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''' | '''Äivöö''' is a close relative of [[Tíogall]] with mutations and vowel harmony. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! | !colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Coronal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Nasal | !colspan="2"|Nasal | ||
| /m/ | | '''m''' /m/ | ||
| /n/ | | '''n''' /n/ | ||
| | | | ||
| /ŋ/ || | | '''ng''' /ŋ/ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="2"|Stop | !rowspan="2"|Stop | ||
!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| /p/ | | '''p''' /p/ | ||
| /t/ | | '''t''' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
| /k/ || | | '''k''' /k/ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| /b/ | | '''b''' /b/ | ||
| /d/ | | '''d''' /d/ | ||
| | | | ||
| /g/ || | | '''g''' /g/ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="2"|Spirant | !rowspan="2"|Spirant | ||
!<small>voiceless</small> | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| /f/ | | '''f''' /f/ | ||
| /θ/ | | '''th''' /θ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| /x/ || | | '''kh''' /x/ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| /v/ | | '''v''' /v/ | ||
| /ð/ | | '''dh''' /ð/ | ||
| | | | ||
| || | | || | ||
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!colspan="2"|Sibilant | !colspan="2"|Sibilant | ||
| | | | ||
| /s/ | | '''s''' /s/ | ||
| || | | || | ||
| /h/ | | '''h''' /h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Liquid | !colspan="2"| Liquid | ||
| | | | ||
| /r/ || | | '''r''' /r/ || | ||
| || | | || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| Approximant | !colspan="2"| Approximant | ||
| | | | ||
| /l/ | | '''l''' /l/ | ||
| /j/ || | | '''j''' /j/ || | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 98: | Line 98: | ||
| '''aa''' /ɑː/ | | '''aa''' /ɑː/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Morphology== | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
The definite article is a suffix ''-me'': ''duuvooŋ'' 'a teacher', ''duuvooŋme'', 'the teacher'. | |||
Feminine nouns must undergo lenition in the singular: ''khuuth'' 'an animal', ''kuuthime'' 'the animal'. | |||
===Copula=== | |||
Äivöö has a copula ''lädh'' which inflects regularly in the present tense. | |||
As in Welsh, the copula is also used with progressive verbs: ''Laidh an dùbhòinn d'èinteach'' (The teacher is sleeping). | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
The Äivöö verbal system is very different from Tíogall, and much closer to [[Bhadhagha]]. | |||
For one thing, Äivöö analogized the analytic forms of verbs to all persons, and fused the personal pronoun with the verb: | |||
<poem> | |||
molaigh ná -> molanna "I thank" | |||
molaigh fiar -> molar "thou thankest" | |||
molaigh hú -> moluu "he thanks" | |||
molaigh hí -> molii "she thanks" | |||
molaigh -> mola "... thanks" (with nonpronominal subjects) | |||
molaigh gámh -> moloo "we thank" (both exc. and inc.!) | |||
molaigh séid -> molad "ye thank" | |||
molaigh hár -> molar "they thank" | |||
Impersonal: moloov "one thanks" | |||
</poem> | |||
The past tense is marked by a séimhiú on the verb as in Irish, except that the suffixes are the same as in the present tense. This comes from a construction that translates to "it was the case that ...", which also survives in Bhadhagha. | |||
The future tense however has a special set of suffixes, derived from the Old Tíogall future tense: | |||
<poem> | |||
moltanna, moltar, moltuu, moltii, moltoo, moltad, moltar | |||
</poem> | |||
The verbal noun is much more regular than in Tíogall, and is consistently marked with ''-akh''/''-äkh''. | |||
Äivöö is not split-ergative, unlike Tíogall. | |||
Perfect tenses use the construction ''tänn'' followed by the verbal noun. | |||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Clotricin]] | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Clotricin]] | ||