocative===== | ||
The | The '''vocative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. | ||
It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure. | It does not have an ending, but is realized as the minimum extension of the root's vowel structure. | ||
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=====Ergative===== | =====Ergative===== | ||
The ergative | The '''ergative case''' is one of the root's [[#Roots and principle parts|principle parts]]. | ||
It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure. | It does not have an ending (except for rare circumstances to mark [[#Gender|gender]]); instead it is realized as the full extension of the root's vowel structure. | ||
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*as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]]) | *as the subject of a middle verb that in which the subject is not also the patient of the action (see [[#Agency|agency]]) | ||
===== | =====Similative===== | ||
The '''similative''' case has the ending '''-Xm''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wwm''', "match/unity". | |||
Like the [[#Partitive|partitive]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. | |||
It is used in the following | It is used in the following way: | ||
*as a pure | *as a pure similative | ||
=====Partitive===== | =====Partitive===== | ||
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | :For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | ||
The partitive case has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch". | The '''partitive case''' has the ending '''-sxb''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''asb''', "branch". | ||
Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. | Like the [[#Similative|similative]] it is constructed off of the [[#Vocative|vocative]] stem. | ||
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*as a pure partitive | *as a pure partitive | ||
*as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb | *as the object of a remotely [[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb | ||
There is another form of the partitive emerging, through analogy with the innovations in the [[#Locatives|inessive and superessive]] and [[#Instrumental/comitative|instrumental and caritive]] cases, in which the partitive is built off the [[#Oblique stem|oblique stem]], and features an allophonic variation of the [[#Genitive|genitive ending]], namely '''-lXs''' or '''-Xls'''. | |||
So in literary Rówok the partitive of '''''mówok''''' is '''''muksub''''', but the development in question would see '''''mwóklos'''''. | |||
=====Genitive===== | |||
:For more info cf. [[#Telicity|telicity]] | |||
The '''genetive case''' has the ending '''-rXz''' or '''-Xrz''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''jrz''', "seed". | |||
It is used in the following ways: | |||
*as a pure genitive, i.e. a possessive | |||
*as an indication of familial relationships instead of possessive pronouns | |||
*as the object of a non-[[#Telic|telic]] transitive verb | |||
=====Benefactive===== | =====Benefactive===== | ||
The benefactive case has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift". | The '''benefactive case''' has the ending '''-prX''' or '''-pXr''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''wpr''', "gift". | ||
It is used in the following ways: | It is used in the following ways: | ||
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:For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]]. | :For more info see [[#Telicity|telicity]] and [[#Voice|voice]]. | ||
The telic case has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination". | The '''telic case''' has the ending '''-nkX''' or '''-nXk''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''nkw''', "destination". | ||
It is used in the following ways: | It is used in the following ways: | ||
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=====Locatives===== | =====Locatives===== | ||
The locative case has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place". | The '''locative case''' has the ending '''-bi''' or '''-pi''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''bwy''', "place". | ||
It is used in the following way: | It is used in the following way: | ||
*as a pure locative | *as a pure locative | ||
Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' | Like the [[#Instrumental/(a)comitative|instrumental]], the locative features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-bi''' is used for '''inessive''' or '''intrative''' meanings, while the unvoiced version '''-pi''' is used for '''superessive''' or '''adessive''' senses. The meanings, when needed, are complemented by certain [[#Postpositions|postpositions]]. | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
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=====Instrumental/(a)comitative===== | =====Instrumental/(a)comitative===== | ||
The instrumental case has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool". | The '''instrumental case''' has the ending '''-gdX''' or '''-gXd''', which [[#Ratio casuum|comes from]] the root '''gdw''', "tool". | ||
It is used in the following ways: | It is used in the following ways: | ||
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*along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]] | *along with the [[#Adverbial form|adverb]] in the sense of a Latin [[:w:Ablative absolute|ablative absolute]] | ||
Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a | Like the [[#Locatives|locative]], the instrumental features a semantic allophonic variant. Namely the voiced variant '''-gdx/gXd''' has the meanings listed above, largely translated by '''with''' in English, while the unvoiced version '''-ktX/-kXt''' is used as a '''caritive''' or '''acomitative'''. | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||