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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Verbs - Daradhūvī
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Some pronouns [[Chlouvānem#Personal pronouns|have a clitic form]] in accusative and ergative case which may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėsŏ'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėsŏyæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėsŏ''. | Some pronouns [[Chlouvānem#Personal pronouns|have a clitic form]] in accusative and ergative case which may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėsŏ'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėsŏyæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėsŏ''. | ||
However, the most complex part of Chlouvānem verbs is the '''mood'''. Chlouvānem is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods. | However, the most complex part of Chlouvānem verbs is the '''mood''' (''darišam'', pl. ''darišye''). Chlouvānem is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods. | ||
The ten primary moods are: | The ten primary moods (''lalladarišam'', pl. ''-šye'') are: | ||
* '''indicative''' - the realis mood; | * '''indicative''' (''chlåvdiausim darišam'') - the realis mood; | ||
* '''imperative''' - used for giving orders or commands; | * '''imperative''' (''spruvyūkam darišam'') - used for giving orders or commands; | ||
* '''desiderative''' - used to express a desire or will (e.g. I want to X); | * '''desiderative''' (''daudiūkam darišam'') - used to express a desire or will (e.g. I want to X); | ||
* '''necessitative''' - used to express need or obligation (e.g. I have to X); | * '''necessitative''' (''rileyūkam darišam'') - used to express need or obligation (e.g. I have to X); | ||
* '''potential''' - used to express the ability to do something (e.g. I can [= am able to] X) | * '''potential''' (''novam darišam'') - used to express the ability to do something (e.g. I can [= am able to] X) | ||
* '''permissive''' - used to express the permission to do something (e.g. I can [= I’m allowed to] X) | * '''permissive''' (''drippūkam darišam'') - used to express the permission to do something (e.g. I can [= I’m allowed to] X) | ||
* '''optative '''- used to express wishes or hopes; | * '''optative''' (''purmanūkam darišam'') - used to express wishes or hopes; | ||
* '''propositive '''- used to express proposals (e.g. let’s X; why don’t you X); | * '''propositive''' (''maikitūkam darišam'') - used to express proposals (e.g. let’s X; why don’t you X); | ||
* '''hypothetical '''- used to express things that may happen or might have happened; | * '''hypothetical''' (''najinsusūkam darišam'') - used to express things that may happen or might have happened; | ||
* '''subjunctive '''- used to express general advices (jussive use), purpose (supine use), and also syntactically conditioned by some particles. | * '''subjunctive''' (''milkausim darišam'') - used to express general advices (jussive use), purpose (supine use), and also syntactically conditioned by some particles. | ||
The seven secondary moods are: | The seven secondary moods (''šudarišam'', pl. ''-šye'') are: | ||
* five of them express '''evidentiality''', namely: certainty (also '''energetic mood'''), deduction, dream, specifically invented situation, and hearsay (also '''inferential mood'''); | * five of them express '''evidentiality''', namely: certainty (also '''energetic mood'''), deduction, dream, specifically invented situation, and hearsay (also '''inferential mood'''); | ||
* two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”). | * two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”). | ||